• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권10호
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• pp.3631-3640
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• 2022

Uranium mill tailing ponds (UMTPs) are risk source of debris flow and a critical source of environmental U and Rn pollution. The technology of microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) has been extensively studied on reinforcement of UMTs, while little attention has been paid to the effects of MICP on U & Rn release, especially when incorporation of metakaolin and bacillus subtilis (MBS). In this study, the reinforcement and U & Rn immobilization role of MBS -MICP solidification in different grouting cycle for uranium mill tailings (UMTs) was comprehensively investigated. The results showed that under the action of about 166.7 g/L metakaolin and ~50% bacillus subtilis, the solidification cycle of MICP was shortened by 50%, the solidified bodies became brittle, and the axial stress increased by up to 7.9%, and U immobilization rates and Rn exhalation rates decrease by 12.6% and 0.8%, respectively. Therefore, the incorporation of MBS can enhance the triaxial compressive strength and improve the immobilization capacity of U and Rn of the UMTs bodies solidified during MICP, due to the reduction of pore volume and surface area, the formation of more crystals general gypsum and gismondine, as well as the enhancing of coprecipitation and encapsulation capacity.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.107-115
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• 2024

This study proposes the recycling of MVS as a value-added product for the removal of phosphate from aqueous solutions. By comparing the phosphate adsorption capacity of each calcined adsorbent at each temperature of MVS, it was determined that the optimal heat treatment temperature of MVS to improve the phosphate adsorption capacity was 800 ℃. MVS-800 suggests an adsorption mechanism through calcium phosphate precipitation. Subsequent kinetic studies with MVS-800 showed that the PFO model was more appropriate than the PSO model. In the equilibrium adsorption experiment, through the analysis of Langmuir and Freundlich models, Langmuir can provide a more appropriate explanation for the phosphate adsorption of MVS-800. This means that the adsorption of phosphate by MVS-800 is uniform over all surfaces and the adsorption consists of a single layer. Thermodynamic analysis of thermally activated MVS-800 shows that phosphate adsorption is an endothermic and involuntary reaction. MVS-800 has the highest phosphate adsorption capacity under low pH conditions. The presence of anions in phosphate adsorption reduces the phosphate adsorption capacity of MVS-800 in the order of CO 3 2-, SO 4 2-, NO 3- and Cl-. Based on experimental data to date, MVS-800 is an environmentally friendly adsorbent for recycling waste resources and is considered to be an adsorbent with high adsorption capacity for removing phosphates from aqueous solutions. This paper combines the advantages of gray predictor and AI fuzzy. The gray predictor can be used to predict whether the bear point exceeds the allowable deviation range, and then perform appropriate control corrections to accelerate the bear point to return to the boundary layer and achieve.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.358-364
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• 1989

토양으로부터 분리한 Streptomyces sp. YSA-130으로부터 활성이 좋은 결정화된 alkaline protease를 분리하였다. Alkaline protease 생산의 최적 배양조건은 2.0% soluble starch, 1.0% soytone, 0.3% $K_2$HPO$_4$, 0.02% MgSO$_4$.7$H_2O$, 0.8% $Na_2$CO$_3$ 3$0^{\circ}C$, pH 10.5에서 72 시간 배양하였을 때 였다. Alkaline protease이 정제는 (NH$_4$)$_2$SO$_4$. 분별침전, 투석, DEAE cellulose column chromatography, Sephadex G-75 gel filtration, crystallization으로 하였으며, 그 결과 비활성도 14,290unit/mg, 정제도 23.8 배였고, 수율은 20.0% 이었다. Alkaline protease의 반응 최적온도와 pH는 6$0^{\circ}C$ 와 11.5이었으며, 효소의 pH 안정성은 5.5-12.0에서 안정하였고, 온도 안정성은 5$0^{\circ}C$까지 안정하였으며, $Ca^{++}$ ion 첨가시 6$0^{\circ}C$까지 안정성이 증가하였다. Alkaline protease의 분자량은 30,000이었으며 금속이온, EDTA, 환원제는 활성에 영향이 없었고 DFP에 의해 저해되었다. 계면활성제에 저항성이 크고 $H_2O$$_2$에 대한 잔존활성은 60% 을 유지하였다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.30-35
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• 2016

Rice cultivation in paddy field affects the global balance of methane ($CH_4$) as a key greenhouse gas. To evaluate a potential use of by-product gypsum fertilizer (BGF) in reducing $CH_4$ emission from paddy soil, $CH_4$ fluxes from a paddy soil applied with BGF different levels (0, 2, 4 and $8Mg\;ha^{-1}$) were investigated by closed-chamber method during rice cultivation period. $CH_4$ flux significantly decreased (p<0.05) with increasing level of BGF application. $8Mg\;ha^{-1}$ of BGF addition in soil reduced $CH_4$ flux by 60.6% compared to control. Decreased soil redox potential (Eh) resulted in increasing $CH_4$ emission through a $CO_2$ reduction reaction. The concentrations of dissolved calcium (Ca) and sulfate ion (${SO_4}^{2-}$) in soil pore water were significantly increased as the application rate of BGF increased and showed negatively correlations with $CH_4$ flux. Decreased $CH_4$ flux with BGF application implied that ${SO_4}^{2-}$ ion led to decreases in electron availability for methanogen and precipitation reaction of Ca ion with inorganic carbon including carbonate and bicarbonate as a source of $CH_4$ formation under anoxic condition. BGF application also increased rice grain yield by 16% at $8Mg\;ha^{-1}$ of BGF addition. Therefore, our results suggest that BGF application can be a good soil management practice to reduce $CH_4$ emission from paddy soil and to increase rice yield.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.353-360
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• 2005

Surface treatment play an important role in nucleating calcium phosphate deposition on surgical Ti implant. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine whether the precipitation of apatite on cp-Ti and Ti alloys are affected by surface modification in HCl and $H_2O_2$ solution. Specimens were then chemically treated with a solution containing 0.1 M HCl and 8.8M $H_2O_2$ at $80^{\circ}C$ for 30 mins, and subsequently heat-treated at $400^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour. All specimens were immersed in the HBSS with pH 7.4 at $36.5^{\circ}C$ for 15 days, and the surface was examined with XRD, SEM, EDX ana XPS. Also, pure Ti, Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy specimens with and without surface treatment were implanted in the abdominal connective tissue of mice for 4 weeks. All specimens chemically treated with HCl and $H_2O_2$ solution have the ability to form a apatite layer in the HBSS which has inorganic ion composition similar to human blood plasma. The average thickness of the fibrous capsule surrounding the specimens implanted in the connective tissue was $38.57\;{\mu}m,\;62.27\;{\mu}m\;and\;45.64\;{\mu}m$ in the cp-Ti, Ti-6Al-4V ana Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy specimens with the chemical treatment respectively, and $52.20\;{\mu}m,\;75.62\;{\mu}m\;and\;66.56\;{\mu}m$ in the commercial specimens of cp-Ti, Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-7Nb without any treatment respectively. The results of this evaluation indicate that the chemically treated cp-Ti, Ti-6Al-4V ana Ti-6Al-7Nb alloys have better bioactivity and biocompatibility compared to the other metals tested.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.49-60
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• 2002

Research on practices for improving water quality in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus ponds was conducted at the Auburn University Fisheries Research Station, Auburn, Alabama, in 1998 and 1999. The objective of this two-year study was to determine better management practices to enhance water quality and improve production efficiency. In the first year, oxidation of bottom soil by drying, tilling, and applying sodium nitrate was performed (dry-till and dry-till with sodium nitrate treatments). The second year, based on the results obtained during the first year, precipitation of phosphorus (P) from water by applying gypsum was compared to the dry-till treatment (dry-till and dry-till with gypsum treatments). Control ponds were not subjected to bottom drying, tilling, sodium nitrate, or gypsum treatment. Channel catfish fingerings were stocked at 15,000/ha. In the first year, water in ponds from dry-till and dry-till with sodium nitrate treatments had lower concentrations (P < 0.01) of soluble reactive P, nitrate ($NO_{3} ^{-}) and nitrite ($NO_{2} ^{-}) nitrogen (N), total ammonia ($NH_3$) nitrogen, total suspended solids and turbidity, and higher values of pH, Secchi disk visibility, total alkalinity, total hardness, and calcium ($Ca^{2+}) hardness than water in control ponds. Ponds of the dry-till treatment also had lower concentrations (P < 0.01) of total P and total N than control ponds. Total fish production and survival rate did not differ among the treatments (P > 0.05). The findings suggested that drying and tiling pond bosoms between crops could achieve water quality improvement. Applying sodium nitrate to dry, tilled pond bosoms did not provide water quality improvement. In the second year, the treatment with the best results from the first year, dry-till, was compared with a dry-till with gypsum treatment. Enough gypsum was applied to give a total hardness of about 200 mg/L, and gypsum was reapplied as needed to maintain the hardness. Compared to the control, dry-till and dry-till with gypsum treatments had lower concentrations (P < 0.01) of total and soluble reactive P, total N, and total $NH_3$-N, and higher concentrations (P < 0.01) of dissolved oxygen. Ponds of the duty-till with gypsum treatment also had lower concentrations (P < 0.01) of chlorophyll $\alpha$, chemical oxygen demand, and total alkalinity than the control. Total fish production and survival rate did not differ (P > 0.05) among the treatments. These findings suggest that drying and tilling pond bosoms between crops and treating low hardness waters with gypsum could achieve water Quality improvement.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2004년도 임시총회 및 추계학술발표회
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• pp.121-121
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• 2004

The groundwater in the Pocheon area occurs from both a fractured bedrock aquifer in igneous and metamorphic rocks and an alluvial aquifer with a thickness of <50 m, and forms a major source of domestic and agricultural water supply. In this study, we performed a hydrogeochemical study in order to identify the control of geochemical processes on groundwater quality. For this study, groundwater level and physicochemical parameters (EC, Eh, pH, alkalinity) were monitored once a month from a total of 150 groundwater wells between June 2003 to August 2004. A total of 153 water samples (13 surface water, 66 alluvial groundwater, 74 bedrock groundwater) were also collected and analyzed in February 2004. Groundwater chemistry in the study area is very complex, depending on a number of major factors such as geology, degree of chemical weathering, and quality of recharge water. Hydrochemical reactions such as the leaching of surficial and near-solace soil salts, dissolution of calcite, cation exchange, and weathering of silicate minerals are proposed to explain the chemistry of natural groundwater. Alluvial groundwaters locally have very high TDS concentrations, which are characterized by their chloride(nitrate)-sulfate-bicabonate facies and low Na/Cl ratio. Their grondwater levels are highly fluctuated according to rainfall event. We suggest that high nitrate content and salinity in such alluvial groundwaters originates from the local recharge of sewage effluents and/or fertilizers. Likewise, high concentrations of nitrate were also locally observed in some bedrock groundwaters, suggesting their effect of anthropogenic contamination. This is possibly due to the bypass flow taking place through macropores. Tile degree of the weathering of silicate minerals seems to be a major control of the distribution of major cations (sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium) in bedrock groundwaters, which show a general increase with increasing depth of wells. Thermodynamic interpretation of groundwater chemistry shows that the groundwater in the study area is in chemical equilibrium with kaolinite and Na-montmorillonite, which indicates that weathering of plagioclase to those minerals is a major control of hydrochemistry of bedrock groundwater. The interpretation of the molar ratios among major ions, as well as the mass balance calculation, also indicates the role of both dissolution/precipitation of calcite and Ca-Na cationic exchange as bedrock groundwaters evolves progressively.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.45-51
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• 2010

2% 및 3% 농도의 녹용, 녹각, 굴껍질, 게껍질, 달걀껍질에 빙초산 및 식초를 5%, 10%, 15% 가하여 $30^{\circ}C$에서 4일간 항온시킨 후 용해율을 분석하였는데, 빙초산과 식초의 차이는 미세하였다. 녹용 2% 농도에서 용해율은 42~47%, 3%에서 41~47%였고, 산 농도가 높을수록 약간 증가하였다. 녹각 2% 농도에서 용해율은 59~63%, 3%에서 58~65%였고, 15% 산 농도에서 약간 저하하였다. 굴껍질은 2% 농도에서 용해율 85~96%, 3% 농도에서 95~98%였고, 15% 산 농도에서 낮아졌다. 게껍질은 2% 농도에서 용해율 79~88%, 3%에서 81~95%였고, 산 농도가 높으면 용해율이 약간 증가하였다. 달걀껍질 2% 농도에서는 용해율 84~96%, 3%에서는 84~93%였다. $100^{\circ}C$에서 2시간 가열하면 녹용과 녹각의 용해율은 19~24% 증가하였고, 게껍질은 10~11% 증가하였다. 이상의 결과와 조건, pH 및 산도 결과는 빙초산과 식초의 산 농도는 용해율에 크게 영향을 미치지 않는 것을 보여주었다. 그러므로 시료 3%를 녹이는 데는 산도 5%로 충분하였다. 여러 유기산에 대한 용해율은 빙초산과 식용 식초가 가장 높고, 동아식초는 굴껍질을 85%, 게껍질을 78%, 녹용을 28% 녹였고, 녹각에 대하여서는 침전을 만들었다. 구연산은 녹각을 57% 녹였으나, 다른 시료와는 모두 침전을 만들었다. 아스코르브산은 달걀껍질을 92% 녹였고, 다른 시료는 37~54% 녹였다.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제39권7호
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• pp.779-785
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• 2015

일반적으로 선박 및 해양구조물, 그리고 심해 설비의 가장 적절한 부식 방지법으로는 음극방식법이 널리 사용되고 있다. 해수 중에 이러한 음극방식법이 적용될 경우, 음극전류가 용존 해 있는 산소를 환원시킴으로써 음극분극 된 설비 표면에 수산화 이온을 다량 발생시키게 되고, 이로 인하여 계면에서의 pH는 증가하게 된다. 또한 탄산이온의 농도 역시 증가하게 되어, 바닷물 속에 용해되어 있는 마그네슘과 칼슘 이온들이 이들 수산화 이온 및 탄산 이온과 결합함으로써, 수산화마그네슘 및 탄산칼슘을 주성분으로 하는 무기물 층이 설비 표면에 석출하게 되는데 이렇게 형성된 피막을 일반적으로 "석회질 피막"이라고 한다. 이러한 무기물 층은 해수라는 부식환경에서 모재를 보호하는 물리적 장벽으로서의 역할을 함은 물론 음극방식을 할 때 요구되는 전류밀도를 감소시키는 역할을 하게 된다. 한편 이러한 해수 중에서의 석회질 피막의 형성은 전위, 전류, pH, 온도, 시간 등을 포함한 많은 변수들에 의해 변화하게 되는데, 이에 본 연구에서는 여러 가지 변수들 중 특히나 해수의 온도 및 시험편 표면 조건에 따른 무기물 층의 피막구조변화 및 특성변화를 살펴봄으로서 환경친화적인 코팅막의 개발에 대한 설계지침을 제공 할 수 있었다.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.39-47
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• 2014

The peculiar feature of cathodic protection in seawater has the capability to form mineral calcareous deposits such as magnesium and calcium on metal surfaces. It is assumed that $OH^-$ ions are generated close to the metal surface as a result of cathodic protection and generated $OH^-$ ions increases the pH of the metal/seawater interface outlined as the following formulae. (1) $O_2+2H_2O+4e{\rightarrow}4OH^-$, or (2) $2H_2O+2e{\rightarrow}H_2+2OH^-$. And high pH causes precipitation of $Mg(OH)_2$ and $CaCO_3$ in accordance with the following formulae. (1) $Mg^{2+}+2OH^-{\rightarrow}Mg(OH)_2$, (2) $Ca^{2+}+CO{_3}^{2-}{\rightarrow}CaCO_3$. The focus of this study was to increase the amount of $CO{_3}^{2-}$ with the injection of $CO_2$ gas to the solution for accelerating process of the following formulae. (1) $H_2O+CO_2{\rightarrow}H_2CO_3$, (2) $HCO^{3-}{\rightarrow}{H^+}+CO{_3}^{2-}$. Electrodeposit films were formed by an electro-deposition technique on steel substrates in solutions of both natural seawater and natural seawater dissolved $CO_2$ gas with different current densities, over different time periods. The contents of films were investigated by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD). The adhesion and corrosion resistance of the coating films were evaluated by anodic polarization. From an experimental result, only $CaCO_3$ were found in solution where injected $CO_2$ gas regardless of current density. In case of injecting the $CO_2$ gas, weight gain of electrodeposits films hugely increased and it had appropriate physical properties.