• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.413-422
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• 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of adding curcumin-steviol glycoside complex (CSG) on the growth performance and meat quality of white semi broilers. A total of 60 one-day-old white semi broilers with an initial body weight (BW) 40.0 ± 0.2 g were used in a 5-week experiment. The three treatments were as follows: 1) CON; basal diet, 2) T1; CON + 0.5% CSG and 3) T2; CON + 1.0% CSG. Each treatment consisted of 5 replicate cages with 4 broilers per cage. In 0 - 2 weeks, the supplementation of 1.0% CSG in the diets significantly increased (p < 0.05) the BW and decreased the feed intake (FI), thereby improving the feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the CON group. For meat quality, the T2 group showed a higher water holding capacity (WHC) and lower drip loss (DL) and cooking loss (CL) compared to the CON group (p < 0.05). For meat color, the T2 group showed a significantly lower lightness (L^*) and yellowness (b^*) than that of the other treatment groups (p < 0.05). In the sensory evaluation, the meat color and texture in the T2 group were significantly improved (p < 0.05) compared with those of the other treatment groups. As a result, the acceptability of consumers was ameliorated. In conclusion, this study shows that the supplementation of CSG improved the growth performance and meat quality in white semi broilers. This study suggests that 1.0% CSG is the optimal level in the diet.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.423-432
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• 2021

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of Cordyceps militaris with probiotics (CMP) supplementation on the growth performance, meat quality and storage characteristics, and cordycepin content in the meat. Sixty one-day-old broilers (Ross 308) were allotted to two treatment groups of 30 each. In addition, six broilers were randomly assigned to a cage in the two treatment groups. The two dietary treatments were as follows: Control (CON) and basal diet + 0.5% of CMP. Body weight and feed intake were measured on the 1st, 14th, and 28th days from the start of the experiment. On days 1 - 14, the supplementation of CMP improved (p < 0.05) the body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Additionally, the feed intake (FI) and FCR scores in the CMP groups improved (p < 0.01) compared to the CON during the entire period. For the meat quality characteristics, water holding capacity (WHC), cooking loss (CL), redness (a^*) in meat color value, and shearing force (SF) for the CMP group were improved (p < 0.01) compared to the CON group. For the meat storage characteristics, pH and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were improved (p < 0.01) when the broilers were fed CMP compared to the CON group. Broilers fed CMP had a higher (p < 0.01) cordycepin content in the meat compared to the CON group. In conclusion, CMP improves the growth performance and meat quality of broilers.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.171-178
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• 2021

A comparative study was conducted to examine the effects of mixed and separate gender feeding on growth performance of Korean native chickens (KNC) against a white semi-broiler (WSB) and a commercial broiler (CB) over five weeks. 576 chicks were used with eight birds per cage in a randomized complete block design with 18 replicates per breed. For the KNC lines, three groups of male (M), female (F) and mixed-gender (FM) were used. Fresh water and feed were supplied on an ad-libitum basis. Birds were fed a standard starter (d 1 - 22) and grower diet (d 23 - 35). Body weight (BW), feed intake, and shank length (SL) were measured weekly. From the BW and feed consumed data, the average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated. The commercial broiler showed higher performance (p < 0.05) for all the indices measured for the entire period. The CB group consumed more feed and were more feed-efficient thus grew faster. This group was followed by the white semi-broiler and the KNC, in order. An intra-breed comparison for KNCs revealed that the males showed better growth performance with longer SL (p < 0.05) compared to the female and mixed-gender groups. The results showed that other than the breed type, mixed and separate gender feeding impacted on the growth performance of the two lines of Korean native chickens. Males for both lines of KNC generally performed better for the parameters measured, as determined by a greater BW and reduced FCR.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.369-378
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• 2018

We determined the morphologic characteristics (body weight and degree of abdomen inflation) of the red spotted grouper, Epinephelus akaara, mother fish producing healthy eggs. Experimental fish were chosen from fish reared in a sea cage. The fish were divided into four size groups by body weight: 400~600, 600~800, 800~1,000, and 1,000~1,200 g and four stages (I~IV) of the degree of abdomen inflation. After hormone treatment, we observed the amount of ovulation-induced eggs, and rates of buoyancy, fertilization, embryonic survival, and hatching. As a result, mother fish with a body weight of 600 g or more spawned, and the fertilization rate, embryonic survival rate, and hatching rate were high in the 800~1,000 g range, thus showing effective ovulation induction. As a result of dividing the degree of abdomen inflation based on the anal fin of the mother fish into I-IV stages and determining hormone treatment time, the GSI was $0.9{\pm}0.2%$ at stage I, $2.3{\pm}0.2%$ at stage II, $5.6{\pm0.2%$ at stage III, and $7.9{\pm}0.9%$ at stage IV. The flotation rate and hatching rate were highest at stage III, and the fertilization rate and embryonic survival rate were highest at stage IV. Therefore, in terms of egg quality, the amount of eggs collected per mother fish, maturation, and histology were different depending on the degree of abdomen inflation. At stage III, where the abdomen inflation degree of the mother fish was based on the basal part of the dorsal fin relative to the height of the anal fin was 1, the egg quality was highest.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.254-263
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• 2021

Background: A chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) model has been proposed as relevant to stress-induced behavioral change in humans. In this study, we examined the effect of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) on CSDS-induced mood disorders and protein expression in an animal model. Methods: To evaluate the effect of KRG on social defeat stress, test mice were exposed in the resident aggressor's home cage compartment for 14 days beginning 1 h after KRG treatment (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg, per oral (p.o.)). After the exposure, behavioral tests to measure anxiety, social interaction, and depression-like behavior were performed. To investigate the underlying mechanism, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor expression levels in CSDS-induced mice were evaluated using Western blot analysis. Results: CSDS induced anxiety-like behaviors by decreasing central activity in the open-field test and open-arm approach in the elevated plus maze test and led to social avoidance behavior in the social interaction test. CSDS mice showed upregulated NR1, NR2A, and NR2B expression in the hippocampus. KRG 20 and 40 mg/kg ameliorated anxiety-like activities and KRG 20 mg/kg alleviated social avoidance by decreasing time in the corner zone. KRG treatment recovered CSDS-induced NR1, NR2A, and NR2B protein levels in the hippocampus. Conclusion: These results indicate that KRG has a therapeutic effect on CSDS-induced mood disorder by alleviating N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor overexpression in the hippocampus.

• Exercise Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.223-228
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• 2017

PURPOSE: This study investigated the protective role of high-intensity interval training against acute liver injury induced by D-galactosamine (D-Gal)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS). METHODS: A total of 30 male BALB/c mice aged 5-week were randomly assigned to high-intensity, interval training group (EX, n=10) or control group in cage (Non-EX, n=20) for 10 weeks. Peritoneal injection of D-Gal (700 mg/kg body weight) and LPS ($10{\mu}g/kg$ body weight) was applied to induce acute liver injury, and liver tissue was harvested 6 hours after the injection. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining was used for liver histology. Real-time PCR was used to quantify expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes in the liver. RESULTS: The liver histology showed that D-Gal/LPS treatment resulted in hepatic damage and increased number of neutrophils in conjunction with upregulation of hepatic IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNAs and downregulation of hepatic $PPAR{\alpha}$ and SIRT1 mRNAs. On the other hand, the 10-week interval training resulted in a significant improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness assessed as run time to exhaustion on a treadmill. In addition, the interval training attenuated the D-Gal/LPS-induced liver damage and increased number of neutrophil in conjunction with downregulation of hepatic IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNAs and upregulation of hepatic $PPAR{\alpha}$ and SIRT1 mRNAs. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that high-intensity interval training suppresses the D-Gal and LPS-induced acute liver damage and inflammatory responses.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.1
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• pp.16-24
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• 2021

The suppressive effect of monensin as an ionophore-feed additive on enteric methane (CH4) emission and renewable methanogenesis were evaluated. To clarify the suppressive effect of monensin a respiratory trial with head cage was performed using Holstein-Friesian steers. Steers were offered high concentrate diets (80% concentrate and 20% hay) ad libitum with or without monensin, galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) or L-cysteine. Steers that received monensin containing diet had significantly (p < 0.01) lower enteric CH4 emissions as well as those that received GOS containing diet (p < 0.05) compared to steers fed control diets. Thermophilic digesters at 55℃ that received manure from steers fed on monensin diets had a delay in the initial CH4 production. Monensin is a strong inhibitor of enteric methanogenesis, but has a negative impact on biogas energy production at short retention times. Effects of the activity of coprophagous insects on CH4 and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from cattle dung pats were assessed in anaerobic in vitro continuous gas quantification system modified to aerobic quantification device. The CH4 emission from dungs with adults of Caccobius jessoensis Harold (dung beetle) and the larvae of the fly Neomyia cornicina (Fabricius) were compared with that from control dung without insect. The cumulative CH4 emission rate from dung with dung insects decreased at 42.2% in dung beetles and 77.8% in fly larvae compared to that from control dung without insects. However, the cumulative N2O emission rate increased 23.4% in dung beetles even though it reduced 88.6% in fly larvae compared to dung without coprophagous insects. It was suggested that the antibacterial efficacy of ionophores supplemented as a growth promoter still continued even in the digested slurry, consequently, possible environmental contamination with the antibiotics might be active to put the negative impact to land ecosystem involved in greenhouse gas mitigation when the digested slurry was applied to the fields as liquid manure.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.62 no.6
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• pp.840-853
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• 2020

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of a multi-protease on production indicators of broiler chickens fed a crude protein and amino acid deficient-diets for 35 days immediately after hatch. A total of 448 one-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were allocated in a completely randomized design into one of eight dietary treatments (positive control [PC], negative control [NC: minus 0.5% from PC, and minus 2% of lysine, methionine, threonine and methionine plus cysteine], extreme negative control [ENC: minus 1% from PC, minus 4% of lysine, methionine, threonine and methionine plus cysteine], and plus multi-protease 150 or 300 g per ton [e. g., PC-150]; PC, PC-150, NC, NC-150, NC-300, ENC, ENC-150, ENC-300) to give eight replicates with seven birds in a battery cage. Body weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and mortality were measured every week. Carcass traits, proximate analysis of breast meat, and ileum digestibility were analyzed on day 21 and 35. Feeding a multi-protease (i.e., more than 150 g/ton) for 35 days immediately after hatching improved feed efficiency and ileum digestibility (i.e., dry matter, crude protein, and energy) compared to their counterparts (i.e., diets without multi-protease: PC, NC, and ENC). In conclusion, our results indicated that broiler chickens fed nutrients deficient-diet (i.e., crude protein and amino acids) supplemented a multi-protease had an ability to compensate and (or) improve their growth performance commensurate with increased ileal digestibility for 35 days immediately after hatch.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.1365-1374
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• 2021

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the synergistic effect of exogenous multienzyme and phytase on growth performance, nutrients digestibility, blood metabolites, intestinal microflora, and morphology in broilers fed corn-wheat-soybean meal diets. Methods: A 2×2 factorial design was used in this study. Four dietary treatments consisted of i) basal diets (corn-wheat-soybean meal based diets without multi-enzyme and phytase), ii) basal diets with phytase (0.05%), iii) basal diets with exogenous multi-enzyme (0.05%), and iv) basal diets with exogenous multi-enzyme including phytase (0.05%). A total of 480 broiler chickens (Ross 308 - one day old) were weighed and allotted to thirty-two cages (15 birds per cage), and chicks were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments. Results: The body weight gain and feed conversion rate were improved by supplementation of exogenous multi-enzyme containing phytase during the finisher period (p<0.05). The birds fed diets with exogenous multi-enzyme containing phytase had a significantly greater digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, crude protein, calcium, and phosphorus compared with birds fed non-supplemented diets (p<0.05). The chickens fed diets with exogenous multi-enzyme containing phytase showed a higher concentration of Ca and P in the serum (p<0.05). The population of Lactobacillus spp., Escherichia coli, and Clostridium were not affected in the ileum and cecum of chickens fed enzyme-supplemented diets. The dietary supplemental exogenous multi-enzyme containing phytase showed a significant improvement in villus height, crypt depth, and villus height and crypt depth ratio, compared to basal diets or dietary supplemental phytase (p<0.05). Conclusion: The supplementation of the exogenous multi-enzyme containing phytase synergistically improved the growth performance, nutrients digestibility, and villus height of the small intestine of broiler chickens fed a corn-wheat-soybean meal based diets.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.369-372
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• 2022

This study was conducted to determine the injury type and frequency of bearded dragons during single and group breeding according to stocking density, for 16 weeks. A total of 14 bearded dragons compromising three groups were selected for this study. Six and four bearded dragons bred in a cage of 45 cm × 45 cm × 45 cm were designed as group A and B, respectively. Group C was made of four partitions (20 cm × 20 cm × 20 cm) of equal size in the kennel, and the dragons, four in number, were reared alone. Injury type criteria were given 1 score each in 6 stages. Most of the injury types in group A were primary tail cutting, which was 1 point, depending on the score, except for 4 scores. The injury type of group A varied, that is 1, 2, 3, and 5 scores, and the pattern lasted for 2 to 9 weeks. After 10 weeks, the dragons showed no response to injury type, except 4 scores at 11 weeks and 2 scores at 14 weeks with a frequency of one, respectively. The representative injury types of the group B were primary tail cutting, which was 1 point, and the scores of the injury type from 2 to 11 weeks were the highest; the frequency of occurrence at 1 and 2 scores was 5 times and 3 times, respectively, and the frequency of occurrence at 3 scores was twice. In addition, 5 scores were found to have the lowest frequency of occurrence. Solitary breeding showed no response to the type of injury for 16 weeks. Consequently, single breeding with an appropriate stocking density did not affect stress, and it could be expected a positive aspect for pet welfare.