• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.33 no.6
• /
• pp.911-922
• /
• 2015

This study was carried out to evaluate growth characteristics of Kimchi cabbage cultivated in various highland areas, and to create a predicting model for the production of highland Kimchi cabbage based on the growth parameters and climatic elements. Regression model for the estimation of head weight was designed with non-destructive measured growth variables (NDGV) such as leaf length (LL), leaf width (LW), head height (HH), head width (HW), and growing degree days (GDD), which was $y=6897.5-3.57{\times}GDD-136{\times}LW+116{\times}PH+155{\times}HH-423{\times}HW+0.28{\times}HH{\times}HW{\times}HW$, ($r^2=0.989$), and was improved by using compensation terms such as the ratio (LW estimated with GDD/measured LW ), leaf growth rate by soil moisture, and relative growth rate of leaf during drought period. In addition, we proposed Excel spreadsheet model for simulation of yield prediction of highland Kimchi cabbage. This Excel spreadsheet was composed four different sheets; growth data sheet measured at famer's field, daily average temperature data sheet for calculating GDD, soil moisture content data sheet for evaluating the soil water effect on leaf growth, and equation sheet for simulating the estimation of production. This Excel spreadsheet model can be practically used for predicting the production of highland Kimchi cabbage, which was calculated by (acreage of cultivation) ${\times}$ (number of plants) ${\times}$ (head weight estimated with growth variables and GDD) ${\times}$ (compensation terms derived relationship of GDD and growth by soil moisture) ${\times}$ (marketable head rate).

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.318-329
• /
• 2014

In order to gain insight into the physiological responses of plants to high temperature stress, the effects of temperature on Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris subsp. napus var. pekinensis cv. Detong) were investigated through analyses of photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence under 3 different temperatures in the temperature gradient tunnel. Growth (leaf length and number of leaves) during the rosette stage was greater at ambient $+4^{\circ}C$ and ambient $+7^{\circ}C$ temperatures than at ambient temperature. Photosynthetic $CO_2$ fixation rates of Chinese cabbage grown under the different temperatures did not differ significantly. However, dark respiration rate was significantly higher in the cabbage that developed under ambient temperature relative to elevated temperature. Furthermore, elevated growth temperature increased transpiration rate and stomatal conductance resulting in an overall decrease of water use efficiency. The chlorophyll a fluorescence transient was also considerably affected by high temperature stress; the fluorescence yield $F_J$, $F_I$, and $F_P$ decreased considerably at ambient $+4^{\circ}C$ and ambient $+7^{\circ}C$ temperatures, with induction of $F_K$ and decrease of $F_V/F_O$. The values of RC/CS, ABS/CS, TRo/CS, and ETo/CS decreased considerably, while DIo/CS increased with increased growth temperature. The symptoms of soft-rot disease were observed in the inner part of the cabbage heads after 7, 9, and/or 10 weeks of cultivation at ambient $+4^{\circ}C$ and ambient $+7^{\circ}C$ temperatures, but not in the cabbage heads growing at ambient temperature. These results show that Chinese cabbage could be negatively affected by high temperature under a future climate change scenario. Therefore, to maintain the high productivity and quality of Chinese cabbage, it may be necessary to develop new high temperature tolerant cultivars or to markedly improve cropping systems. In addition, it would be possible to use the non-invasive fluorescence parameters $F_O$, $F_V/F_M$, and $F_V/F_O$, as well as $F_K$, $M_O$, $S_M$, RC/CS, ETo/CS, $PI_{abs}$, and $SFI_{abs}$ (which were selected in this study), to quantitatively determine the physiological status of plants in response to high temperature stresses.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.731-743
• /
• 2018

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of green manures and complemental fertilization with oil cake or liquid fertilizer on growth and nitrogen use efficiency of Chinese cabbage cultivated in organi systems. Field experiments were carried out at the National Institute of Agricultural Science in Suwon, South Korea from 2012 to 2014. Two green manure crops, Crotalaria and Hairy vetch, was cultivated in summer and in winter, respectively. The application methods of the green manure consisted of three tillage systems (overall tillage, partial tillage and no tillage). Oil cake and liquid fertilizer were used as complemental fertilizer. The results showed that when used as covering material in the upland soil without tillage, green manure fertilization was more effective in increasing growth and yield of Chinese cabbage than when incorporated into soil. It was possible to grow and harvest Chinese cabbage in the spring season by the application of hairy vetch as winter green manure. The higher yield of Chinese cabbage with green manure application was caused by the lower incidence rate of soft rot and tip-burn. The yield of the Chines cabbage that received green manure applications over two consecutive seasons followed by the supplemental fertilization with oil cake was similar to that of the conventional chemical fertilization. Following a single season green manure application in summer, however, the yield of cabbage was only about 70% of the conventional treatment. Green manure cultivation with additional liquid fertilization produced a yield similar to the conventional fertilization treatment, soil inorganic nitrogen concentration remained stable and the nitrogen use efficiency increased in the green manure applied soil. In conclusion, the organic cultivation of Chinese cabbage in the autumn season could be outperformed in the upland soil receiving two seasons (winter and summer) of green manure fertilization followed by the supplemental fertilization with liquid fertilizer.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• v.27 no.6
• /
• pp.347-351
• /
• 2012

This study was conducted to optim ize the composition of CEM (cabbage extract medium) and cryoprotectants on the growth of Lactobacillus plantarum, a probiotics growing in plant and milk. For this, we analyzed the growth characteristics of Lb. plantarum in CEM and subsequently optimized the medium composition by addition of carbon, nitrogen sources and buffering agents. Among carbon sources, glucose showed the best result to increase the cell density after dilution of CEM. When 0.5% yeast extract and 1% soy peptone were supplemented in the diluted CEM, Lb. plantarum grew up to the maximum cell density. Addition of buffering agents in CEM was not significantly effective to increase the cell density. Meanwhile, addition of 12% skim milk, 5% sucrose and 0.5% glycerol showed a cryoprotective effect against cell damage of Lb. plantarum during freeze drying process showing high survival rate after 150 days. This optimized CEM can be used for economical production of bacterial cells particularly originated from a plant-related ecosystem.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.357-365
• /
• 2016

The effects of elevated atmospheric $CO_2$ on photosynthesis and growth of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris subsp. napus var. pekinensis) were investigated to predict productivity in highland cropping in an environment where $CO_2$ levels are increasing. Vegetative growth, based on fresh weight of the aerial part, and leaf characteristics (number, area, length, and width) of Chinese cabbage grown for 5 weeks, increased significantly under elevated $CO_2$ ($800{\mu}mol{\cdot}mol^{-1}$) compared to ambient $CO_2$ ($400{\mu}mol{\cdot}mol^{-1}$). The photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance ($g_s$), and water use efficiency (WUE) increased, although the transpiration rate (E) decreased, under elevated atmospheric $CO_2$. The photosynthetic light-response parameters, the maximum photosynthetic rate ($A_{max}$) and apparent quantum yield (${\varphi}$), were higher at elevated $CO_2$ than at ambient $CO_2$, while the light compensation point ($Q_{comp}$) was lower at elevated $CO_2$. In particular, the maximum photosynthetic rate ($A_{max}$) was higher at elevated $CO_2$ by 2.2-fold than at ambient $CO_2$. However, the photosynthetic $CO_2$-response parameters such as light respiration rate ($R_p$), maximum Rubisco carboxylation efficiency ($V_{cmax}$), and $CO_2$ compensation point (CCP) were less responsive to elevated $CO_2$ relative to the light-response parameters. The photochemical efficiency parameters ($F_v/F_m$, $F_v/F_o$) of PSII were not significantly affected by elevated $CO_2$, suggesting that elevated atmospheric $CO_2$ will not reduce the photosynthetic efficiency of Chinese cabbage in highland cropping. The optimal temperature for photosynthesis shifted significantly by about $2^{\circ}C$ under elevated $CO_2$. Above the optimal temperature, the photosynthetic rate (A) decreased and the dark respiration rate ($R_d$) increased as the temperature increased. These findings indicate that future increases in $CO_2$ will favor the growth of Chinese cabbage on highland cropping, and its productivity will increase due to the increase in photosynthetic affinity for light rather than $CO_2$.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 2010.10a
• /
• pp.17-17
• /
• 2010

Rhizobacteria are a diverse group of free-living soil bacteria that live in plant rhizosphere and colonized the root system. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) possessing ACC deaminase (ACCD) can reduce ACC and ethylene in plant tissue and mediated the growth of plants under various stresses including salt stress. ACCD decrease ethylene levels in plant tissue that produce high levels of ethylene in tissue via elevated levels of ACC under salt stress. We selected strains of Pseudomonas sp. possessing ACCD activity for their ability to promote plant growth under salt stress from soil sample collected at Byeonsan, Jeonbuk, South Korea. The Pseudomonas strains possessing ACCD increased the rate of the seedling and growth of chinese cabbage seeds under salt stress. We cloned ACCD gene from P.fluorescens and expressed recombinant protein in Escherichia coli. The active form of recombinant ACCD converted ACC to a-ketobutyrate. The in vivo treatment of recombinant ACCD itself increase the rate of the seedling and growth of Chinese cabbage seeds under salt stress. The polyclonal P.fluorescens anti-ACCD antibody specifically reacted with ACCD originated from Pseudomonas. This indicates that the antibody might act as an important indicator for ACCD driven from Pseudomonas exhibiting plant growth-promoting activity. This study will be useful for identification of newly isolated PGPR containing ACCD and exploioting the ACCD activity from PGPR against various biotic and abiotic stresses.

• Plant Disease and Agriculture
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.90-94
• /
• 1999

Effect of inoculum concentration inoculation method and plant age on development of clubroot disease of Chinese cabbage seedling were examined in growth chambers. Root galls were developed at the concentration of 105 resting spore or above per ml of incoulum and as the inoculum concentration became higher rate of development of root galls was faster. In the plants with root gall development fresh weight of above ground parts was reduced to 30-44% of that of healthy plants but root weight increased by 4-10 times. Growth of diseased plants was greatly reduced as compared to healthy plants. Planting in the diseased soil as a inoculation method was most effective for disease development showing uniform infections but time of initial root gall development was delayed by root soaking inoculation. Some plants inoculated by soil drenching method did not develop root galls. However root gall enlargement after its initial formation did not differ greatly among inoculation methods. Nine-day-old seedlings showed poor development of root gall but 16-days-old seedlings was found to be most adequate for inoculation for gall development.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.475-479
• /
• 1992

The non-steroidal ecdysone agonist RH 5849 showed almost similar LC.o values( 18.1-26.5 ppm) at all stages of larval development of the tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura, when treated by a leaf-disk dipping method. The feeding-inhibition rate for the 4th instar larvae was dose-dependent, and simultaneously the weight gain of 3rd instar larvae ceased within 48 hour after feeding of the cabbage leafdisk dipped into RH 5849 4.2 ppm solution. The systemic larvicidal effect of RH 5849 was compared at cabbage and tobacco whole plant test. The $LC_{50}$ values below 20 ppm(mg/kg soil) was lasted for 15 days in cabbage, 30 days in tobacco respectively.

• Journal of Plant Biology
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.95-108
• /
• 1987

Effects of allopurinol (2mM), a specific inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, on the growth and metabolism of llantoin in dark grown Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L.) seedlings were investigated. Allopurinol treatment maintained the fresh and dry weights of cotyledons at higher levels, but inhibited the elongation of hypocotyls and roots of the seedlings. Total nitrogen content in the cotyledons decreased at slower rate by allopurinol. Accordingly, the levels of total nitrogen contents in the hypocotyls and roots, were depressed by the inhibitor. In the cotyledons, allopurinol began to elevate RNA levels after day 3, which it did not affect DNA level throughout the experiment. Activities of xanthine oxidase (XO:EC 1.2.3.2), uricase (UO:EC 1.7.3.3) and allantoinase (AL:EC 3.5.2.5) in the cotyledons were examined. The activity of XO was not detected, but the accumulation of xanthine by allopurinol treatment presented an indirect evidence of the existence of XO in the organ. Allopurinol kept UO activity high up to day 2 after sowing and depressed AL activity throughout the experiment. By allopurinol treatment, allantoin content was kept high over the control both in cotyledons and roots, but it was kept low in hypocotyls. The level of allantoic acid in the 3 organs were shown to be depressed by allopurinol. These results suggest that allantoin and allantoic acid produced by the degradation of stored and newly synthesized RNA are transported from the storage tissue to hypocotyls and roots as important nitrogen sources for the development of Chinese cabbage seedlings.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.327-331
• /
• 1999

The purpose of this study was to find out the effects of slow-released nitrogen fertilizer (SRF) on the growth and yield of Chinese cabbage. The SRF used in this study was prepared by embedding urea into a waste paper slum. The underwater dissolution rate of SRF was very rapid during the first 12 hours and 60.4% of the embedded nitrogen was released after 72 hours. The SRF and urea was applied as nitrogen source and growth. yield, yield components, nitrogen uptake of Chinese cabbage were investigated a pot experiment. Maximum leaf length of Chinese cabbage was not different between SRF and urea treatments. Length and wish of head, number of leaf per head and fresh weight of Chinese cabbage were higher in SRF treatment than those in urea treatment, but the differences were not statistically significant. Comparing to the urea treatment, nitrogen content and nitrogen uptake efficiency of Chinese cabbage were significantly higher in SRF treatment. After the experiment, total soil nitrogen contents were not different between the SRF and urea treatments.