• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.412-419
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• 2004

다슬기 분말과 그 회분으로 제조한 젖산칼슘인 CaL-P와-A의 두부 응고제로의 이용성을 검토하기 위하여 염화칼슘(CC), 염화마그네슘(MC), 황산칼슘(CS) 및 표준품 젖산칼슘(CaL-S)과의 응고력, 수율, 색상, 텍스쳐, 칼슘함량, 미세구조 및 관능적 특성을 상호 비교하였으며 저장중의 총균수와 침지액의 탁도변화를 살펴보았다. 응고력은 CaL-A가 가장 우수하였으며 CaL-P의 경우도 CaL-S보다 높았다. CaL-A두부의 수율은 CC두부의 110%로 CS와 대등하였으나 CaL-P두부의 수율은 CC의 50% 수준으로 낮았다. 응고제에 따른 두부의 색상은뚜렷한 차이를 보이지 않았으나 CaL-P 두부는 L＊값이 낮은 반면 a＊, b＊값이 높았다. 두부의 견고성 은 CaL-S>CS>CC)CaL-P>MC)CaL-A순, 응집성은 MC>CaL-S>CC>CS)CaL-P>CaL-A 순을 나타내었으며, 탄력성은 MC가 가장 높았다. 두부의 칼슘함량은 116.12∼204.48mg/100 g이었으나 MC 두부는 57.1 mg으로 낮았다. 두부의 미세구조는 견고도가 낮고 부드러울수록 입자가 작고 균일하였는데 CaL-A와 MC 두부가 대 체적으로 작고 균일하였으며 CaL-P는 CC와 같이 불규칙하였다. CaL-P와 CaL-A 두부는 타 두부에 비하여 질감, 탄력성, 풍미가 좋고 종합적인 맛이 우수하였으며 CaL-A의 경우는 견고성이 낮아 부드러운 맛이 높았다. 총 균수로 평가한 1$0^{\circ}C$에서의 shelf-life는 타 응고제를 사용한 경우 4∼6일을 나타내었으나 CaL-P는 8일로 연장되었다. 탁도도 CaL-P의 경우가 가장 낮았다. 이상의 결과 CaL-P와-A는 두부의 품질을 높일 수 있음과 동시에 체내 흡수력이 높은 칼슘을 공급할 수 있어 산업적으로 많이 사용하고 있는 칼슘의 체내 이용율이 낮은 CS를 대체할 수 있는 두부 응고제로 바람직한 것으로 평가되었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.54-61
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• 2001

The Ca and P balance studies were carried out with two different diets varying Ca levels : the current Korean RDA level(normal Ca diet) and the high level (High Ca diet) which was determined by adding 2SD to mean Ca intake of all subjects. The subjects were sever healthy adult woman, aged from 25 to 32 years old. The metabolic studies were conducted for two weeks with a days recess in between : during the fist week with normal Ca diet and during the second week with high Ca diet. The composition of nutrients excepting Ca of both diets was similar to subjects usual intake. The result were summarized as follows: Mean daily Ca intake was 728.8mg from norma Ca diet and 945.5mg from high Ca diet. Fecal excretion of Ca increased significantly(p<0.05) on high Ca diet, but urinary excretion of Ca did not show any differences between the two diet periods. There were also no significant differences in Ca retention between the two diet periods but it tended to be greater during high Ca diet period: 112.1mg/day during normal Ca diet period vs 208.2mg/day during high Ca diet period. Mean apparent Ca absorption was 41.2% on normal Ca diet and 42.1% on high Ca diet, indicating it was not affected by high Ca intake level used in this study. On the contrary, P retention was significantly increased up to 109.4mg/day with high Ca diet as compared to- 41mg/day with normal Ca diet. There were no significant differences in fecal and urinary excretion of P but those to be lower during high Ca diet period. The above results showed that higher Ca intake more than current RDA(700mg/day), in the level of 945.5mg/day, could increase Ca retention through Ca absorption comparable to the rate appeared on RDA level intake. P retention was also improved by high Ca intake. Therefore, higher Ca intake than the current RDA level seemed to produce favorable effects on bone health in adult women. However, the current RDA level seemed to be relatively appropriate, considering the results that all the subjects but one maintained positive Ca balance with normal Ca diet. (Korean J Nutrition 34(1):54-61, 2001)

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.433-440
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• 1993

The bioactivity of glasses in the CaO-SiO2 system and CaO-P2O5-SiO2 system with less than 10mol% of P2O5 was investigated by in vitro test in simulated body flood(SBF). The formation of Ca.P film and hydroxyapatite on the surface of glasses after in vitro test was analysed by X-ray photoelectron spectoscopy (XPS), fourier transform infrared reflection spectroscopy (FT-IRRS), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation. In the early stage of Ca.P film formation after in vitro test for CaO-SiO2 and CaO-P2O5-SiO2 glasses, the rate of Ca.P film formation on the surface of the glasses was dependent of structural parameter (Y) evaluated from the glass composition. First, in the case of the glasses having Y value below 2, Ca.P film and SiO2-rich layer were formed simultaneously, and there were no differences of the rate of Ca.P film formation in terms of the Y values. Second, in the case of the glasses having Y value above 2, the SiO2-rich layer was formed, and then Ca.P.Si mixed layer was formed in the silica gel structure of the SiO2-rich layer, and finally the Ca.P film on the surface of SiO2-rich layer. The rate of Ca.P film formation delayed as the Y values increased. The rate of hydroxyapatite formation of glasses (the rate of transformation from Ca.P film to hydroxyapatite) seems to be propotional to the rate of Ca.P film formation and Y value. The rate of hydroxyapatite formation of glasses belonging to the second group was delayed as structural parameter increased, and the hydroxyapatite crystal showed spherical growth in the early reaction stage, and then showed silkworm-like linear growth as the reaction time increased.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권5호
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• pp.871-884
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• 2022

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of calcium (Ca) levels in weanling pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc). In experiment 1, one hundred and eighty weanling pigs were randomly allotted to one of the three treatments. The treatments were low (Ca 0.60% in phase 1 and 0.50% in phase 2), standard (Ca 0.72% in phase 1 and 0.66% in phase 2), and high (Ca 0.84% in phase 1 and 0.72% in phase 2). In experiment 2, hundred and forty weanling pigs were randomly assigned to one of four treatments differing in Ca levels (high and low) and sources (CaCl₂ and CaCO₃) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. There were 10 pigs per replicate in both experiments, with 6 replicates in each treatment, and they were conducted in two phases (phase 1, days 0-14; phase 2, days 15-28). In experiment 1, body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), and growth to feed ratio (G/F) increased as the Ca level decreased (p < 0.05). P digestibility was higher in the low-Ca diet group than in the high-Ca diet group (p <0.05). In experiment 2, the final BW, ADG, and G/F increased in the CaCl₂ diet group compared with the case in the CaCO₃ diet group (p < 0.05). The digestibility of crude protein (CP), Ca, and P was higher in the CaCl₂ diet group than in the CaCO₃ diet group (p < 0.05). Cl^- levels were higher in the CaCl₂ diet group than in the CaCO₃ diet group (p < 0.05). The bicarbonate (HCO_3-), base excess (BE), and electrolyte balance (EB) levels were lower in the CaCl₂ diet group than in the CaCO₃ diet group (p < 0.05). Hematocrit increased as the Ca level decreased (p < 0.05). The HCO_3- interacted with the Ca sources and thus, affected the Ca levels (p < 0.05). Bone ash, Ca, and P were downregulated in the low-Ca diet group compared with the case in the high-Ca diet group. Overall, the low dietary Ca supplementation led to greater growth performance. Furthermore, CaCl₂ appeared to be a better Ca source than CaCO₃ because of the greater digestibility of CP, Ca, and P, and improved EB.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.583-589
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• 1994

In order to study the interrelationships of calcium (0.45 vs. 0.90%), phosphorus (0.40 vs. 0.70%) and protein (17, 20, 23%), $2{\times}2{\times}3$ factorial design was employed. A total of 480 broilers (Hisex-Hibro) aged 3 days were fed the experimental diets for a period of 28 days. Body weight gain, daily feed intake and feed efficiency were investigated for the simple effects, first order interaction and second order interaction of the dietary factors. These effects were also applied to bone ash retention, percent Ca in bone & ash, percent P in bone & ash, and protein utilizability. Results were as follows. 1) For body weight gain, simple effects of dietary levels of Ca, P, CP were found to be significant (p<0.05). Body weight gain at 0.90% Ca level was improved as the dietary CP levels increased. For the feed intake, single effects of dietary levels of both P and CP were found (p<0.05). Feed efficiency was improved as the dietary CP and P levels increased. Ca $\times$ P interaction was found to be significant for body weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency (p<0.05), however, Ca $\times$ P $\times$ CP interaction effect was not found. 2) Protein utilizability decreased as the dietary CP level increased (p<0.01). 3) 0.90% Ca in diet showed less bone ash retention than 0.45% Ca level. And, increasing the dietary P level resulted in increased bone ash retention. Increasing the dietary P level resulted in increased bone Ca retention (p<0.01) and increased bone P retention (p<0.05). Dietary CP levels had significant (p<0.01) effect on bone Ca retention except for 23% CP level. Increasing the dietary Ca level resulted in wider Ca:P ratio of bone, but increasing the dietary P level resulted in narrower Ca:P ratio of bone. 4. Ca $\times$ P interaction effects were found to be significant (p<0.01) for bone ash, bone Ca & P, ash P content, and bone Ca:P ratio. Ca $\times$ P $\times$ CP interaction effects were found for bone ash (p<0.01), bone Ca (p<0.05) and bone P content (p<0.01).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권4호
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• pp.827-840
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• 2021

Several studies have focused on Ca and P requirements for pigs. These requirements are estimated from their retention and bone formation. However, modern pig breeds have different responses to dietary Ca and P than traditional breeds, and their requirements are expected to change on an annual basis. Besides individual Ca and P needs, the Ca to P ratio (Ca/P) is an important factor in determining requirements. This study aimed to implement a linear and quadratic regression analysis to estimate Ca and P requirements based on average daily gain (ADG), apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of Ca (ATTD-Ca), ATTD of P (ATTD-P), and crude protein (CP) digestibility. Results show that Ca/P had linear and quadratic effects on ADG in the phytase-supplemented (PS) group in both the 6-11 kg and 11-25 kg categories. In the latter category, the CP digestibility was linearly increased in response to increasing Ca/P in the without-phytase (WP) group. In the 25-50 kg category, there was a linear response of ADG and linear and quadratic responses of CP digestibility to Ca/P in the PS group, while a linear and quadratic increase in CP digestibility and a quadratic effect on ATTD-Ca were observed in the WP group. In the 50-75 kg category, Ca/P had significant quadratic effects on ADG in the PS and WP groups, along with significant linear and quadratic effects on ATTD-Ca. In addition, Ca/P had significant quadratic effects on ATTD-P and led to a significant linear and quadratic increase in the CP digestibility in the WP group. In the 75-100 kg category, analysis showed a significant decrease in ATTD-Ca and ATTD-P in the PS and WP groups; in the latter, ATTD-P and ATTD-Ca were linearly decreased by increasing Ca/P. In conclusion, our equations predicted a higher Ca/P in the 6-25 kg bodyweight categories and a lower Ca/P in the 50-100 kg category than that recommended in the literature.

• 한국제4기학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.39-56
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• 2002

The results of geoarchaeological studies of the prehistoric cultural complexes on the Russian Far East (Primorye, or Maritime Province; the Amur River basin; and Sakhalin Island) are presented. Upper Palaeolithic sites are dated to ca. 40,000-10,500 B.P. They existed during the mild climate of the Chernoruchie interstadial (ca. 40,000-21,000 B.P.); during harsh climate at the Last Glacial Maximum, ca. 20,000-18,000 B.P., in several places on the Russian Far East (Primorye, Amur River basin, and Sakhalin); and during climatic amelioration in the Late Glacial time, ca. 16,000-10,500 B.P. The earliest Neolithic sites, represented by Osipovka and Gromatukha cultures, existed at ca. 13,000-10,000 B.P. in the environment of coniferous forests with admixture of broadleaved taxa. Since ca. 8000 B.P., Neolithic cultures appeared in all of the Russian Far East. They existed until ca. 3000 B.P., first during the Holocene Climatic Optimum, ca. 8000-5000 B.P., in the environment of coniferous-broadleaved forests, and later, at ca. 5000-3000 B.P., in the environment of birch-oak and coniferous forests.

• 공업화학
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.112-116
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 생체재료 표면개질의 방법으로 유-무기 박막 형성에 관한 방법을 연구하였다. Collagen의 분해 시 얻어진 gelatin을 polystyrene 배양접시에 2 h 동안 흡착시켜 gelatin 흡착층을 형성하였다. Gelatin 흡착중에 calcium과 phosphorus 과포화 이온용액을 주입하여 calcium phosphate (CaP) 박막을 제조하였다. 박막 형성 초기에 박막의 핵들이 나타나는 것을 관찰하였다. 처리시간에 따라 CaP 박막에 성장하여 배양접시의 바닥표면 전체에 형성된 것을 볼 수 있었다. 형성된 gelatin/CaP 복합 박막의 특징은 3차원 공간에서 다공성이 높은 표면 구조를 형성하였다. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR)을 이용하여 CaP 박막의 화학적 성질을 분석한 결과, 박막 형성 초기에는 무결정 형태의 박막이 형성되고, 시간이 경과됨에 따라 결정성이 약간 증가하지만, 결정성이 낮은 CaP에서 나타나는 흡수피크의 존재 등을 통하여 본 연구에서 제조한 CaP 박막은 poorly crystalline CaP 박막임을 확인하였다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.93-97
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• 1981

4종(種)의 제주도 토양에 인산질비료(燐酸質肥料)를 시용(施用)한후 무기태인산(無機態燐酸)의 형태별(形態別) 함량변화와 수종 침출액(浸出液)에 의한 유효인산(有效燐酸) 침출량(浸出量)을 실내실험으로 조사(調査)하여 비교(比較) 검토한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 총인산에 대한 무기태인산(無機態燐酸)의 비율(比率)은 토양종류에 따라 달라 Al-P는 6.9-28.8%, Fe-P는 24.1~26.9%, Ca-P는 7.4~11.9% 범위이며 유효인산(有效燐酸)은 0.7-8.0%로 매우 낮았다. 2. 토양종류별로 인산(燐酸)을 시용(施用)한 후(後) 60일후(日後)에 조사(調査)한 토양인산의 형태별(形態別) 조성(組成)을 본 결과(結果) 흑색토(黑色土)에서는 Al-P>Fe-P> Ca-P, 농암갈색토(濃暗褐色土)에서는 Fe-P> Al-P> Ca-P, 암갈색토(暗褐色土)에서는 Fe-P> Ca-P> Al-P. 적황색토(赤黃色土)에서는 Fe-P> Al-P> Ca-P의 순(順)으로 나타나 토양별 차이(差異)가 있었다. 3. 5종(種)의 침출액(浸出液)으로 토양별 유효인산(有效燐酸)을 검정한 결과(結果) Bray No.2법(法)은 토양종류에 관계없이 어느 토양에서나 침출능(浸出能)이 컸으나 그 외의 방법(方法)들은 토양의 종류별(種類別)로 침출능(浸出能)이 상이(相異)하게 나타났다. 4. 유효인산(有效燐酸) 침출방법(浸出方法)과 무기태인산(無機態燐酸) 함량(含量)과의 관계에서 Bray No.2법(法)은 Ca-P와 5%수준에서, Olsen법(法)은 Al-P, Fe-P, Ca-P 및 Total-P와 각각 1%수준에서 유의(有意)한 관계를 보였다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.26-33
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• 1989

산지초지개발과 聯關된 草地士壞개랑 및 施肥法改攻善을 馬하여 Homes의 Systematic variations 方法으로 多量要素 anions N : S : P 및 Cations K : Ca Ca:Mg 적정비료비율J인比率 (當量基準) 을 決定코자 山地 土爆을 공시한 Pot試驗으로 Orchardgrass-Ladino clover混播條件에서 수행한 결과는 1. 混播條件에서 各構成훌種別 最高收量을 얻기 위한 적정비료比率을 求하였다(Table 4), 大略的으로 未本科목초는 N: S : P=3: 1 : I, K: Ca: Mg= 1 1 : 1, 두과목초는 N : S : P= 1 : 6 : 43, K: Ca : :Mg=I:3: 1을 보였고, 그리고 混슴收草에서는 未本科목초의 境遇와 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 2... 混播條件에서 건물收量은 未本科 및 혼합목초에서는 N> P> S-group 및 $K\geq$Ca$\geq$Mg-group 순으로; 두과목초는 P> S> N-group과 Ca > $Mg\geq$K-group 순으로 높았다. 特히 未本科救草는 N-group에서 荳科목초는 P~및 Ca-group에서 수량이 매우 높았다. 3. 士壞의 pH는 S-group 에서 낮아졌고 (5.9->5.3). Ca, Mg-group에서는 높아졌다(5.9->6.7). 그리고 Ca-group에서 유효$P_2O_5$,含量, CEC 및 염기포화도가 상대적으로 제일 높았다. 4. 未本科 및 혼합목초는 N-group에서 높은 N 含量과 낮은 P함량을 보였고, 낮은 P함량으로 Ca/P 比가 anion-group 中 第一 높은 2.15를 보였다. 두과목초에서는 Ca - group 에 서 第一 높은 9.20을 보였다. 두과목초에서는 未本科목초보다 相對的으로 Ca Mg함량이 높아 Ca/P 比가 높고, K/(Ca+Mg) 當量 比가 낮은 特性을 보였다. 5.. 無機養分收量과 건물收量間에는 各處理別 증수효과의 差異를 보였다. 목초중 各無機養分의 收量提高를 위한 多量要素의 적정시비比率을 求하였고. 이는 건물收量의 境遇와는 差異가 있었다 .. K-와 Mg-group間에는 길항적인 Mg 및 K收量 減少을 보였다.