• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.219-227
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• 1988

This experiment was carried out to evaluate biological availability of Ca and P in 4 different sources of tricalcium phosphate in young chicks. One hundred and twenty five-day-old male Single Comb White Leghorn chicks (10 treatments$\times$3replication$\times$4chicks) were used in trial 1 and 2, respectively, for 12 days of feeding period. Trial I was to evaluate the availability of phosphorus in the supplements, Standard purified diets were prepared to supply 0.07, 0.14 and 0.21％P using a mixture (1 : 1) of NaH$_2$PO$_4$ and KH$_2$PO$_4$ as the reference Phosphorus sources. Bone breaking strength of the tibia determeined by an Instron instrument appeared inadequate to be used as a criterion due to very high variations of the measurement within a treatment. Thus, tibia bone ash content was utilized as a criterion to evaluate th biological avilability of phosphorus in the supplements. The levels of the biological availability of the four different sources of dicalcium phoshate were 77.1, 91.0, 96.4 and 95.5％, respectively, and those of the three tricalcium phosphate sources were 94.1, 95.0 and 99.5％ , respectively. Trial 2 was to determeine the levels of Ca biologically available in the supplements. Standard purified diets were made to supply 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4％ Ca using CaCo$_3$ as the reference calcium source. When bone ash content was utilized as a criterion for the availability, the levels of calcium biologically available to the chicks were 78.3, 234.1, 87.6 and 244.5％, respectively, for the 4 different sources of dicalcium phosphate and 99.5, 84.0 and 101.5％ , respectively, for the 3 different sources of tricalcium phosphate. The observation that two calcium sources appeared to be utilized with an unusual efficiency can hardly be explained at this moment. When they were revaluated on the basis of body weight gain, the availabilities of the four sources of dicalcium phosphate were 89.2, 58.2, 104.1 and 103.1％ and of the three tricalcium phosphate were 112.6, 106.0 and 96.3％ , respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.1131-1138
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different sources of Ca and P on urine and ileal digesta pH, and ammonia ($NH_{3}$), methane ($CH_{4}$), and odor emission. In experiment 1, eight pigs (commercial three-way cross; initial BW 67$\pm$3 kg) were arranged in a repeated 4$\times$4 Latin Square design. All pigs were equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. Four corn-soybean meal based diets were formulated. Diet 1 was the control in which dicalcium phosphate (DCP) and limestone ($CaCO_{3}$) were used as the sources of inorganic P and Ca. In Diets 2 and 3, ${H_{3}}{PO_{4}}$, monocalcium phosphate (MCP), and $CaSO_{4}$replaced DCP and $CaCO_{3}$ as the inorganic sources of P and Ca. Diet 4 was similar to Diet 1 except that it was fortified with HCl to provide an acid load similar to that of diet 2. Urine and ileal digesta pH were determined in pigs fed each of these diets. In Exp. 1, urine pH decreased (p<0.05) in animals consuming diets containing ${H_{3}}{PO_{4}}$-$CaSO_{4}$ (5.85$\pm$0.38) and MCP-$CaSO_{4}$(5.73$\pm$0.30) compared with the DCP-$CaCO_{3}$ diet (6.89$\pm$0.24). In the pigs consuming ${H_{3}}{PO_{4}}$-$CaSO_{4}$, ileal digesta pH decreased compared with the control (5.52$\pm$0.28 vs. 6.66$\pm$0.17; p<0.05). Based on the results of Exp. 1, a total of four trials were performed in environmental chambers for determining how $NH_{3}$, $NH_{4}$, and odor were affected by the different dietary Ca and P sources (Exp. 2). In Exp. 2, pigs fed the ${H_{3}}{PO_{4}}$-$CaSO_{4}$ diet had decreased (30%) $NH_{3}$ emissions compared with the control (p<0.05). Also, a combination of MCP-$CaCO_{3}$-$CaCl_{12}$ decreased $NH_{3}$ emission by 15% (p<0.05). Emission of $CH_{4}$ was decreased only with the ${H_{3}}{PO_{4}}$-$CaSO_{4}$ diet with 14% (p<0.05). Odorant emission of phenolics and volatile fatty acids increased roughly three-fold with the DCP-$CaSO_{4}$ diet but was not affected by other test diets. In conclusion, acidogenic Ca and P sources in swine diets can decrease the urinary pH and reduce $NH_{3}$ and $CH_{4}$ emission from swine facilities.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.66-73
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• 1986

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of age and of the dietary protein sources & levels on urinary calcium excretion and bone metabolism in the rats. Two experiments were conducted . In experiment U, 6& 20 weeks old rats were fed 8 & 36%, casein & ffish protein diet for 5 weeks . In experiment II, 16& 52 weeks old rats were fed 40 % protein diets, protein sources were casein, fish and gluten. High-protein diet group excreted more caldium in urine than low-protein group. Urinary calcium excretion was affected by the sources of protein ; gluten group excreted more Ca, followed by fish & casein group. Total bone Ca & Ca proportion in ash were higher in 20 weeks old rats than 6 weeks old rats, but 16 & 52 weeks old rats showed no differences. bone composition showed that water proportion was high and ash proportion was low in 6 weeks old rats than in 20 weeks old rats. However, these tendencies were not observed between 16 weeks and 52 weeks old rats. And bone composition was affected by protein sources ; higher ash proportions were noted in one order of casein, fish, and gluten water proportion were lower in one same order.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.434-441
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• 1995

The model rats with postmenopausal osteoporosis were comparatively observed with regard to the effects of bovine ash and calcium phosphate on calcium metabolism. The modelling design involved the five week-old week-old female SD-strain rats ovariectomized and fed a low-Ca diet(20% casein, 0.06% Ca and 0.38% P) for three weeks. The rats were divided into five groups, one of which was fed the low-Ca diet(basal), and the rest of which were divided into five groups, one of which was fed the low-Ca diet(basal), and the rest of which were fed four kinds of Ca-supplemental diets(20% protein, 1.06% Ca and 0.8% P) for three weeks. The Ca-suplements diets contained two kinds of Ca sources, bovine bone ash(BBA) or calcium phosphate, tribasic [Ca3(PO4)2] and two kinds of protein sources, casein or isolated soy protein(ISP). The model rats of postmenopausal osteoporosis fed basal diet showed a significant decrease in Ca utilization in reference to serum Ca concentration, breaking force of bone, Ca and P contents of bone, and Ca absorption and retention. However, the supply of Ca for three weeks demonstrated the improved utilization of Ca. One step further, BBA was more effective than calcium phosphate in improving Ca utilization in ISP-fed groups. On the other hand, no significant difference was seen in casein-fed groups. It is to conclude that BBA could be more effective in accelerating Ca utilization under vulnerable dietary or physiological conditions such as vegetable protein intake and osteoprosis.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.7
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• pp.684-690
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• 2003

This study has investigated the bioavailability of calcium in eggshell powder (ESP) for the purpose of reutilizing eggshells as the calcium source. The experiment was designed 2 ${\times}$ 2 factorial method with two sources, CaCO$_3$ and ESP, and two levels, 0.2% and 0.4% calcium. Weanling SD rats were assigned randomly to one of 4 groups and provided by one of the isocaloric, 20% casein based 4 different experimental diets for 4weeks. Deionized water was given and environment was kept from any contamination of minerals. The body weight, diet intake, feed efficiency ratio (FER), bone growth, Ca contents of bones, and apparent absorption were measured. FER (0.38 - 0.40) and kidney weight were not different among groups and the weight and length, Ca content, strength of two bones Tibia and Femur were not affected by Ca sources except Femur Ca content. Ca content of Femur was greater in ESP groups than that of CaCO$_3$ groups. The body weight gain, bone growth, the Ca contents and strength of bones were significantly greater in 0.4% calcium groups suggesting 0.2% calcium is not sufficient for the optimum growth in the growing rats. These results indicate that ESP be a proper Ca source comparable or superior to CaCO$_3$. However the apparent absorption rate of final 3 days of feeding did not support the observed results showing lower rate in ESP than CaCO$_3$ groups. Further study be needed in the absorption aspect.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.135-148
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the bioavailability of calcium derived from starfish as a new calcium source. Four-week old Sprague-Dawley female rats were divided 6 groups. The rats were received experimental diets containing two kinds of Ca sources, CaCO₃ or starfish, and three levels of Ca, low (0.1 %), medium (0.5%) and high (1.0%), respectively, for 6 weeks. The parameters which related to Ca bioavailability were measured : Serum Ca concentration, Alkaline phosphatase(ALP) and GOT activities ; tissue Ca contents, bone dimension and Ca, P, Mg contents; Ca retention and apparent absorption. Starfish Ca-fed rats did not show any difference from CaCO₃-fed rats in terms of growth, food intake and FER. Serum Ca, ALP and GOT activities as well as tissue Ca contents were not different between CaCO₃- and starfish Ca-fed groups. Although dimension of femur and lumbar was not different between CaCO₃- and starfish Ca-fed rats, ash content was high in starfish Ca-fed rats. Ca and P contents of femur and lumbar were not different between both groups. Starfish Ca-fed groups showed higher Mg contents than CaCO₃-fed groups in both femur and lumbar. Ca absorption rate and retention rate were significantly higher in starfish Ca-fed rats. These results indicate that Ca derived starfish did not show any negative effect on growth and Ca metabolism of rats compared to calcium carbonate. Starfish Ca can be recommended as a good Ca source on the basis of higher Ca absorption and bioavailability.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.103-107
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• 2002

A 6-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of six different dietary animal protein sources on growth and body composition of olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus in recirculating system. White fish meal (WFM), flounder muscle (FLM), carp muscle (CM), blood meal (BM), squid liver powder (SLP) and casein (CA) were used as the main animal protein sources in the six experimental diets. Fish averaging $2.9\pm0.03g$ $(mean\pm SD)$ were distributed to each aquarium as a group of 15 fish and were fed one of the six experimental diets to each treatment of triplicate groups. After 6-week of the feeding trial, fish fed white fish meal (WFM) and flounder muscle (FLM) diets showed a significant higher weight gain $(WG\%)$ (P<0.05) than those of fish fed the CM, BM, SLP and CA diets. Fish fed BM diet showed the lowest WG among all the dietary treatments. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) showed the similar trend as WG. Hematocrit and hemoglobin were not affected by the dietary treatments. Fish fed the FLM and CM diets showed significant higher survival rate than those of fish fed BM diets, and there was no significant difference in survival of fish fed WFM, FLM, CM, SLP and CA diets. These results indicated that WFM and FLM are the best dietary protein sources tested in olive flounder.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.499-505
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• 1997

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of various types of calcium sources on calcium metabolism. Sprague-Dawley male rate weighing approximately 82g were divided into 6 groups and fed experimental diets containing about 0.2% calcium for 4 weeks. Perilla leaves, dried sea mustard, mulberry leaves, loach, skim milk powder, and CaCO3 were used as calcium sources for this study. Food intake of experimental groups showed no significant difference from that of control group, but food efficiency ratio were higher in group fed loach as a calcium source. Apparent calcium absorption from perilla leaves, and skim milk powder groups as good as that in CaCO group. Femur length showed no significant difference among exjerimental groups with different calcium sources. The breaking force of bone was higher in loach and dried sea mustard groups. Weight, ash weight, and calcium content of the femur were higher in the loach diet group than in the others. Thus, calcium from not only skim milk powder but also perilla leaves, dried sea mustard, mulberry leaves, and loach appears readily available and all of these can be recommended as calcium sources.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.73-78
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• 2003

This study was to investigate interaction between ionization rate and absorption rate of calcium(Ca) in each feeding Ca sources in rats. The results were as follows. 1. The ionized Ca ions 134 into rats were absorbed in about two hours while Ca from other sources like powdered egg-shell Ca or precipitable Ca carbonate caused more than five hours to be absorbed. This means that the ionization of Ca is essential for the fast absorption in rat. 2. Absorption rate were increased in the rank order to brown rice vinegar-Ca acetate > brewed vinegar-Ca acetate > precipitated Ca carbonate > egg-shell Ca powder by feeding sources in rat and absorption rate of brown rice vinegar Ca was appeared 4 times highly than egg-shell Ca powder. 3. Absorption rate of brewed vinegar Ca acetate were appeared excellent, 1.4 times highly in case of the brewed vinegar at no ventilation condition than ventilation condition. 4. Ca concentration in blood serum was significantly enhanced the increased ionization rate of Ca in the above experiment rat models regardless of dietary Ca levels.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.31-41
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• 1986

The sufficient myoplasmic $Ca^{++}$ to react with the contractile proteins is necessary to induce contraction of a cardiac muscle. These $Ca^{++}$ for the production of muscle contraction are supplied from the three recognized $Ca^{++}$ sources; internal $Ca^{++}$ release via the sarcoplasmic reticulum(SR), $Ca^{++}$ influx through a gated Ca-channel in the membrane as a Isi, and $Ca^{++}$ transport by the mechanism of Na/ca exchange. However, it is still controversial which $Ca^{++}$ sources act as a main contributor for myoplasmic $Ca^{++}$, Therefore, this study was undertaken in order to examine the $Ca^{++}$ sources for the contraction of frog ventricle. There is evidence that the SR is sparse in frog ventricular fibers, and that T-tubules are absent. Isolated ventricular strips of frog, Rana nigromaculata, were used in this experiment. Isometric tension was recorded by force transducer, and membrane potentials of ventricular muscles were measured through the intracellular glass microelectrodes, which were filled with 3M KCI and had resistance of $30{\pm}50M{\Omega}$. All experiments were performed at room temperature in a tris·buffered Ringer solution which was aerated with 100% $O_2$. Isotonic high K, low Na solution was used to induce K-contracture, K-contracture appeared at the concentration of 20 to 30mM-KCI and was potentiated in parallel with the increase in KCI concentration. The contracture had two components: an initial rapid phasic and a subsequent slow tonic contractile responses. Membrane Potentials measured at normal Ringer solution(2.5mM KCI) was -90 to -100 mV, and decreased linearly as the KCI concentration increased; -55mV at 20mM.KCI, -45mV at 30 mM.KCI, -30 mY at 50 mM.KCI, and -12 mV at 100 mM.KCI. K-contracture was evoked firstly at the membrane potential of -45 mV. The contracture was potentiated by the increase of bathing extracellular $Ca^{++}$ concentration. However, in the absence of $Ca^{++}$ the contracture was almost not induced by 50 mM.KCI solution. Caffeine(20mM) in normal Ringer solution, which is known to release $Ca^{++}$ from SR without substantial effects on the $Ca^{++}$ fluxes across the surface membrane, did not affect membrane potential and also not initiate contracture, but the caffeine in 20 mM-KCI Ringer solution produced a contracture. Above results suggest that the main $Ca^{++}$ source for the K·contracture of frog ventricle is $Ca^{++}$ influx through the voltage-dependent Ca-channel, and that in the K-contracture at the concentration of 100 mM-KCI, the mechanism of Na/ca exchange also partly contributs, in addition to the $Ca^{++}$ influx.