• Title/Summary/Keyword: CTR

Search Result 172, Processing Time 0.03 seconds

Epidemiological application of the cycle threshold value of RT-PCR for estimating infection period in cases of SARS-CoV-2

  • Soonjong Bae;Jong-Myon Bae
    • Journal of Medicine and Life Science
    • /
    • v.20 no.3
    • /
    • pp.107-114
    • /
    • 2023
  • Epidemiological control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is needed to estimate the infection period of confirmed cases and identify potential cases. The present study, targeting confirmed cases for which the time of COVID-19 symptom onset was disclosed, aimed to investigate the relationship between intervals (day) from symptom onset to testing the cycle threshold (CT) values of real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Of the COVID-19 confirmed cases, those for which the date of suspected symptom onset in the epidemiological investigation was specifically disclosed were included in this study. Interval was defined as the number of days from symptom onset (as disclosed by the patient) to specimen collection for testing. A locally weighted regression smoothing (LOWESS) curve was applied, with intervals as explanatory variables and CT values (CTR for RdRp gene and CTE for E gene) as outcome variables. After finding its non-linear relationship, a polynomial regression model was applied to estimate the 95% confidence interval values of CTR and CTE by interval. The application of LOWESS in 331 patients identified a U-shaped curve relationship between the CTR and CTE values according to the number of interval days, and both CTR and CTE satisfied the quadratic model for interval days. Active application of these results to epidemiological investigations would minimize the chance of failing to identify individuals who are in contact with COVID-19 confirmed cases, thereby reducing the potential transmission of the virus to local communities.

Low-noise fast-response readout circuit to improve coincidence time resolution

  • Jiwoong Jung;Yong Choi;Seunghun Back;Jin Ho Jung;Sangwon Lee;Yeonkyeong Kim
    • Nuclear Engineering and Technology
    • /
    • v.56 no.4
    • /
    • pp.1532-1537
    • /
    • 2024
  • Time-of-flight (TOF) PET detectors with fast-rise-time scintillators and fast-single photon time resolution silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) have been developed to improve the coincidence timing resolution (CTR) to sub-100 ps. The CTR can be further improved with an optimal bandwidth and minimized electronic noise in the readout circuit and this helps reduce the distortion of the fast signals generated from the TOF-PET detector. The purpose of this study was to develop an ultra-high frequency and fully-differential (UF-FD) readout circuit that minimizes distortion in the fast signals produced using TOF-PET detectors, and suppresses the impact of the electronic noise generated from the detector and front-end readout circuits. The proposed UF-FD readout circuit is composed of two differential amplifiers (time) and a current feedback operational amplifier (energy). The ultra-high frequency differential (7 GHz) amplifiers can reduce the common ground noise in the fully-differential mode and minimize the distortion in the fast signal. The CTR and energy resolution were measured to evaluate the performance of the UF-FD readout circuit. These results were compared with those obtained from a high-frequency and single ended readout circuit. The experiment results indicated that the UF-FD readout circuit proposed in this study could substantially improve the best achievable CTR of TOF-PET detectors.

The change of QRS duration after pulmonary valve replacement in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary regurgitation

  • Yun, Yuni;Kim, Yeo Hyang;Kwon, Jung Eun
    • Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
    • /
    • v.61 no.11
    • /
    • pp.362-365
    • /
    • 2018
  • Purpose: This study aimed to analyze changes in QRS duration and cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) following pulmonary valve replacement (PVR) in patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). Methods: Children and adolescents who had previously undergone total repair for TOF (n=67; median age, 16 years) who required elective PVR for pulmonary regurgitation and/or right ventricular out tract obstruction were included in this study. The QRS duration and CTR were measured pre- and postoperatively and postoperative changes were evaluated. Results: Following PVR, the CTR significantly decreased (pre-PVR $57.2%{\pm}6.2%$, post-PVR $53.8%{\pm}5.5%$, P=0.002). The postoperative QRS duration showed a tendency to decrease (pre-PVR $162.7{\pm}26.4$ msec, post-PVR $156.4{\pm}24.4$ msec, P=0.124). QRS duration was greater than 180 msec in 6 patients prior to PVR. Of these, 5 patients showed a decrease in QRS duration following PVR; QRS duration was less than 180 msec in 2 patients, and QRS duration remained greater than 180 msec in 3 patients, including 2 patients with diffuse postoperative right ventricular outflow tract hypokinesis. Six patients had coexisting arrhythmias before PVR; 2 patients, atrial tachycardia; 3 patients, premature ventricular contraction; and 1 patient, premature atrial contraction. None of the patients presented with arrhythmia following PVR. Conclusion: The CTR and QRS duration reduced following PVR. However, QRS duration may not decrease below 180 msec after PVR, particularly in patients with right ventricular outflow tract hypokinesis. The CTR and ECG may provide additional clinical information on changes in right ventricular volume and/or pressure in these patients.

Study for Block Cipher Operating Mode Using Counter (카운터를 사용한 블록암호 운영모드에 관한 연구)

  • Yang, Sang-Keun;Kim, Gil-Ho;Park, Chang-Soo;Cho, Gyeong-Yeon
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
    • /
    • 2008.10a
    • /
    • pp.243-246
    • /
    • 2008
  • This thesis suggests block cipher operating mode using ASR(Arithmetic Shift Register). ASR is ratted arithmetic shift register which is sequence that is not 0 but initial value $A_0$ multiplies not 0 or 1 but free number D on $GF(2^n)$. This thesis proposes ASR mode which changes output multiplying d and Floating ASR mode which has same function but having strengthened stability altering d. If we use ASR's output as a counter, there's advantage that it has higher stability and better speed than CTR. Also, ASR mode and FASR mode have advantage of Random access which is not being functioned on CTR mode, they can be widely used to any part which Random access is needed.

  • PDF

Bacillus subtilis improves antioxidant capacity and optimizes inflammatory state in broilers

  • Yu Zhang;Junyan Zhou;Linbao Ji;Lian Zhang;Liying Zhao;Yubing Guo;Haitao Wei;Lin Lu
    • Animal Bioscience
    • /
    • v.37 no.6
    • /
    • pp.1041-1052
    • /
    • 2024
  • Objective: Bacillus subtilis, a kind of probiotic with broad-spectrum antibacterial function, was commonly used in livestock and poultry production. Recent research suggested that Bacillus subtilis may have antioxidant properties and improve immune response. This study aimed to verify the probiotic function of Bacillus subtilis in the production of broiler chickens. Methods: A total of 324 (1-day-old) Arbor Acres broilers were selected and randomly divided into three groups: basal diet group (Ctr Group), basal diet + antibiotic growth promoter group (Ctr + AGP) and basal diet + 0.5% Bacillus subtilis preparation group (Ctr + Bac). The experiment lasted for 42 days. Muscle, serum and liver samples were collected at 42 days for determination. Results: The results showed that Bacillus subtilis could decrease malondialdehyde content in the serum and liver (p<0.05) and increase superoxide dismutase 1 mRNA expression (p<0.01) and total superoxide dismutase (p<0.05) in the liver. In addition, compared with AGP supplementation, Bacillus subtilis supplementation increased interleukin-10 (IL-10) and decreased tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-1β level in the serum (p<0.05). At 45 minutes after slaughter Ctr + Bac presented a higher a* value of breast muscle than Ctr Group (p<0.05), while significant change in leg muscle was not identified. Moreover, there was no difference in weight, shear force, cooking loss and drip loss of breast and leg muscle between treatments. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that Bacillus subtilis in diet can enhance antioxidant capacity and optimize immune response of broilers.

An Empirical Study on Statistical Optimization Model for the Portfolio Construction of Sponsored Search Advertising(SSA) (키워드검색광고 포트폴리오 구성을 위한 통계적 최적화 모델에 대한 실증분석)

  • Yang, Hognkyu;Hong, Juneseok;Kim, Wooju
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
    • /
    • v.25 no.2
    • /
    • pp.167-194
    • /
    • 2019
  • This research starts from the four basic concepts of incentive incompatibility, limited information, myopia and decision variable which are confronted when making decisions in keyword bidding. In order to make these concept concrete, four framework approaches are designed as follows; Strategic approach for the incentive incompatibility, Statistical approach for the limited information, Alternative optimization for myopia, and New model approach for decision variable. The purpose of this research is to propose the statistical optimization model in constructing the portfolio of Sponsored Search Advertising (SSA) in the Sponsor's perspective through empirical tests which can be used in portfolio decision making. Previous research up to date formulates the CTR estimation model using CPC, Rank, Impression, CVR, etc., individually or collectively as the independent variables. However, many of the variables are not controllable in keyword bidding. Only CPC and Rank can be used as decision variables in the bidding system. Classical SSA model is designed on the basic assumption that the CPC is the decision variable and CTR is the response variable. However, this classical model has so many huddles in the estimation of CTR. The main problem is the uncertainty between CPC and Rank. In keyword bid, CPC is continuously fluctuating even at the same Rank. This uncertainty usually raises questions about the credibility of CTR, along with the practical management problems. Sponsors make decisions in keyword bids under the limited information, and the strategic portfolio approach based on statistical models is necessary. In order to solve the problem in Classical SSA model, the New SSA model frame is designed on the basic assumption that Rank is the decision variable. Rank is proposed as the best decision variable in predicting the CTR in many papers. Further, most of the search engine platforms provide the options and algorithms to make it possible to bid with Rank. Sponsors can participate in the keyword bidding with Rank. Therefore, this paper tries to test the validity of this new SSA model and the applicability to construct the optimal portfolio in keyword bidding. Research process is as follows; In order to perform the optimization analysis in constructing the keyword portfolio under the New SSA model, this study proposes the criteria for categorizing the keywords, selects the representing keywords for each category, shows the non-linearity relationship, screens the scenarios for CTR and CPC estimation, selects the best fit model through Goodness-of-Fit (GOF) test, formulates the optimization models, confirms the Spillover effects, and suggests the modified optimization model reflecting Spillover and some strategic recommendations. Tests of Optimization models using these CTR/CPC estimation models are empirically performed with the objective functions of (1) maximizing CTR (CTR optimization model) and of (2) maximizing expected profit reflecting CVR (namely, CVR optimization model). Both of the CTR and CVR optimization test result show that the suggested SSA model confirms the significant improvements and this model is valid in constructing the keyword portfolio using the CTR/CPC estimation models suggested in this study. However, one critical problem is found in the CVR optimization model. Important keywords are excluded from the keyword portfolio due to the myopia of the immediate low profit at present. In order to solve this problem, Markov Chain analysis is carried out and the concept of Core Transit Keyword (CTK) and Expected Opportunity Profit (EOP) are introduced. The Revised CVR Optimization model is proposed and is tested and shows validity in constructing the portfolio. Strategic guidelines and insights are as follows; Brand keywords are usually dominant in almost every aspects of CTR, CVR, the expected profit, etc. Now, it is found that the Generic keywords are the CTK and have the spillover potentials which might increase consumers awareness and lead them to Brand keyword. That's why the Generic keyword should be focused in the keyword bidding. The contribution of the thesis is to propose the novel SSA model based on Rank as decision variable, to propose to manage the keyword portfolio by categories according to the characteristics of keywords, to propose the statistical modelling and managing based on the Rank in constructing the keyword portfolio, and to perform empirical tests and propose a new strategic guidelines to focus on the CTK and to propose the modified CVR optimization objective function reflecting the spillover effect in stead of the previous expected profit models.

Counter Chain: A New Block Cipher Mode of Operation

  • El-Semary, Aly Mohamed;Azim, Mohamed Mostafa A.
    • Journal of Information Processing Systems
    • /
    • v.11 no.2
    • /
    • pp.266-279
    • /
    • 2015
  • In this paper, we propose a novel block cipher mode of operation, which is known as the counter chain (CC) mode. The proposed CC mode integrates the cipher block chaining (CBC) block cipher mode of operation with the counter (CTR) mode in a consistent fashion. In the CC mode, the confidentiality and authenticity of data are assured by the CBC mode, while speed is achieved through the CTR mode. The proposed mode of operation overcomes the parallelization deficiency of the CBC mode and the chaining dependency of the counter mode. Experimental results indicate that the proposed CC mode achieves the encryption speed of the CTR mode, which is exceptionally faster than the encryption speed of the CBC mode. Moreover, our proposed CC mode provides better security over the CBC mode. In summary, the proposed CC block cipher mode of operation takes the advantages of both the Counter mode and the CBC mode, while avoiding their shortcomings.

Electric resistance and temperature dependence characteristics of $VO_2$ thermistor with various dimension variation (CTR(Critical Temperature Resistor) 특성을 갖는 $VO_2$ 온도센서의 dimension 변화에 대한 전기저항성 특성과 온도의존성)

  • Oh, Jun-Seok;Song, Keon-Hwa;Lee, Young-Hie;Chung, Hong-Bay;Cho, Won-Ju
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
    • /
    • 2009.06a
    • /
    • pp.228-229
    • /
    • 2009
  • $VO_2$ thermistor was fabricated on $Al_2O_3$ substrate. and has a CTR (Critical Temperature Resistor) characteristic. $VO_2$ thermistor has a about $10^6$ resistance($\Omega$) in normal temperature. But When temperature is a about $80^{\circ}C$, Resistance of $VO_2$ thermistor is a about some hundred resistance: The resistance of $VO_2$ thermistor increased with increasing length and decreasing width.

  • PDF

A Study on the High Frequency Wireless Power Transfer Cable (고주파 무선전력 케이블 개발)

  • Kim, Young-Sun;You, Sung-Han;Yang, Hoon-Chul
    • Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
    • /
    • 2015.07a
    • /
    • pp.7-8
    • /
    • 2015
  • 2007년 MIT에서의 자기공진 기술 시연 이후 무선전력 시스템 기술에 있어서 많은 부분들이 다수의 연구자들에 의해 연구되고있다. 하지만, 무선전력 시스템의 효율에 큰 영향을 미치는 급집전 코일 및 선로용 케이블에 대한 연구는 매우 미진한 상황이다. 다만, 최근 들어 국내에서는 KAIST와 동원OLEV의 무선충전 전기버스와 철도기술연구원의 무가선 철도, 물류 분야의 무선전력 기술의 실용화가 점진적으로 이루어지기 시작하면서 무선전력 전용의 고주파 대전력 케이블에 대한 연구 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 본 연구에서 대전력 무선 전송 분야의 적용을 위해 100 kHz이하 대역에서의 고주파 전력 케이블 최적화를 위한 단위 집합 도체 특성을 실험적으로 평가하였다.

  • PDF

Design and Modeling Platform of Resonant Wireless Power Transfer System (자기공진형 무선전력시스템 최적 설계 플랫폼 개발)

  • You, Sung-Han;Kim, Young-Sun;Yang, Hoon-Chul
    • Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
    • /
    • 2015.07a
    • /
    • pp.3-4
    • /
    • 2015
  • 자기공진형 무선전력에 대한 많은 연구가 진행되고 있으며 산업계의 관심 또한 꾸준히 증가하고 있다. 하지만 실제 무선전력을 개발하고 적용하는데 많은 어려움이 있으며 실용화 관점의 개발 가이드 역시 부족한 실정이다. 이에 자기공진형 무선전력을 산업계에 보급하고자 최적 설계 플랫폼에 대해 연구 및 제작하였다. 자기공진형 무선전력 최적 설계 플랫폼은 코일 성능을 예측하는 코일 디자이너, 공진 회로를 구성하기 위한 자기공진형 회로 최적화 모듈, 그리고 완성된 시스템에서 성능을 미리 알 수 있도록 성능 시뮬레이터로 구성되어 있다. 실제 설계, 개발 및 실증까지 가능한 자기공진형 최적 설계 플랫폼에 대해 소개한다.

  • PDF