• Molecules and Cells
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.343-352
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• 2006

Sialic acid is a sugar typically found at the N-glycan termini of glycoproteins in mammalian cells. Lec3 CHO cell mutants are deficient in epimerase activity, due to a defect in the gene that encodes a bifunctional UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase/ManNAc kinase (GNE). Sialic acid modification on the cell surface is partially affected in these cells. We have mutagenized Lec3 CHO cells and isolated six mutants (termed C2m) deficient in the cell surface expression of polysialic acid (PSA). Mutant C2m9 was partially defective in expression of cell-surface PSA and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) binding, while in the other five mutants, both cell-surface PSA and WGA binding were undetectable. PSA expression was restored by complementation with the gene encoding the CMP-sialic acid transporter (CST), indicating that CST mutations were responsible for the phenotypes of the C2m cells. We characterized the CST mutations in these cells by Northern blotting and RT-PCR. C2m9 and C2m45 carried missense mutations resulting in glycine to glutamate substitutions at amino acids 217 (G217E) and 256 (G256E), respectively. C2m13, C2m39 and C2m31 had nonsense mutations that resulted in decreased CST mRNA stability, and C2m34 carried a putative splice site mutation. PSA and CD15s expression in CST-deficient Lec2 cells were partially rescued by G217E CST, but not by G256E CST, although both proteins were expressed at similar levels, and localized to the Golgi. These results indicate that the novel missense mutations isolated in this study affect CST activity.

• 생약학회지
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• 제36권2호통권141호
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• pp.151-157
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• 2005

This research was performed to investigate the protective effect of Chungpesagan-tang (CST) from hypoxia/reperfusion induced-PC12 cell damage. To elucidate the mechanism of the protective effect of CST, cell viability, changes in activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, caspase 3 and the production of malondialdehyde were observed after treating PC12 cells with CST which was metabolized by rat liver homogenate. Pretreatment of CST with liver homogenate appeared to increase its protective effect against hypoxia/reperfusion insult. The result showed that CST exhibited the highest protective effect against hypoxia/reperfusion at the dose of $1\;{\mu}g/ml$ in PC12 cells, probably by recovering the redox enzyme activities and MDA to control level.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제63권2호
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• pp.248-260
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• 2020

Objective : To investigate the efficiency of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) fiber-tracking based neuronavigation and assess its usefulness in the preoperative surgical planning, prognostic prediction, intraoperative course and outcome improvement. Methods : Seventeen patients with cerebral masses adjacent to corticospinal tract (CST) were given standard magnetic resonance imaging and DTI examination. By incorporation of DTI data, the relation between tumor and adjacent white matter tracts was reconstructed and assessed in the neuronavigation system. Distance from tumor border to CST was measured. Results : The sub-portion of CST in closest proximity to tumor was found displaced in all patients. The chief disruptive changes were classified as follows : complete interruption, partial interruption, or simple displacement. Partial interruption was evident in seven patients (41.2%) whose lesions were close to cortex. In the other 10 patients (58.8%), delineated CSTs were intact but distorted. No complete CST interruption was identified. Overall, the mean distance from resection border to CST was 6.12 mm (range, 0-21), as opposed to 8.18 mm (range, 2-21) with simple displacement and 2.33 mm (range, 0-5) with partial interruption. The clinical outcomes were analyzed in groups stratified by intervening distances (close, <5 mm; moderated, 5-10 mm; far, >10 mm). For the primary brain tumor patients, the proportion of completely resected tumors increased progressively from close to far grouping (42.9%, 50%, and 100%, respectively). Five patients out of seven (71.4%) experienced new neurologic deficits postoperatively in the close group. At meantime, motor deterioration was found in six cases in the close group. All patients in the far and moderate groups received excellent (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score, 0-1) or good (mRS score, 2-3) rankings, but only 57.1% of patients in the close group earned good outcome scores. Conclusion : DTI fiber tracking based neuronavigation has merit in assessing the relation between lesions and adjacent white matter tracts, allowing prediction of patient outcomes based on lesion-CST distance. It has also proven beneficial in formulating surgical strategies.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.29-37
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• 1993

본 논문은 추계론적 유한요소해석의 한 방법인 가중적분법의 확장에 대해서 논하였다. 가중적분법의 사용은 Deodatis에 의해서 삼각형요소로 확장되었다. 이에 의해서 2차원 문제에 대한 응답변화도를 수치적인 해석에 의해서 얻을 수 있게 되었다. 본 논문에서는 가중적분법을 일반 평면요소를 사용할 수 있도록 확장한다. 제안된 방법에 의해서 확정론적 유한요소해석에서 사용된 요소망은 추계론적 유한요소해석에서도 그대로 사용할 수 있도록 되었다. 나아가서, CST요소는 상수만을 그 요소로 가지는 변위-변형률 행렬을 가지는 특수한 경우이므로 제안된 방법을 사용할 경우 CST요소와 일반 평면 사변형 요소를 혼용하여 사용할 수 있을 것이다.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.37-45
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• 2024

목적: 본 연구는 마크로라이드 불응성 마이코플라즈마 폐렴(macrolide-unresponsive Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, MUMP)의 임상 양상 및 관련 인자와 2차 치료제로서 doxycycline (DXC), tosufloxacin (TFX) 및 corticosteroid (CST) 사용 후 해열되는 데까지 걸리는 시간의 차이를 평가하고자 하였다. 방법: 2018년 7월부터 2020년 2월까지 노원을지대학교병원에 발열 및 호흡기 증상과 함께 흉부 엑스선 상 폐렴 소견이 있어 입원하여 마이코플라즈마 폐렴으로 진단받은 18세 이하의 환자들의 의무기록을 후향적으로 분석하였다. M. pneumoniae의 23S 리보솜 RNA (23S rRNA) 유전자의 점 돌연변이 유무로 마크로라이드 내성을 확인하였다. MUMP는 마크로라이드계 항생제 치료 개시 후 72시간 이상 발열(≥38.0℃)이 지속된 경우로 임상적으로 정의하였다. MUMP의 경우, CST를 추가한 군과 이차 항생제인 DXC 또는 TFX로 변경한 군으로 구분하였다. 결과: 총 157명의 마이코플라즈마 폐렴 환자 중 MUMP 군은 83명(52.9%)이었으며, C-반응단백(C-reactive protein, CRP)의 상승(3.2±3.0 vs. 2.4±2.2 mg/dL, P=0.047), 흉부 X-선상 대엽/분절성 폐렴, 흉수(56.6% vs. 27.0%, P<0.001; 6.0% vs. 0.0%, P=0.032) 그리고 23S rRNA 유전자의 점 돌연변이(96.4% vs. 64.6%, P<0.001) 가 MUMP와 유의한 연관성을 보였다. MUMP 군 83명 중 30명(36.1%)은 DXC로, 38명(45.8%)은 TFX로 항생제를 변경하였고 15명(18.1%)은 CST를 추가하였다. 2차 치료로 변경 이후 발열 호전까지 걸린 평균 시간을 각 군별로 비교하였을 때 CST 군이 DXC, TFX 군보다 발열 호전까지의 시간이 유의하게 짧았고(10.3±12.7 vs. 19.4±17.2 시간, P=0.043; 10.3±12.7 vs. 25.0±20.1 시간, P=0.003), DXC 군과 TFX 군 사이에는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(19.4±17.2 vs. 25.0±20.1 시간, P=0.262). 결론: CRP의 높은 상승과 흉부 X-선 상 대엽/분절성 폐렴 및 흉막 삼출, 그리고 23S rRNA A2063G 점 돌연변이가 마크로라이드 불응성과 유의한 연관이 있었다. CST 환자군에서 DXC나 TFX 환자군에 비하여 더 빠른 발열 호전을 보였다. 향후 MUMP에 대한 최적의 2차 치료제를 결정하기 위해 더 큰 규모의 전향적 연구가 필요하다.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:데이타베이스
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.12-23
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• 2005

지난 10년간 CPU의 속도는 메모리의 속도에 비해 급속한 속도로 발전하였다 그 결과 데이터 베이스 시스템을 포함한 다른 컴퓨터 응용분야에서 메모리의 접근이 병목현상을 일으키게 되었다. 메모리의 접근 속도를 줄이기 위해 캐시 메모리가 도입되었다 하지만 캐시 메모리는 원하는 데이타가 캐시에 옮겨져 있어야 메모리 접근 속도를 줄일 수 있다. 때문에 응용프로그램에서 데이타를 어떤 순서로 액세스 하느냐에 따라 캐시의 활용도가 달라지고 응용프로그램의 성능이 달라지게 된다. 이 시점에서 현재 컴퓨터에서 B+-트리가 T-트리보다 더 빠르다는 사실이 알려졌다. B+-트리가 T-트리보다 캐시를 더 효율적으로 사용하기 때문이다. 또한 B+-트리를 개선하여 캐시를 더욱 효율적으로 사용하는 CSB+-트리(Cache Sensitive B+-tree)가 제안되기도 하였다 본 논문의 목표는 T-트리가 캐시를 효율적으로 사용하도록 새로운 T-트리 구조를 개발하는 것이다. CSB+-트리와 같이 시스템의 L2 캐시를 최대한 활용하며 기존 T-트리가 가지는 장점을 가지는 새로운 CST-트리(Cache Sensitive T-트리)를 설계 개발하고, 실험을 통해 기타 다른 인덱스 구조에 비교하여 CST-트리의 우수성을 보인다.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.143-150
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• 2014

Purpose: The corticospinal tract (CST) is known to be an important pyramidal tract for walking and motor function. However, very little is known about the functional role of the CST in the recovery of motor function. In the current study, we investigated the relation between the CST and motor function in chronic hemiparetic stroke patients. Methods: Fifty-four patients and 20 normal subjects were recruited. The Functional Ambulation Category (FAC) was used in measurement of the walking ability. We classified patients into three groups according to the ability to walk independently: group A, patients who could not walk independently (FAC: 0-2); group B, patients who could walk independently (FAC: 3); and group C, patd walk functionally (stairs and uneven surfaces, FAC 4-5). The Motricity Index (MI) was used to measure the motor function of the affected upper and lower extremities (maximum score: 100). The fractional anisotropy (FA) value, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value, and fiber volume of the CST were used for the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) parameters. Results: In terms of the CST of the unaffected hemisphere, the FA value of group A was significantly lower than that of normal controls (p <0.05). The fiber volume of group C was significantly higher than that of normal controls (p <0.05). In contrast, the ADC values of all patient groups and the control group did not show any difference (p >0.05). In terms of lower MI and total MI, significant differences were observed between all patient groups (p <0.05). In addition, significant differences in terms of the upper MI scores were observed between groups A and C and between groups B and C (p <0.05); however, no significant difference was observed between groups A and B (p>0.05). Conclusion: The increased fiber volume of the CST in the unaffected hemisphere appears to be related to functional walking ability in chronic stroke patients. This result would be useful for elucidation of the neural recovery mechanism of walking and the investigation of new modalities for the recovery of walking following a stroke with CST injury.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.704-713
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• 2014

Most natural language processing tasks depend on the outputs of some other tasks. Thus, they involve other tasks as subtasks. The main problem of this type of pipelined model is that the optimality of the subtasks that are trained with their own data is not guaranteed in the final target task, since the subtasks are not optimized with respect to the target task. As a solution to this problem, this paper proposes a consolidation of subtasks for a target task ($CST^2$). In $CST^2$, all parameters of a target task and its subtasks are optimized to fulfill the objective of the target task. $CST^2$ finds such optimized parameters through a backpropagation algorithm. In experiments in which text chunking is a target task and part-of-speech tagging is its subtask, $CST^2$ outperforms a traditional pipelined text chunker. The experimental results prove the effectiveness of optimizing subtasks with respect to the target task.

• 한국한의학연구원논문집
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.81-87
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• 2000

Chungpesagan-Tang (CST), a Korean traditional prescription composed of oriental medical herbs, has been used successfully to improve human health and regimen. This study was designed to examine the inhibitory effects of CST against in vitro ischemia/reperfusion-induced inflammatory response. We have characterized the production of prostaglandin $E_2$ and arachidonic acid during ischemia/reperfusion in the human neuroblastoma SK-N-MC and human monocytic macrophage U937 cells and the inhibitory effect of CST on these inflammation-related substance formation has been found out in this study. This result suggested that CST used in this experiment reinforced antiinflammatory potentials and protected cells against ischemia/reperfusion-induced inflammatory resopnse.

• 한국가시화정보학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.32-38
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• 2012

In recent years a unique drug delivery system named as the transdermal drug delivery system has been developed which can deliver drug particles to the human skin without using any external needle. The solid drug particles are accelerated by means of high speed gas flow through a shock tube imparting enough momentum so that particles can penetrate through the outer layer of the skin. Different systems have been tried and tested in order to make it more convenient for clinical use. One of them is the contoured shock tube system (CST). The contoured shock tube consists of a classical shock tube connected with a correctly expanded supersonic nozzle. A set of bursting membrane are placed upstream of the nozzle section which retains the drug particle as well as initiates the gas flow (act as a diaphragm in a shock tube). The key feature of the CST system is it can deliver particles with a controllable velocity and spatial distribution. The flow dynamics of the contoured shock tube is analyzed numerically using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). To validate the numerical approach pressure histories in different sections on the CST are compared with the experimental results. The key features of the flow field have been studied and analyzed in details. To investigate the performance of the CST system flow behavior through the shock tube under different operating conditions are also observed.