• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.357-363
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• 1997

The effect of replacement of cotton seed meal (CSM), with various levels and sources of non-protein nitrogenous (NPN), substances on in vitro ruminal fermentation were studied. Cotton seed meal, in control ration provided nitrogen equivalent to 12.5 percent crude protein while in experimental ration was replaced at 30, 50 & 70 percent levels with urea, diammonium phosphate (DAP) and biuret, respectively. The results of incubation upto 48 hours indicated an improvement in digestibility by replacement of CSM with urea and biuret upto 50 percent protein equivalent, but not with DAP. Bacterial count from cultures containing 50% nitrogen from biuret was significantly higher than DAP, urea and CSM. Various sources of nitrogen produced $NH_3-N$ in increasing order of CSM, biuret, DAP and urea. Increasing levels of NPN resulted in progressive increase in the levels of $NH_3-N$. The levels of various NPN sources had no effect on pH. However, the pH values determined for urea and CSM were higher than biuret and DAP.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.17-24
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• 2021

Recently, a lossless non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) implementation without successive interference cancellation (SIC) has been proposed in the literature of NOMA. This lossless non-SIC NOMA was achieved via correlated superposition coding (CSC), in contrast to conventional independent superposition coding (ISC). However, only the achievable data rates for CSC NOMA were investigated. Thus, this paper proposes a practical CSC NOMA scheme under Rayleigh fading channel environments. First, we design the practical CSC NOMA scheme, namely quadrature correlated superposition modulation (CSM) NOMA, without channel coding, i.e., uncoded systems. In addition, we calculate the symbol error rates (SERs) for this quadrature CSM NOMA scheme. Then, simulations demonstrate that for the weak channel gain's user, the SER performance of the proposed quadrature CSM NOMA is shown to be improved greatly, compared to that of the conventional quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) NOMA, whereas for the strong channel gain's user, the SER performance of the proposed quadrature CSM NOMA degrades a little, compared to that of the conventional QAM NOMA. As a result, the proposed quadrature CSM NOMA scheme could be considered as a practical NOMA scheme for CSC NOMA schemes toward the fifth-generation (5G) and next generation communications.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.331-339
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• 2010

Purpose : Cervical spondylotic myelopathy is a varied clinical syndromes and the most serious condition of cervical spondylosis. Spinal cord dysfunction is often caused by the compression on spinal cord. The purpose of this report was to describe physical examination and the process of disorders on cervical spondylotic myelopathy(CSM). Methods : Three cases with cervical myelopathy were presented with magnetic resonance image(MRI), Nurick's grade and Japanese Orthopaedic Association(JOA) score. Results : This studies showed a variable clinical course with gradual neurological deterioration in two cases. but one case was improved by operation and a regular aerobic exercise. MRI, Nurick's grade, JOA score are a useful adjunct for CSM evaluation. Conclusion : The state of CSM is variable, which may affect conservative treatments and surgery. It is needed to be a carefull approach and studies for a conservative treatment and management on CSM.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.27-34
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• 2003

Capacity Spectrum Method (CSM) defined in ATC-40 or FEMA-273 is a most widely used static inelastic analysis method to evaluate the performance level of the existing structures. In CSM, however, uncertainties and errors exist when lateral forces such as earthquake and wind loads are analyzed into equivalent static loads. This paper examines the accuracy of CSM for different structural parameters, such as natural frequency, yield strength and hardening ratio, and various soil conditions by comparing the estimated values to exact solutions obtained by time history analysis. Results indicate that the accuracy of CSM, in general, is influenced mostly by hardening ratio.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1997.07e
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• pp.1788-1790
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• 1997

It is necessary to know the accurate field distribution around the high power apparatus, in designing it. To calculate the field around electrodes, we use the Charge Simulation Method(CSM) among several numerical methods and develop the new "Field Analysis System", by which we can draw the shape of electrodes, save the drawing in ascii code and apply CSM on the data. In the Field Analysis System, we try several rules for arrangement of simulation charge on CSM and consider their accuracy.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.64.3-64.3
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• 2019

A bright post-breakout emission was detected for a Type Ic supernova (SN Ic) LSQ14efd, which was among the first for SNe Ic. To explain the early-time light curve and color evolution, the effects of the circumstellar medium (CSM) are investigated. Four main parameters, CSM mass, CSM radius, nickel distribution, and explosion energy, are systematically explored in multi-group radiation hydrodynamics simulations, STELLA. Matching the model light curves and color evolution with the observation, we could constrain the parameter space and find out the best fit models. Our results imply that the progenitor suffered a strong mass loss shortly before the explosion and had a massive CSM of ~0.1 M_⊙.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.27 no.spc
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• pp.64-74
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• 2022

The conceptual site model (CSM) is used as a key tool to support decision making in risk based management of contaminated sites. In this work, CSM was applied in Jeonju Industrial Complex where site investigation for groundwater contamination was conducted. Site background information including facility types, physical conditions, contaminants spill history, receptor exposure, and ecological information were collected and cross-checked with tabulated checklist necessary for CSM application. The CSM for contaminants migration utilized DNAPL transport model and narrative CSMs were constructed for source to receptor pathway, ecological exposure route, and contaminants fate and transport in the form of a diagram or flowchart. The component and uncertainty of preliminary CSM were reviewed using the data gap analysis while taking into account the purpose of the survey and the site management stage at the time of the survey. Through this approach, the potential utility of CSM was demonstrated in the site management process, such as assessing site conditions and planning follow-up survey work.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.65-77
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• 2022

Schedule management is one of pivotal project success factors during construction projects. However, there are many difficulties in rapid scheduling and controlling since the existing planning techniques require considerable amount of manual work and manager's judgment in a construction project. This research aims to propose a new scheduling method and algorithm for automating and visualizing the planning process, which is called Countable-grid scheduling method. In this method, if the scope of work is defined via a visualized tool, the schedule plan is created automatically according to the productivity and workable conditions of each activity. The location of the work for each date can be visualized in grid-based approach. Moreover, the work schedule can be updated automatically according to the progress. The industrial applicability of the proposed method was verified in construction projects via case study with sample data. This research can contribute to the construction industry by automating the construction schedule management process.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.12-29
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• 2023

Conceptual site model (CSM) development and enhancement for contaminated sites assists in identifying data gaps during the site investigation process. In this study, CSM was developed and enhanced for a contaminated site in Korea as a case study. Site Y was scrutinized four times previously. The site profiles for each scrutiny were reorganized based on the scrutiny reports, and the relevant data was utilized to develop and enhance CSMs. CSM for the first investigation was developed in various forms including table, flowchart, diagram, and narrative formats. CSM was enhanced in a stepwise manner by incorporating the updated profile information obtained in next investigation to existing CSM. The hypothetical data gap analysis between each investigation step was established to meet the purpose of the follow-up investigation. This case study showed that CSM is a useful tool to identify the history and current status of contaminated sites and thereby help in planning supplementary investigations for better site characterization.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.62 no.2
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• pp.159-173
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• 2020

A 4×2 factorial feeding trial was designed to investigate the effect of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with cottonseed meal (CSM) in wheat/sorghum/SBM-based diets fed with or without microbial enzymes in diets on the performance, visceral organ development and digestibility of nutrients of broiler chickens. Four graded levels of CSM - none (0%), low (4%, 8%, and 12%), medium (5%, 10%, and 15%), and high (6%, 12%, and 18%) of complete diets in starter, grower and finisher, respectively were fed with or without 100 mg/kg of xylanase and β-glucanase blend. Eight isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets were formulated using least-cost method to meet the nutrient specifications of Ross 308 male broilers. Each treatment was randomly assigned to 6 replicates (10 birds per replicate). There were CSM-enzyme interactions (p < 0.05) on feed intake (FI) and weight gain (WG) in the starter phase. Enzyme supplementation improved (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the grower and finisher phases, and increased WG in growing and finishing birds. CSM inclusion reduced (p < 0.05) the weight of gizzard and proventriculus in starter chicks, while these organs were bigger (p < 0.05) in the grower phase. The test ingredient decreased (p < 0.05) small intestinal weight in starter and grower birds. The CSM increased the absolute weight of thighs (p < 0.05) while breast meat was increased (p < 0.01) by enzyme addition. Starch digestibility was improved (p < 0.01) by enzyme inclusion and decreased (p < 0.01) by CSM. Enzyme supplementation improved (p < 0.05) the ileal digestibility of gross energy and protein. The results demonstrate that CSM can substitute up to 90% SBM in broiler chicken diets without compromising performance, and the nutritive value of CSM-containing diets can effectively be improved by enzyme supplementation.