• Korean Journal of Cleft Lip And Palate
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• v.14 no.1_2
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• pp.1-18
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• 2011

Skeletal malocclusion is the result of abnormal dimension and alignment of each skeletal component. Understanding on these mechanisms may help to elucidate the etiology of skeletal malocclusion and to establish population-oriented treatment plans. Attempts to subdivide the Angle's classification have been performed for Class III malocclusion, while few studies have been conducted for Class II malocclusion despite recent growing interests in Class II malocclusion. 200 adults (88 male, 112 female) with skeletal Class II malocclusion were collected and subdivided using cluster analysis, using the measurements representing the dimension and the alignment of each facial skeletal component. The properties of each cluster was grouped within the subjects and a comparison between the subjects and the control group (38 male, 35 female) with normal occlusion was performed. Six clusters were finally recognized in each male and female groups. The clusters in both genders were mainly characterized by the cranial base alignment, dimension of the posterior cranial base, dimension of the mandibular ramus and the degree of mandibular rotation. The results implicate that active treatment of mandible rather than the nasomaxillary complex may be primarily considered for the correction of Korean Class II skeletal pattern.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.103-114
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to determine whether any difference existed in craniofacial morphology between parents of children with cleft lip and/or palate and parents of children without cleft lip and/or palate as well as the characteristics of craniofacial morphology in parents of children with cleft lip and/or palate. Thirty three measurements of the various regions of cranium and face were obtained from lateral cephalometric radiograms in parents of 28 children with cleft lip and palate, 18 children with cleft lip, and 22 children with cleft palate. There were 28 couples and 40 single parents in this sample. There were 92 individuals including 41 males and 51 females. The measurements were compared with those in control subjects, including 40 adult males and 40 adult females, who had no history of craniofacial abnormalities. The total sample was compared for the sex independently. The obtained results were as follows. 1. In the cranium, both parents of cleft children had significantly shorter posterior cranial base length(S-Ba). 2. In the upper face, a significantly shorter anteroposterior length of maxilla(A'-Ptm'), particularly in the anterior region (A'-K), anterior facial depth(A-SBaL), posterior facia! height(Ptm'-SNL) and relation of subnasale to the cranial base (∠BaN'Sn) were noted in fathers of cleft children. But, all measurements were not found to be significantly different between experimental group and control group in all mothers. 3. In the lower face, both parents of cleft children showed a significantly greater Y axis angle(∠NSGn) and ramal plane angle(∠SNL-RP) in fathers of cleft children. Thus both patents showed a posteriorly rotation of mandible. The thickness of the lower lip(B-B') was significantly thicker in fathers of cleft children. 4. In the facial profile, a significantly shorter posterior facial height(S-Go) and greater angle of soft tissue facial convexity (∠BaN'Pog') were noted in the fathers of cleft children. But, all measurements were not found to be significantly different between experimental group and control group in all mothers.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.20 no.3 s.32
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• pp.519-539
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• 1990

It is the aim of this study to observe the distribution of various facial types in class III malocclusion and to characterize the craniofacial features of the very facial types. Cephalometric headptates of a hundred and ten persons showing bilateral class III malocclusion whose mean age was 12.51 years and sixty nine persons of normal occlusion whose mean age was 12.23 years were measured and statistically analyzed. The following summary and conclusions were drawn. 1. Affording the bases for SNA and SNB, $35.45\%$ of sample showed normally positioned maxilla and protruded mandible, $30.00\%$ for retruded maxilla and normally positioned mandible, $15.45\%$ for retruded maxilla and protruded mandible, $10.90\%$ for both maxilla and mandible within normal range and $8.20\%$ for miscellaneous types were arranged in class III malocclusion. 2. $52.72\%$ of sample showed neutrodiveigent, $35.45\%$ for hyperdivergent and $11.81\%$ manifested hypodivergent mandible in class III malocclusion. 3. Providing the bases for facial and mandibular planes, $33.63\%$ of sample showed prognathic and neutrodivergent, $20.90\%$ for mesognathic and hyperdivergent, $17.27\%$ for prognathic and hyperdivergent and $15.45\%$ for mesognathic and neutrodivergent were arranged in class III malocclusion. 4. The class III malocclusion brought out shorter cranial base, smaller saddle angle, and larger articular and genial angle. It showed retropositioned maxilla and forward positioned mandible in spite of no significant differences in linear measurements of mandible. Anterior lower facial height was significantly larger in class III malocclusion, while posterior total facial and anterior total facial heights exhibited no significant differences. 5. It is suggested class III malocclusion was attributed to shorter cranial base, smaller saddle angle, maxillary deficiency and/or retrusion, mandibular excess and/or protrusion, excessive vertical growth of the anterior lower face, and their complex as well.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.32-41
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• 1991

This study was made to investigate the effect of adenoidectomy on dentofacial skeleton in naso-respiratory dysfunction children. The clinical material compromised the 24 children in a previous study who had naso-respiratory dysfunction and 24 children who were the nasal breathing with normal occlusion. The cephalograms were taken at the initial examination and 1 year later for the control group and experimental group the paired sample statistical analysis was performed. The result were as follows. 1. In cranial base variable, difference between two groups were not statistically significant. 2. In craniofacial variable, experimental group showed brachyfacial pattern but control groups didn't show significant growth pattern. 3. In maxillary variables, experimental group showed flattening the palptal plane. 4. In mandibular variables, experimental group showed the decrease of mandibular plane angle and gonial angle. 5. In facial height variables, experimental group showed horizontal growth rotation.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 1987

There are variations in regional cranial and facial balance as a normal developmental process and regional imbalances often tend to compensate each other to provide functional equilibrium. This study was designed to analyse the patterns of morphologic harmony and inharmony inherent in normal occlusion and malocclusion. The subjects consisted of 92 individuals with normal occlusion and 60 Class III malocclusion patients. Their lateral cephalograms were traced and analysed using the counterpart analysis described by Enlow. The normal occlusion group was divided into Normal Types A and B according to the relative positions of Points A and B. The following conclusions were reached: 1 The normal occlusion consisted of $28.3\%$ of Normal Type A and $69.6\%$ of Normal Type B. 2. The Normal Type A and B differed from each other in the morphology of the cranial base, the mandibular ramus and corpus, and the functional occlusal plane. The Normal Type B showed considerable mandibular protrusion effect in the effective dimension and alignment of the above factors. 3. Most normal individuals showed some degree of disharmony among morphologic factors but the deviations were relatively small. 4. The Normal Type B was less balanced than the Normal Type A. 5. More regional imbalances were involved in Class III malocclusion and the imbalances were more severe.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.33 no.6 s.101
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• pp.419-435
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to evaluate growth changes and skeletal characteristics of Korean children with Class III malocclusions from 10 to 14 years of skeletal age. Radiographs of 60 children with Class III malocclusion and 60 normal controls were assessed. Both groups were subdivided into 6 samples according to sex and skeletal age. Skeletal age was assessed using handwrist X-rays using the Greulich and Pyle norms. The Krogman-Walker plane (occipitale-maxillon) through Sella was used as a reference plane in this study with x-axis perpendicular to the x-axis. Sir Student t-tests were conducted to compare the control group with the Class III group according to each gender a:nd age. The characteristics of Class III malocclusion group compared to the control group included shorter anterior and posterior cranial base, shorter and retrusive maxilla, forger mandible, increased molar-incisor distance, retroclined lower incisors, labially proclined upper incisors, and anteriorly located mandibular molar, smaller upper and middle facial depth, and larger lower facial depth. Landmarks representing facial depth, size of maxilla and mandible, and their AP relationship including anterior facial height indicate that growth characteristic was determined early in life. But growth Pattern of cranial base and some of the dental landmarks showed progressive divergence between Control and Class III groups with age. The position of the posterior border of the mandible was found to be significantly forward in both females and males by the age of 14 and at the anterior border in males and females at all ages. Hyperdivergent mandibular plane, changes in anterior segment of mandible, small anterior cranial base, and decrease in cranial base flexure was also noted.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.95-105
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• 2001

The present study was designed to compare morphological and structural relationships between basicranial measurements such as MCF angulation (Ar-SE-ptm), saddle angle (N-S-Ba, N-S-Ar) and facial structures including types of malocclusion. Twenty six children with Class III whose longitudinal headfilms were available from 7 to 12-year-old, and also 26 cross-sectional headfilms at each ages of 8, 9, 10 and 11 with Class I were selected for the investigation. Cephalometric measurements such as Ar-SE-ptm, N-S-Ba, N-S-Ar, N-SE-Ar, SNA, SNB, N-S/PM vert, CP/PM vert, $\underline{1}/FH$ plane, and $N-perp/\underline{1}$ were measured. Morphologic relationships and pattern of changes in facial structures in relation to the changes of MCF and saddle angle in both malocclusion types were analysed statistically employing ANOVA, t-test and Pearson correlation. Results suggest that the MCF rather than the saddle angle in children with Class I and III is more closely related with various facial structures and with their changes. It may be, therefore, suggested that the MCF be one of the biologically meaningful measurements in determining structural relationships between cranial base and facial complex including types of malocclusion. In addition, the MCF and its correlated facial structures in children with Class III, interestingly, showed somewhat marked changes between the ages of 9 and 11.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.187-191
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• 2008

A 7-year-old, intact female Yorkshire terrier dog was presented for coughing, anorexia, chest pain and dyspnea. Right lateral thoracic radiograph demonstrated a large mass shape on the heart base with decreased cardiac silhouette and severe right deviation of the trachea with the heart shifted to the left thoracic wall was observed on the ventrodorsal thoracic projection. Echocardiographic examination revealed a large rounded mass compressing left atrium around the heart base without signs of pericardial effusion. On computed tomographic (CT) findings, sagittal CT images depicted the possibility of cranial vena caval invasion and heart base involvement of the mass associated with biatrial compression. Dorsal CT image revealed the right deviation of trachea due to the heart base mass and markedly shrunk lung space was detected on the transverse CT image. Because the dog suddenly had died during the recovery from anesthesia after finishing CT scan, necropsy was performed. On gross findings, a large and lobulated mass was located at the base of the heart. A poorly-demarcated, infiltrative, multilobulated tumor composed of polyhedral cells in solid cellular sheets was confirmed based on histopathologic examination. This dog was diagnosed as a chemodectoma. This case report describes the clinical findings, diagnostic consistency of thoracic radiography, echocardiography and CT, and histopathologic confirmation in a spontaneously occurring chemodectoma with a Yorkshire terrier dog.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.65 no.3
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• pp.457-468
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• 2022

Objective : The clinical management paradigm of skull base chordomas is still challenging. Surgical resection plays an important role of affecting the prognosis. Endonasal endoscopic approach (EEA) has gradually become the preferred surgical approach in most cases, but traditional transcranial surgery cannot be completely replaced. This study presents a comparison of the results of the two surgical strategies and a summary of the treatment algorithms for skull base chordomas. Methods : We retrospectively analyzed the surgical outcomes and follow-up data of 48 patients with skull base chordomas diagnosed pathologically who received transnasal midline approaches (TMA) and transcranial lateral approaches (TLA) from 2010 to 2020. Results : Among the 48 patients, 36 cases were adopted TMA and 12 cases were performed with TLA. In terms of gross total resection (GTR) rate, 27.8% in TMA and 16.7% in TLA and with EEA alone it was increased to 38.9%, while 29.7% in primary surgery. In TMA, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak remains the most common complication (13 cases, 36.1%), other main complications included death, cranial nerve palsy, hypopituitarism, all the comparisons were no statistical significance. The Karnofsky Performance Scale scores in TMA were all better than those in TLA at different time, and the overall survival (OS) and recurrence free survival/progression free survival was just the reverse. Conclusion : The EEA for skull base chordomas resection has improved the GTR rate, but transcranial approach is still an alternative approach. It is necessary to select an appropriate surgical approach based on the location and the pattern of tumor growth in order to obtain the best surgical outcomes.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.30-38
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• 2004

Purpose: To develop a whole body frame for the purpose of reducing patient motion and minimizing setup error for extra-cranial stereotactic radiotherapy, and to evaluate the repositioning setup error of a patient in the frame. Materials and Methods: The developed whole body frame is composed of a base plate, immobilizer, vacuum cushion, ruler and belts. The dimension of the base plate is 130 cm in length, 50 cm in width and 1 cm in thickness. The material used in the base plate of the frame was bakelite and the immobilizer was made of acetal. In addition, Radiopaque angio-catheter wires were engraved on the base plate for a coordinate system to determine the target localization. The measurement for radiation transmission and target localization is peformed in order to test the utilization of the frame. Also, a Matlab program analyzed the patients setup error by using the patient's setup images obtained from a CCTV camera and digital record recorder (DVR). Results: A frame that is useful for CT simulation and radiation treatment was fabricated. The frame structure was designed to minimize collisions from the changes in the rotation angle of the gantry and to maximize the transmission rate of the Incident radiation at the lateral or posterior oblique direction. The lightening belts may be used for the further reduction of the patient motion, and the belts can be adjusted so that they are not in the way of beam direction. The radiation transmission rates of this frame were measured as 95% and 96% at 10 and 21 MV, respectively. The position of a test target on the skin of a volunteer is accurately determined by CT simulation using the coordinate system in the frame. The estimated setup errors by Matlab program are shown 3.69$\pm$1.60, 2.14$\pm$0.78 mm at the lateral and central chest, and 7.11 $\pm$2.10, 6.54$\pm$2.22 mm at lateral and central abdomen, respectively. The setup error due to the lateral motion of breast is shown as 6.33$\pm$ 1.55 mm. Conclusion: The development and test of a whole body frame has proven very useful and practical in the radiosurgery for extra-cranial cancers. It may be used in determining target localization, and it can be used as a patient immobilization tool. More experimental data should be obtained in order to improve and confirm the results of the patient setup error.