• Molecules and Cells
• /
• v.46 no.1
• /
• pp.57-64
• /
• 2023

In eukaryotic cells, a key RNA processing step to generate mature mRNA is the coupled reaction for cleavage and polyadenylation (CPA) at the 3' end of individual transcripts. Many transcripts are alternatively polyadenylated (APA) to produce mRNAs with different 3' ends that may either alter protein coding sequence (CDS-APA) or create different lengths of 3'UTR (tandem-APA). As the CPA reaction is intimately associated with transcriptional termination, it has been widely assumed that APA is regulated cotranscriptionally. Isoforms terminated at different regions may have distinct RNA stability under different conditions, thus altering the ratio of APA isoforms. Such differential impacts on different isoforms have been considered as post-transcriptional APA, but strictly speaking, this can only be considered "apparent" APA, as the choice is not made during the CPA reaction. Interestingly, a recent study reveals sequential APA as a new mechanism for post-transcriptional APA. This minireview will focus on this new mechanism to provide insights into various documented regulatory paradigms.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• v.29 no.6
• /
• pp.778-785
• /
• 2000

Objectives : Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring(INM) is a well known useful method to reduce intraoperative neurological complications during neurosurgical procedures. Furthermore, INM is required in most cerebellopontine angle(CPA) surgery because cranial nerves or brain stem injuries can result in serious complications. Object of this study is to the correlation between the changes of intraoperative monitoring modalities during cerebellopontine angle tumor surgery and post-operative functional outcomes in auditory and facial functions. Material and Methods : Fifty-seven patients who underwent intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring during CPA tumor surgery were retrospectively reviewed. Their lesions were as follows ; vestibular schwannomas in 42, other cranial nerve schwannomas in seven, meningiomas in five and cysts in three cases. Pre- and postoperative audiologic examinations and facial nerve function tests were performed in all patients. Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring modalities includes brainstem auditory evoked potentials(BAEP) and facial electromyographies(EMG). We compared the events of INM during CPA tumor surgeries with the outcomes of auditory and facial nerve functions. Results : The subjects who had abnormal changes during CPA tumor surgery were twenty cases with BAEP changes and facial EMG changes in twenty one cases. The changes of intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring did not always result in poor functional outcomes. However, most predictable intraoperative monitoring changes were wave III-V complex losses in BAEP and continuous neurotonic activities in facial EMG. Conclusion : These results indicate that intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring in CPA tumor surgery usually provide predictive value for postoperative functional outcomes.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2004

Sweet smelt (Plecoglossus altivelis) were fed four different diets supplemented with either perilla oil $(2.0\%)$ rich in 18:3n-3 (CP), and perilla oil and Enteromorpha compressa meal $(2.0\%)$ (CPA), soybean oil rich in 18:2n-6 (CO), or soybean oil and algal meal (CA) for 4 weeks. The growth performance, fatty acid composition of muscle, plasma lipid peroxidation and blood components of the sweet smelt were then determined. The specific growth rate and feed efficiency in the fish fed the CPA diet were the highest, while the other groups showed similar results. The fatty acid composition of muscle in sweet smelt reflected the dietary lipids; 18:3n-3 was higher in the fish fed the CP and CPA diets, and 18:2n-6 was higher in the fish fed the CO and CA diets. The other fatty acid profiles presented almost no differences with respect to the diet composition. The fish fed the CA, CP and CPA diets contained significantly lower levels of triglyceride, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and hydroxyl radical in their plasma than that fed the CO diet. Phagocytic activity was the highest in the fish fed the CPA diet and higher in those of the fish fed the CP and CA diets compared to the CO diet group. The results from this study suggest that a dietary supplement of $2.0\%$ perilla oil together with $2.0\%$ E. compressa meal may improve the growth and health of cultured sweet smelt.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.24 no.8
• /
• pp.827-836
• /
• 2014

There is a rising trend in obesity due to various factors, including changes in eating habits, lack of exercise, and genetic and psychological factors. Citrus peel has been reported to prevent obesity via antioxidative, antihypertensive, and LDL cholesterol-lowering effects. This study investigated the effects of citrus peel extract fermented with or without Aspergillus oryzae in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. The animals were divided into four groups: a high-fat diet group (HFD), a normal fat diet (NFD) group, a citrus peel extract (CP) group, and a citrus peel extract fermented with A. oryzae (CPA) group. The citrus peel extract improved lipid metabolism and weight loss in the high-fat diet-induced obese mouse model. As expected, the body weight was higher in the HFD group compared with the NFD, CP, and CPA groups. However, the concentrations of total cholesterol (TG) and triglyceride (TC) in the serum and liver of the CP and CPA groups were lower than in the HFD group. There were no significant differences in the HDL cholesterol concentration among the groups. Taken together, our results suggest that extract of citrus peel biotransformed with A. oryzae had more antiobesity activity than citrus peel not transformed by A. oryzae through the fermentation of metabolites.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
• /
• v.20 no.A
• /
• pp.195-202
• /
• 2000

For modeling an equation of state suitable for describing associating fluids, we combined the cubic equation of state (Peng-Robinson) and an association term of SAFT. The resulting EoS (Cubic-Plus-Association) is not cubic with respect to volume and contains five pure compound parameters. Excellent correlations of both vapour pressures and saturated liquid volumes were obtained for n-alcohols and secondary alcohols. We considered a method for reducing the number of adjustable pure compound parameters from five to three, and the resulting 3-parameters EoS relation maintained the good correlation of vapour pressures and saturated liquid volumes.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.54 no.4
• /
• pp.261-263
• /
• 2014

A 10-year-old castrated male papillon presented with nasal discharge, coughing and chronic dysphagia. On physical examination, the dog exhibited sneezing, gurgling and movement of the throat with repeated attempts to swallow fluids. A diagnosis of cricopharyngeal achalasia (CPA) was made based on video fluoroscopic demonstration of failure of relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter. This report describes the diagnosis of CPA in an old dog, which is rarely diagnosed in older animals.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
• /
• v.36 no.10
• /
• pp.996-1002
• /
• 2008

This paper presents the development of a real-time algorithm for collision detection, collision avoidance and guidance to way-point. Three-dimensional point-mass aircraft models are used. For collision detection, time of closest point of approach(CPA) and distance at CPA are compared to threshold values. For collision avoidance, optimal acceleration input which maximizes the terminal relative distance is calculated based on optimal control theory. For guidance to way-point, proportional navigation guidance, the well-known method, is used. Two scenarios of encounter situation are illustrated to validate performance of proposed algorithm.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• v.45 no.3
• /
• pp.196-198
• /
• 2009

Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is almost always induced by vascular compression but in some cases the cause of HFS are tumors at cerebellopontine angle (CPA) or vascular malformations. We present a rare case of hemifacial spasm caused by epidermoid tumors and the possible pathogenesis of HFS is discussed. A 36-year-old female patient presented with a 27-month history of progressive involuntary facial twitching and had been treated with acupuncture and herb medication. On imaging study, a mass lesion was seen at right CPA. Microvascular decompression combined with mass removal was undertaken through retrosigmoid approach. The lesion was avascular mass and diagnosed with an epidermoid tumor pathologically. Eventually, we found a offending vessel (AICA : anterior inferior cerebellar artery) compressing facial nerve root exit zone (REZ). In case of HFS caused by tumor compression on the facial nerve REZ, surgeons should try to find an offending vessel under the mass. This case supports the vascular compression theory as a pathogenesis of HFS.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.50-52
• /
• 2018

A 6-month-old castrated male poodle presented with a cough, dysphagia, and regurgitation. Cricopharyngeal achalasia (CPA) was diagnosed by clinical history and a fluoroscopic examination. The animal received a botulinum toxin (BTX) injection but symptoms had not resolved by three days after injection. Thus, a cricopharyngeal and thyropharyngeal muscle myotomy was performed and immediately the clinical signs resolved. This report describes successful correction of CPA with myotomy after failure of BTX injection in a dog.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
• /
• 2001.06a
• /
• pp.93-96
• /
• 2001

본 논문에서는 고속 저전력 곱셈기에 적합한 CPA(Carry Propagation Adder)부분의 ENMODL (Enhanced NORA MODL) 설계방식을 제안한다. ENMODL 설계방식은 반복성이 많은 CLA(Carry-Look-ahead Adder) 가산기와 같은 회로에서 많은 면적을 줄일 수 있고 동작 속도를 빠르게 할 수 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 저전력 고속 곱셈기에 적합한 CPA 부분을 ENMODL CLA 가산기로 설계했고 현대 0.6$\mu\textrm{m}$ 2-poly 3-metal 공정파라미터를 이용하여 HSPICE로 시뮬레이션 하여 회로의 성능을 확인하였다. 또한, CADENCE tool을 이용하여 16비트 곱셈기에 적합한 ENMODL CLA를 레이아웃 하여 칩 제작 중에 있다.