• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.483-497
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• 2017

Background : Behavioral stress has been suggested as one of the significant factors that is able to disrupt physiological systems and cause depression as well as changes in various body systems. The stressful events can alter cognition, learning, memory and emotional responses, resulting in mental disorders such as depression and anxiety. Results : We used a restraint stress model to evaluate the alteration of behavior and stress-related blood parameter. The animals were randomly divided into two groups of five animals each group. Furthermore, we assessed the change of body weight to evaluate the locomotor activity as well as status of emotional and anxiety in mice. After 7 days of restraint stress, the body weight had significantly decreased in the restraint stress group compared with the control group. We also observed stress-associated behavioral alterations, as there was a significant decrease in open field and forced swim test, whereas the immobilization time was significantly increased in the stress group compared to the control group. We observed the morphological changes of neuronal death and microglia by immunohistochemistry and western blot. In our study restraint stress did not cause change in neuronal cell density in the frontal cortex and CA1 hippocampus region, but there was a trend for an increased COX-2 and iNOS protein expression and microglia (CD11b) in brain, which is restraint stress. Conclusion : Our study, there were significant alterations observed in the behavioral studies. We found that mice undergoing restraint stress changed behavior, confirming the increased expression of inflammatory factors in the brain.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.2527-2530
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• 2015

Background: The cancer of the prostate risk assessment (CAPRA) score has been defined to predict prostate cancer recurrence based on the pre-clinical data, then pathological data have also been incorporated. Thus, CAPRA post-surgical (CAPRA-S) score has been developed based on six criteria (prostate specific antigen (PSA) at diagnosis, pathological Gleason score, and information on surgical margin, seminal vesicle invasion, extracapsular extension and lymph node involvement) for the prediction of post-surgical recurrences. In the present study, biochemical recurrence (BCR)-free probabilities after open retropubic radical prostatectomy (RP) were evaluated by the CAPRA-S scoring system and its three-risk level model. Materials and Methods: CAPRA-S scores (0-12) of our 240 radical prostatectomies performed between January 2000-May 2011 were calculated. Patients were distributed into CAPRA-S score groups and also into three-risk groups as low, intermediate and high. BCR-free probabilities were assessed and compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression. Ability of CAPRA-S in BCR detection was evaluated by concordance index (c-index). Results: BCR was present in 41 of total 240 patients (17.1%) and the mean follow-up time was $51.7{\pm}33.0$ months. Mean BCR-free survival time was 98.3 months (95% CI: 92.3-104.2). Of the patients in low, intermediate and high risk groups, 5.4%, 22.0% and 58.8% had BCR, respectively and the difference among the three groups was significant (P = 0.0001). C-indices of CAPRA-S score and three-risk groups for detecting BCR-free probabilities in 5-yr were 0.87 and 0.81, respectively. Conclusions: Both CAPRA-S score and its three-risk level model well predicted BCR after RP with high c-index levels in our center. Therefore, it is a clinically reliable post-operative risk stratifier and disease recurrence predictor for prostate cancer.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.724-728
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• 2008

배경: 본원에서 자발성 기흉으로 흉강경을 이용 폐 쐐기절제술 후 퇴원한 환자가운데 재발로 수술을 다시 받은 환자에서 기흉의 재발에 관한 위험 인자에 대해 연구하였다. 대상 및 방법: 2002년 1월부터 2005년 12월까지 본원 흉부외과에서 흉강경을 이용하여 흉막 유착술 없이 폐 쐐기절제술만을 시행한 235명을 대상으로 하였다. 퇴원 후 외래 추적관찰 중에 재발이 없었던 A군(225명: 96%), 재발이 있었던 B군(10명: 4%)으로 나누어서 후향적 조사를 통하여 재발 위험인자에 대하여 알고자 하였다. 결과: 각 군의 평균나이는 재발되는 군에서 $19.6{\pm}7.17$세로 더 어렸으며(p<0.05), 각군 남녀 비는 남자가 많았으나, 통계학적 의의는 없었다 흡연력, 병변 부위 및 폐허탈 정도는 양군사이에 유의한 차이는 없었다. 수술적 요인에 대한 것으로 술 후 공기 누출기간이 길수록, 흉관 거치 기간이 짧을수록 재발 가능성이 더 높았으며(p<0.05), 평균 재발기간은 $10.2{\pm}8.5$개월($0.6{\sim}22$개월)이었다. 재발된 군 중 4명은 술 후 한달 동안 충분한 준비 운동 없는 과격한 운동(농구 등)을 했던 경험이었다. 술 후 재발에 영향을 주는 단일 변수는 수술 시 나이,공기 누출기간, 키/몸무게 비 및 흉관 유지 기간이었으며, 다중 변수에 의한 위험 인자는 수술 시 나이, 신장/몸무게 비, 공기 누출 및 흉관 유지 기간 순이었다 결론: 자발성 기흉에서 흉강경을 이용한 폐기포 절제술은 재발율이 개흉술에 비하여 높지 않아서 시행할 수 있지만, 재발 위험인자로 나이가 젊거나, 큰 신장/몸무게비, 지속적인 공기 누출 있거나 짧은 흉관 유지 기간이었으며, 퇴원 후 너무나 빠른 심한 운동은 폐기포절제술 후 기흉 재발의 원인이 될 수 있다.

• 한국인구학
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.5-44
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• 1996

여성, 특히 기혼여성의 사회적 참여는 해마다 증가하는 추세를 보이고 있으며, 이들을 좀 더 적극적으로 활용하려는 정책적 관심도 증대되고 있다. 그러나 기혼여성 노동력의 노동시장 참여를 걸정짓는 요인에 대한 분석은 매우 부진했으며, 특히 가사분담과 생애주기에 따른 가족내 재생산노동의 수요변화 등에 동태적인 변화에 대한 경험적 분석은 매우 미미하였다. 이 연구는 여성의 노동시장 참여에 관한 개인사적 자료를 활용하여 여성의 재생산노동과 생산노동간의 연관성, 그리고 생애주기에 따른 가족내 여성의 변화 등이 여성의 노동시장 참여에 미치는 영향에 관하여 사건사분석의 방법론을 활용하여 경험적인 분석을 행하였다. 한국여성개발원이 1991년도에 수집한 '제2차 여성취업실태 조사' 자료를 토대로 도시지역에 거주하는 여성들만을 대상으로 분석하였고, 분석방법으로는 횡단면자료를 중심으로는 로짓분석을, 취업과 비취업간의 전환에 대해서는 전환율을 종속변수로 하는 콕스회귀 분석을 시행하였다. 그 결과 여성의 노동시장 참여가 전반적인 증대에도 불구하고 나이, 코호트, 가족형성의 주기 등에 따라 상당한 편차를 나타내고 있다. 특히 결혼과 출산은 고용의 지속성에 강한 부정적 영향을 미치며, 가사노동과 육아 책임의 대부분을 여성이 부담하는 상황에서 가족내 재생산과 노동시장내 생산노동간의 상호교환관계(trade-off)가 존재함을 보여준다. 여성의 취업주기는 개인의 인적 특성과 가족형성기의 특징 이외에 전반적인 노동시장구조의 영향을 받고 있는 것으로 나타내는데, 특히 하층 저학력 여성의 전환과정은 신경제학적 개념이, 고학력 여성의 비취업으로의 강한 회귀현상은 신구조주의적 관점에서 이해되어야 할 사항이다. 이 연구의 결과는 여성의 노동시장 참여를 제고하고 취업의 질을 높이기 위해서는 가족형성주기와 연관된 여성들의 기회비용를 낮추는 방법, 예를 들면 다양한 탁아 및 보육시설의 설치, 차별적 고용관행의 폐지, 유연한 시간근무를 가능케 하는 다양한 파트타임제의 확대 등과 같은 정책이 필요함을 시사하고 있다.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.193-204
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• 2006

Purpose: Various postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy regimens have been proposed for the patients with advanced gastric cancer. The majority of clinical trials have shown no significant difference in the survival benefit. The aim of this study was to compare the survival rates of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapies used in stage III gastric cancer patients who received curative gastrectomy. Materials and Methods: Between 1990 and 1999, a survival analysis was performed in 260 patients who received curative gastric resection and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. The patients were divided into four groups according to the chemotherapeutic regimens received. The groups were: the F group: furtulon alone, FM group: furtulon and mitomycin, FAM group: 5-FU, adriamycin and mitomycin, FLEP group: 5-FU, leucovorin, etoposide and cisplatin. The survival rates were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and the Cox proportional hazards model. Results: There were no differences among the groups of patients with regard to tumor characteristics except for lymph node metastasis and the ratio of metastasis to lymph nodes. In the FLEP group, the ratio of metastasis to lymph nodes was higher than in the other groups. The five and ten year survival rates of F, FM, FAM and FLEP were 51.9%, 28.9%, 59.5%, 49.8%, 66.1%, 57.4% and 30.0%, 27.5%, respectively. The univariate analysis showed that age, Borrmann type, lymph node metastasis, ratio of metastasis to lymph nodes, postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and recurrence were significant factors for survival. For the multivariate analysis, recurrence, age, Borrmann type, ratio of lymph node metastasis and lymph node dissection were independent prognostic factors; however, the postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy was not an independent prognostic factor. Conclusion: The FAM regimen was the most beneficial postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for improved survival rates; the FM regimen was the second and the FLEP regimen was the last. In order to determine the effectiveness of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy in stage III gastric cancer, well designed prospective studies including a surgery only group will be needed.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권15호
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• pp.6449-6453
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• 2014

Background: Prior studies showed a relationship between serum albumin and the albumin to globulin ratio with different types of cancer. We aimed to evaluate the predictive value of the albumin-globulin ratio (AGR) for survival of patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 240 lung adenocarcinoma patients. Biochemical parameters before chemotherapy were collected and survival status was obtained from the hospital registry. The AGR was calculated using the equation AGR=albumin/(total protein-albumin) and ranked from lowest to highest, the total number of patients being divided into three equal tertiles according to the AGR values. Furthermore, AGR was divided into two groups (low and high tertiles) for ROC curve analysis. Cox model analysis was used to evaluate the prognostic value of AGR and AGR tertiles. Results: The mean survival time for each tertile was: for the $1^{st}$ 9.8 months (95%CI:7.765-11.848), $2^{nd}$ 15.4 months (95%CI:12.685-18.186), and $3^{rd}$ 19.9 months (95%CI:16.495-23.455) (p<0.001). Kaplan-Meier curves showed significantly higher survival rates with the third and high tertiles of AGR in comparison with the first and low tertiles, respectively. At multivariate analysis low levels of albumin and AGR, low tertile of AGR and high performance status remained an independent predictors of mortality. Conclusions: Low AGR was a significant predictor of long-term mortality in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Serum albumin measurement and calculation of AGR are easily accessible and cheap to use for predicting mortality in patients with lung adenocarcinoma.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.4363-4368
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• 2015

Background: The tumor-stroma ratio (TSR) represents the percentage of neoplastic cell components compared to the combined area of neoplastic cells and the surrounding tumor-induced stroma. A low TSR (predomination of stromal component) has been demonstrated to be an independent adverse prognostic factor in cancers of several organs. In cervical carcinoma patients, TSR has been evaluated in only one previous study with different histological types. The present study aimed to assess the prognostic value of TSR in early stage cervical cancer patients with adenocarcinoma histology only. Materials and Methods: Histological slides of patients with early stage (IB-IIA) cervical adenocarcinoma who underwent surgical treatment between January 2003 and December 2011 were reviewed. Patients who had received preoperative chemotherapy were excluded. TSR was categorized as low (<50%) and high (${\geq}50%$). Correlations between TSR and clinicopathological variables were evaluated. Prognostic values of TSR and other variables were estimated using Cox's regression. Results: Of 131 patients; 38 (29.0%) had low TSR and 93 (71.0%) had high TSR. The patients with low TSR had significantly higher proportions of deep cervical stromal invasion (outer third of wall, p=0.011; residual stroma less than 3 mm, p=0.008) and parametrial involvement (p=0.026). Compared to the patients with high TSR, those with low TSR tended to have lower 5-year disease-free survival rate (83.8% versus 88.9%) and overall survival rate (85.6% versus 90.3%), although the differences were not statistically significant. Low TSR was significantly associated with decreased overall survival in univariate analysis (HR 2.7; 95% CI 1.0-7.0; p=0.041), but not in multivariate analysis. TSR was not significantly associated with decreased disease-free survival. Conclusions: Low TSR is associated with decreased overall survival in patients with early stage cervical adenocarcinoma treated by surgery. However, it was not found to be an independent prognostic predictor in this study.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권9호
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• pp.5185-5188
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• 2013

Background: We aimed to evaluate prognostic factors and response rates to various treatment approaches to patients with synovial sarcoma in an advanced setting. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 55 patients (18 pts; 32.7% women) diagnosed with synovial sarcomas. Twenty had metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis while the remainder of the study group consisted of patients who developed metastatic or inoperable locally advanced disease during follow up. Results: The median follow up time was 15 months (range: 1-53). Regarding outcomes for the 55 patients, 3 and 5 year overall survival rates were 26% and 14%, respectively. In univariate analyses among demographic factors female gender was associated with a better outcome (p=0.030). Patients with early progressing disease (<2 years) had a worse prognosis when compared to patient group with late relapse, but this difference did not reach statistical significance (p=0.056). According to multivariate Cox regression analysis patients who had undergone metastasectomy had a significant survival advantage (p=0.044). The overall response rate to different salvage chemotherapy regimens given as second line treatment was around 42.9-53.9% for all regimes. There were no statistically significant differences between chemotherapy regimens given in either second or third line settings in terms of overall survival. Conclusions: We observed no major differences in terms of response rate and survival between different salvage chemotherapy regimens. Although metastatic disease still carries a poor prognosis, metastasectomy was found to be associated with improved survival.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.243-257
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• 2016

Objectives : Illicium verum Hook. f. has been known to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, insecticidal, analgesic, sedative, convulsive activities, it has been rarely conducted to evaluate the immuno-biological activity. The present study was examined to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of the Illicium verum Hook. f. water extracts (IVE) in vivo and in vitro. Methods : Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. The relative levels of NO were measured with Griess reagent. iNOS, COX-2, $NF-{\kappa}B$ and target proteins were detected by immunoblot analysis, and levels of cytokines were analyzed by ELISA kit. Anti-edema effect was determined in the carrageenan (CA)-induced paw edema model in rats. Results : All dosages of IVE used in MTT assay had no significant cytotoxicity. The increases of NO production and iNOS expression were detected in LPS-treated cells compared with control. However, these increases were attenuated by treatment with IVE. Also, IVE reduced the elevated production of $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$ and IL-6 by LPS. IVE inhibited the $p-I{\kappa}B$ and translocation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ to nuclear. Furthermore, IVE significantly inhibited the increases of hind paw swelling, skin thicknesses and inflammatory cell infiltrations induced by CA injection. Therefore, IVE will be favorably inhibited the acute edematous inflammations. Conclusion : These results provide evidences that anti-inflammatory effect of IVE is partly due to the reduction of some inflammatory mediators by suppression of $NF-{\kappa}B$ pathway.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.1168-1177
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• 2008

Atopic dermatitis(AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. AD has increased gradually, many people are tortured with AD. Chunggi-san(CG) and Samhwangseze-gamibang(SG) has been used for many kinds of skin disease in the Oriental medicine. But reports about the effect of CG and SG are insufficient. So, author investigated the effect of CG and SG on NC/Nga atopic mice. Major findings are summarized as follows: The clinical skin severity scores of experimental group in 13 and 16 week were decreased by 42% and 50% compared to the control group. Serum IgE, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IgM, IgGI levels of experimental group were significantly decreased compared to the control group. Serum $IFN-\nu$ was significantly increased in the experimental group compared to the control group. mRNA expression levels of IL-4, IL-5, and CCR3 in the skin tissues of experimental group were significantly decreased, and expression level of IL-6 in the skin tissues of experimental group was significantly decreased compared to the control group. $IFN-\nu$ mRNA expression levels was increased compared to the control group. According to biopsy reports of the ear and skin tissues showed that the tissue damage, experimental group were highly reduced compared to the control group. Judging from that $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6 express of gene, the effects of inflammatory cytokines revelation were significantly decreased compared to the control group. Depending on the density of CG, inflammatory RAW 264.7 in the serum of CG were significantly inhibited compared to the control serum that leaded a COX-2 activity model.