• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.313-327
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• 2017

Korea has introduced Korea Emissions In 2015, the United Nations Conference on Climate Change (COP21) was held in Paris. The Paris Agreement indicates that all nations are in charge of mitigating climate change. Prior to COP21, 197 Parties submitted the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), which are greenhouse gas reduction targets. On June 30, 2015, Korea also submitted an NDC target of 37% reduction compared to BAU in 2030. However, Korea's NDC was evaluated as "Inadequate" by the Climate Action Tracker (CAT). In addition, the domestic environmental group expressed a negative opinion as well. In view of this situation, it is necessary to conduct an objective assessment of quantitative analysis of NDC goals in Korea. The goal of this study is to evaluate NDC of Korea by comparing with those of OECD member countries. For comparative analysis, data such as population, GDP, primary energy supply affecting GHG emissions were obtained from the OECD homepage. The results indicate that emission reduction goal of 37% of Korea was $4^{th}$ highest goal among OECD member countries. If Korea achieves the emission reduction goal, the greenhouse gas emissions per capita in 2030 are $10^{th}$among OECD member countries. The greenhouse gas emissions per GDP are $13^{th}$, and emissions per TOE are $9^{th}$ among OECD member countries. The results show that greenhouse gas intensity of Korea is relatively high among OECD member countries. Therefore, it is needed to continuously endeavor to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate the global climate change. This study can be further used as a fundamental document to establish the future greenhouse reduction policy in Korea.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.41-60
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• 2007

Attempts were made to define the elements of debates, impact of decisions of the Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit-sharing(ABS) of the Conference of the Parties(COP) to the Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD) In Korea. Providing policy suggestions to cope with ABS, a cross-cutting issue of the meetings of the COP, was also undertaken. Meetings concerning ABS deal with several key matters such as an international regime, which is a legally binding implementation tool of the Bonn Guidelines, an international certificate of genetic resources' origin/source/legal provenance, and disclosure of origin of genetic resources, compliance measures with prior informed consent of the Contracting Parties providing such resources and with mutually agreed terms on which access was granted. Developing countries, rich in biodiversity and genetic resources, use the CBD as a major tool to maximize their national profits. They demand for national sovereign rights for the genetic resources and indigenous communities providing associated traditional knowledge. At the meetings of the COP, in addition, they requested that developed countries should transfer technologies and provide a financial mechanism for resource conservation to them. On the contrary, the developed countries argue that facilitating access to genetic resources is essential for scientific research and development, and that both Intellectual Property Rights and biotechnology using genetic resources should be protected to maximize their national benefits. Decisions of the COP concerning the Bonn Guidelines and compliance measures with ABS will affect on various socioeconomic fields of Korea, a country which is short of genetic resources. Especially, the importation of genetic resources and land development which might damage genetic resources will be limited seriously. Consequently, overall expenses will increase for the securing genetic resources from the foreign countries and developing biotechnology for conservation and sustainable uses of genetic resources. To minimize the adverse impacts, we endeavor to establish our clear standpoint and to lead the international trends, which are favorable for us. In order to achieve these objectives, government needs i) to proceed researches to lead the international ABS debates actively and to prepare the expected decisions of the future meetings of the COP, ii) to establish a national implementation plan to cope with the ABS and its related decisions, iii) to examine and improve the efficiencies of the national implementation plan with a proper monitoring system, and iv) cope with the other international meetings including the meetings of Trade Related Intellectual Properly Rights and International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture actively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Quality Management Conference
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.245-251
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• 2009

After the Kyoto Protocol has been ratitied in Feb. 16 2005, the developed countries which is involved in Annex-1 have tried to mitigate GHG to the reduction objective. To accomplish this objective, EU developed EU-ETS, CDM project, and so on. Korea has faced pressure to be a member of Annex-1, because Korea and Mexico are only non-Annex-1 countries in the OECD nations. This study is intended to examine unfolding transition on negotiations of Conference of Parties(COP), the Kyoto Mechanism referred as a cost-effective tool to meet a targeted level of greenhouse gas decrease, and trends in responses of developed countries to the Kyoto Protocol, and finally suggests legal and politic counterplans responding to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(hereafter, UNFCCC).

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.373-381
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• 2016

Before the Conference of Parties (COP) 21 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2015, most parties of UNFCCC had submitted their intended nationally determined contributions (INDCs) and to achieve their voluntary targets, some parties consider using international market mechanisms. As one of such mechanisms, Japan promoted its own bilateral mechanism called Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM). In this study, feasibility studies and projects under JCM have been analyzed by project type, sector, country and region, which could provide some implications in designing Korea's future climate policy to achieve Korea's targets of 11.7% using international market mechanism in INDC. Since 2010, JCM has promoted 542 projects and feasibility studies in 44 countries according to the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) database. Among 542 projects, about 80% were feasibility studies implying that JCM was more focused on project identification. However, current trends of JCM show that more projects will be soon implemented based on these feasibility studies. For sectoral categorization, projects were categorized into seven sectors-energy technology, energy efficiency, renewable energy, waste management, city, strategic planning and projects related to the country's efforts to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+). JCM projects were mitigation focused with more than 70% of projects were related to energy efficiency, renewable energy and energy technology. At the regional and country level, JCM is highly focused on Asia and especially, more than 100 projects were developed in Indonesia. Based on the analysis of JCM, in order to develop bilateral international mechanism for Korea, it is worthwhile to emphasize that Korea considers Asian countries as her partner. In addition, Korea may consider the collaboration with Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) to implement projects identified by Korea and Asian partner countries. Furthermore, strategically, it is recommendable to develop jointly with Japan who has already capacity and networks with other Asian countries to mitigate GHG emissions. Such financial resources from MDBs and Japan may contribute to meet the 11.3% of GHG reduction target from abroad according to INDC of Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.47-67
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• 2009

In recent years, greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction has become high priority issue in international aviation. GHG emissions from the aviation sector only accounts for approximately 2 percent of total GHG emissions in the world. However, as with GHG gases in other sectors, it has been pointed out as a contributing factor to global warming and there is an ongoing conversation in the aviation community to establish international framework for emissions reductions. In the case of international aviation, effects of aviation activities of a State go beyond the airports and airspace of that State. This makes compiling of GHG emissions data very difficult. There are also other legal and technical issues, namely the principle of “Common but Differentiated Responsibility (CBDR)” under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and “Fair Opportunity” principle of the Chicago Convention. For all these reason, it is expected that it will not be an easy job to establish an internationally agreed mechanism for reducing emissions in spite of continuing collaboration among States. UN adopted the UNFCCC in 1990 and the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 to impose common but differentiated responsibility on emissions reductions. In international aviation, ICAO has been taking the lead in measures for the aviation sector. In this role, ICAO held the High-level Meeting on International Aviation and Climate Change on 7 to 9 October 2009 at its Headquarters in Montreal and endorsed recommendations on reducing GHG from international aviation which will also be reported to the 15th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP15). Key items include basic principle in global aviation emissions reduction: aspirational goals and implementation options: strategies and measures to achieve goals: means to measure and monitor the implementation; and financial and human resources. It is very likely that the Republic of Korea will be included among the Parties subject to mandatory limitation or reduction of GHG emissions after 2013. Therefore, it is necessary for Korea to thoroughly analyze ICAO measures to develop comprehensive measures for reducing aviation emissions and to take proactive actions to prepare for future discussions on critical issues after COP15.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Quality Management Conference
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• 2006.04a
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• pp.392-399
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• 2006

Since the global warming problem emerged in the international community, the problem has been sought to be not at the national but at the global level. As a result, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was agreed by international delegates in 1992, and the Kyoto Protocol which imposes industrialized nations to decrease their greenhouse gas emission was agreed by the international community in 1997. Kyoto protocol came into effect for reduction duty of greenhouse gas.(16-Feb-2005) High developed countries press environmental regulation. It will strengthen an environment regulation from advanced nation with this protocol. This study is intended to examine unfolding transition on negotiations of Conference of Parties(COP), the Kyoto Mechanism referred as a cost-effective tool to meet a targeted level of greenhouse gas decrease, and trends in responses of developed countries to the Kyoto Protocol, and finally suggests legal and politic counterplans responding to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (hereafter, UNFCCC).

• ETRI Journal
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.735-745
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• 2016

The Paris agreement at the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) emphasizes the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and increase in energy consumption in all areas. Thus, an important aspect is energy saving in buildings where the lighting is a major component of the electrical energy consumption. This paper proposes a building energy management system employing visible light communication (VLC) based on LED lighting. The proposed management system has key characteristics including personalization and localization by utilizing such VLC advantages as secure communication through light and location-information transmission. Considering the efficient implementation of an energy-consumption adjustment using LED luminaires, this paper adopts variable pulse position modulation (VPPM) as a VLC modulation scheme with simple controllability of the dimming level that is capable of providing a full dimming range. This paper analyzes the VPPM performances according to variable dimming for several schemes, and proposes a VPPM demodulation architecture based on dimming-factor acquisition, which can obtain an improved performance compared to a 2PPM-based scheme. In addition, the effect of a dimming-factor acquisition error is analyzed, and a frame format for minimizing this error effect is proposed.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.592-599
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• 2016

In the 21st yearly session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 21) of the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, held in Paris, France, in December 2015, the "Paris Agreement" was negotiated; this is a new global agreement on the reduction of climate change, which encourages every country to participate in countermeasures for global climate change. Along with such movements, the electric railway sector has also been actively engaged in low carbon technology. This paper studied the building of a 1.5MW photovoltaic power generation system using the rooftop of the Gwangmyeong Station Building, which is the largest roof among the high-speed railway station buildings in Korea; this station has passenger traffic that reached about 7 million in 2014. For this study, we configured an optimized photovoltaic (PV) power generation system and then estimated the expected annual energy production by using PV system software; we also calculated the expected revenue that could be obtained by linking this source to the power distribution system. The obtained data were used to analyze the contribution of low-carbon energy that could be obtained by introducing a PV power generation system on the roof of an electric railway station building.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.239-248
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• 2017

At the $21^{st}$ Conference of the Parties (COP) of the United Nations Climate change Conference, representatives of the 195 member countries reached an agreement requiring all participating countries, including Korea, to establish proactive measures to fight climate change. Under this vision, energy network technologies are deemed as a key site of research towards meeting this goal. Herein, the headquarters of the Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER) is a worthy site for carrying out energy network technology research insofar as it contains various heat sources. To prepare for this research, a study was conducted analyzing the heat sources at KIER based on measured data. The study also consisted of developeding simulation models to predict the amount of energy savings that could be derived by replacing an absorption chiller/heater with an absorption heat pump during winter seasons. In our simulation results, we observed a primary energy saving ratio of 65~72% based on the water temperature from the heat source of a coal power plant.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.309-317
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• 2014

Harvested wood products (HWP) are known as products from the tree such as sawn wood, plywood, particle board, structural lumber, wooden interior material, wooden furniture, and paper products. Because carbon is locked up in the HWP until eventual end-use of HWP, HWP played a role as the carbon storage which has the effect of stabilizing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. For these reasons, the suggestion that it must admit the carbon storage effect of HWP has been constantly raised. In 2011, the 17th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) which was held in Durban, South Africa, assigned "Production Approach" which targets only the HWP producted by using round wood of domestic forestry as a official method for carbon accounting. Therefore, it is necessary that each country has to determine the half-life of wood in order to correspond to the discussions and negotiations between countries in the future and to develop an inventory of product-specific domestic wood. In this study, some countries' examples of the methods and conditions for determining half-life of HWP were investigated, and it was tried to derive the factor and methodology to determine half-life span of domestic HWP appropriately.