• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제46권11호
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• pp.1053-1067
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• 2013

본 논문에서 소개되는 분포형 생태수문모형은 현실적으로 확보 가능한 입력자료와 최소한의 매개변수를 이용하여 유역의 수문, 식생, 지표온도를 모의하는 모형이다. 개발된 모형은 내성천 유역에 대해 적용하여 모형의 활용가능성을 살펴보았다. 우선적으로 매개변수에 대해 민감도 분석을 실시하여 모의결과에 많은 영향을 주는 매개변수를 선별해보았으며 이후 최적화 기법을 통해 모형의 매개변수를 추정하여 내성천 유역의 최근 10년간(2001~2010)의 수문, 식생, 지표온도 그리고 추적(routing)을 통한 하천유량 및 하천수온을 모의하였다. 최적화 기법을 통해 추정자료를 이용하여 매개변수를 추정하였으며 일부 격자를 제외한 대다수의 격자에서 적절히 모의된 것을 확인하였다. 하천유량 및 하천수온의 경우 단위 유역 말단 두 지점에 대해 검증을 실시하였으며 하천유량 및 하천수온 적절히 모의된 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 실제 유역인 내성천 유역을 대상으로 분포형 생태수문모형이 최소한(현실적으로 확보 가능한)의 입력자료와 매개변수를 이용함에도 불구하고 유역 수문순환 및 식생을 적절히 설명하고 있음을 살펴볼 수 있다.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2015년도 학술발표회
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• pp.217-217
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• 2015

The objective of this study was mainly to evaluate the water resources potential of Lake Tana Basin (LTB) by using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). From SWAT simulation of LTB, about 5236 km2 area of LTB is gauged watershed and the remaining 9878 km2 area is ungauged watershed. For calibration of model parameters, four gauged stations were considered namely: Gilgel Abay, Gummera, Rib, and Megech. The SWAT-CUP built-in techniques, particle swarm optimization (PSO) and generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) method was used for calibration of model parameters and PSO method were selected for the study based on its performance results in four gauging stations. However the level of sensitivity of flow parameters differ from catchment to catchment, the curve number (CN2) has been found the most sensitive parameters in all gauged catchments. To facilitate the transfer of data from gauged catchments to ungauged catchments, clustering of hydrologic response units (HRUs) were done based on physical similarity measured between gauged and ungauged catchment attributes. From SWAT land use/ soil use/slope reclassification of LTB, a total of 142 HRUs were identified and these HRUs are clustered in to 39 similar hydrologic groups. In order to transfer the optimized model parameters from gauged to ungauged catchments based on these clustered hydrologic groups, this study evaluates three parameter transfer schemes: parameters transfer based on homogeneous regions (PT-I), parameter transfer based on global averaging (PT-II), and parameter transfer by considering Gilgel Abay catchment as a representative catchment (PT-III) since its model performance values are better than the other three gauged catchments. The performance of these parameter transfer approach was evaluated based on values of Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and coefficient of determination (R2). The computed NSE values was found to be 0.71, 0.58, and 0.31 for PT-I, PT-II and PT-III respectively and the computed R2 values was found to be 0.93, 0.82, and 0.95 for PT-I, PT-II, and PT-III respectively. Based on the performance evaluation criteria, PT-I were selected for modelling ungauged catchments by transferring optimized model parameters from gauged catchment. From the model result, yearly average stream flow for all homogeneous regions was found 29.54 m3/s, 112.92 m3/s, and 130.10 m3/s for time period (1989 - 2005) for region-I, region-II, and region-III respectively.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제58권4호
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• pp.21-35
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• 2016

This study is to evaluate the applicability of SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model for multi-purpose dams and multi-function weirs operation in Namhan river basin ($12,577km^2$) of South Korea. The SWAT was calibrated (2005 ~ 2009) and validated (2010 ~ 2014) considering of 4 multi-purpose dams and 3 multi-function weirs using daily observed dam inflow and storage, evapotranspiration, soil moisture, and groundwater level data. Firstly, the dam inflow was calibrated by the five steps; (step 1) the physical rate between total runoff and evapotranspiration was controlled by ESCO, (step 2) the peak runoff was calibrated by CN, OV_N, and CH_N, (step 3) the baseflow was calibrated by GW_DELAY, (step 4) the recession curve of baseflow was calibrated by ALPHA_BF, (step 5) the flux between lateral flow and return flow was controlled by SOL_AWC and SOL_K, and (step 6) the flux between reevaporation and return flow was controlled by REVAPMN and GW_REVAP. Secondly, for the storage water level calibration, the SWAT emergency and principle spillway were applied for water level from design flood level to restricted water level for dam and from maximum to management water level for weir respectively. Finally, the parameters for evapotranspiration (ESCO), soil water (SOL_AWC) and groundwater level fluctuation (GWQMN, ALPHA_BF) were repeatedly adjusted by trial error method. For the dam inflow, the determination coefficient $R^2$ was above 0.80. The average Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) was from 0.59 to 0.88 and the RMSE was from 3.3 mm/day to 8.6 mm/day respectively. For the water balance performance, the PBIAS was between 9.4 and 21.4 %. For the dam storage volume, the $R^2$ was above 0.63 and the PBIAS was between 6.3 and 13.5 % respectively. The average $R^2$ for evapotranspiration and soil moisture at CM (Cheongmicheon) site was 0.72 and 0.78, and the average $R^2$ for groundwater level was 0.59 and 0.60 at 2 YP (Yangpyeong) sites.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.207-213
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• 2003

본 연구는 한우에 PGF$_2$$\alpha$와 GnRH+PGF$_2$$\alpha$+GnRH(Ov-synch)를 처리하여 발정 및 배란을 동기화 시켰으며, 2차 GnRH 투여후 배란시간, 2차 GnRH 투여후 시간 경과에 따른 수태율과 발정ㆍ배란 동기화법에 의한 수태율을 조사하고자 실시하였다. 시험축은 총 4개 농가에서 경산우 150두를 무작위로 선발하여 시험에 공시하였으며, 발정ㆍ배란동기화 방법에 따라 발정을 유기한 후 1회 인공수정을 실시하고 수태율에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 호르몬처리 방법으로는 GnRH+PCF$_2$$\alpha$+GnRH(Ov-synch)와 PGF$_2$$\alpha$를 이용한 발정동기화 방법을 사용하였다. 2차 GnRH 투여 후 배란시간을 알아보기 GnRH 투여 후 24시간 후부터 32시간까지 2시간 간격으로 초음파 Sonovet-600(Medison. Korea)를 이용하여 난소를 촬영하였다. 1. 호르몬 투여후 발정동기 화율은 PGF$_2$$\alpha$ 투여구에서 40.0%와 GnRH+PGF$_2$$\alpha$+GnRH(Ov-synch)처리구에서 91.3%로 나타났다. 2. 2차 GnRH 주사후 24시간에 배란이 시작되어 32시간에 배란이 종료되었으며, 배란율은 28시간째에 46.6%가 배란되어 가장 높게 나타났다. 3. 2차 GnRH주사후 6∼24시간에 수정한 군이 6시간 이전과 30시간 이후에 수정시킨 군에 비해 높은 수태율을 나타냈다. 4. 호르몬 처리별 수태율은 PGF$_2$$\alpha$, CIDR 및 GnRH+PGF$_2$$\alpha$+GnRH(Ov-synch)에서 각각 50.0, 36.0와 76.9%로 GnRH+PGF$_2$$\alpha$+CnRH(Ov-synch)군에서 가장 높은 수태율을 나타냈다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.289-295
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• 1985

1984년 6월 시판(市販) 녹차(綠茶) 4종(種)을 구입하여 전차시(煎茶時) 물의 온도를 70 및 $80^{\circ}C$에서 8, 5 및 3분간씩, 그리고 $70^{\circ}C$ 및 $80^{\circ}C$에서는 3분간씩 3회 반복 전차(煎茶)했을 때의 무기물(無機物) 침출량(浸出量)을 원자흡광분광광도계(原子吸光分光光度計)로써 측정한 바, 그 결과(結果)를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 차(茶)(제품화(製品化)된 녹차(綠茶)) 100g중 K $1737{\sim}3000\;mg$, Mg $178{\sim}205\;mg$, Ca $171{\sim}201\;mg$, Mn $54{\sim}71\;mg$, Na $24{\sim}50\;mg$, Fe $11.6{\sim}12.3\;mg$, Cn $3.4{\sim}5.3\;mg$, Zn $4.6{\sim}5.9\;mg$, 함유(含有)되어 있었으며 차(茶)의 종류에 따라서 차이(差異)를 보였다. 2. 차액(茶液)중에 침출(浸出)된 무기성분의 침출비율은 K>Zn>Mg>Mn>Fe>Na>Ca>Ca순이었다. 3. 차액(茶液)중의 무기성분의 침출량은 전차시(煎茶時) 물의 온도가 높을수록 시간이 길어질수록 침출량이 많았다. 4. 같은 온도에서 5분 및 8분간 전차(煎茶)했을 때보다 3분간 3회 반복했을 때 무기물의 침출량이 현저하게 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과(結果)로 보아서 차액중(茶液中) 무기물침출량(無機物浸出量)은 차(茶)의 종류(種類)에 따라, 또 무기물(無機物)의 종류(種類)에 따라 다소의 차이(差異)를 보이기는 하였으나 전차시(煎茶時) 8분간 1회 침출한 양에 비하여 3분간 3회 반복 전차(煎茶)하였을 때 총 침출량이 많았으므로 생활차도(生活茶道)에서는 3회 반복 전차법(煎茶法)이 보다 결과적(結果的)인 방법이라고 생각된다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 1999년도 제17회 학술발표회 논문개요집
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• pp.211-211
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• 1999

Titanium nitride (TiN) thin films have useful properties including high hardness, good electrical conductivity, high melting point, and chemical inertness. The applications have included wear-resistant hard coatings on machine tools and bearings, decorative coating making use of the golden color, thermal control coatings for widows, and erosion resistant coatings for spacecraft plasma probes. For all these applications as feature sizes shrink and aspect ratios grow, the issue of good step coverage becomes increasingly important. It is therefore essential to manufacture conformal coatings of TiN. The growth of TiN thin films by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is of great interest for achieving conformal deposition. The most widely used precursor for TiN is TiCl4 and NH3. However, chlorine impurity in the as-grown films and relatively high deposition temperature (>$600^{\circ}C$) are considered major drawbacks from actual device fabrication. To overcome these problems, recently, MOCVD processes including plasma assisted have been suggested. In this study, therefore, we have doposited Ti(C, N) thin films on Si(100) and D2 steel substrates in the temperature range of 150-30$0^{\circ}C$ using tetrakis diethylamido titanium (TDEAT) and titanium isopropoxide (TIP) by pulsed DC plamsa enhanced metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (PEMOCVD) method. Polycrystalline Ti(C, N) thin films were successfully grown on either D2 steel or Si(100) surfaces at temperature as low as 15$0^{\circ}C$. Compositions of the as-grown films were determined with XPS and RBS. From XPS analysis, thin films of Ti(C, N) with low oxygen concentration were obtained. RBS data were also confirmed the changes of stoichiometry and microhardness of our films. Radical formation and ionization behaviors in plasma are analyzed by optical emission spectroscopy (OES) at various pulsed bias and gases conditions. H2 and He+H2 gases are used as carrier gases to compare plasma parameter and the effect of N2 and NH3 gases as reactive gas is also evaluated in reduction of C content of the films. In this study, we fond that He and H2 mixture gas is very effective in enhancing ionization of radicals, especially N resulting is high hardness. The higher hardness of film is obtained to be ca. 1700 HK 0.01 but it depends on gas species and bias voltage. The proper process is evident for H and N2 gas atmosphere and bias voltage of 600V. However, NH3 gas highly reduces formation of CN radical, thereby decreasing C content of Ti(C, N) thin films in a great deal. Compared to PVD TiN films, the Ti(C, N) film grown by PEMOCVD has very good conformability; the step coverage exceeds 85% with an aspect ratio of more than 3.

• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.81-90
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• 2012

Objectives: This study is to research delay time comparison for later defibrillation after hands off according to the changes in defibrillation electrodes. Study purpose: In defibrillation treatment that is the only way for cardiac arrest by arrhythmia, it is to find defibrillator device which can minimize late defibrillation delay time after important affect of hands off. Study object and method: After hands off according to the defibrillator device, we collected total 40 people for emergency medicine doctor, internal medicine doctor, general surgeon, nurse, emergency medical technician who are working at 2 CN, CS University hospitals in Gwangju Jeollanamdo district to find out hand off shock interval(HOSI). We then researched their general properties like occupation sector, experiences in clinic, gender, completion of AHA ACLS-P training and more. Then 40 participants continued ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest simulation training (using human-model mannequin) designed by researcher and performed their roles as defibrillation operator. Each of participant used manual paddle and performed 4 times of defibrillation (150J) during 8 minutes of CPR and in 8day, the defibrillator devices were replaced from manual paddle to self-adhesive electrodes pads and 4 times of defibrillation (150J) under same simulation condition as manual paddle were performed. Study result: In comparison for delay time of later defibrillation after hands off of manual paddle and self adhesive electrodes pad, the self adhesive electrodes pad ($7.0{\pm}0.5sec$) seemed to reduce delay time of later defibrillation significantly (p<0.05) compared to manual paddle ($10.0{\pm}0.9sec$). The self adhesive electrodes pad, according to the general properties of participants, had no particular change in delay time after later defibrillation for the statistics (p>0.05) but the manual paddle had statistically significant differences for the occupation sector, experiences in clinic and gender (p<0.05). Conclusion: In defibrillation, the self adhesive electrodes pad($7.0{\pm}0.5sec$) showed short HOSI compared to manual paddle ($10.0{\pm}0.9sec$) significantly (p<0.05) and it applied identically for both existence and non-existence of ACLS-P training completion, experiences in clinic, gender and occupation sector. The manual paddle had also significant difference in experiences in clinic and occupation sector (p<0.05). which means the effect on HOSI according to the job mastery. Therefore, if the clinic experience is short or in case for the occupations without frequent defibrillation treatment has a danger of lowering success rate for the defibrillation using manual paddle. Therefore, it is true that using self adhesive electrodes pad for defibrillation electrodes when performing manual defibrillation in pre-hospital as well as in-hospital steps can generally minimize delay time of later defibrillation after hands off.

• 환경생물
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.38-45
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• 2006

경상북도내의 금속광산, 공장 및 공업지역의 토양의 오염도를 조사하고 중금속 오염토양 중에 분포하는 미생물 flora의 정량적 평가를 위하여 청정지역인 독도토양과 비교한 결과, 일반세균의 경우 $10\sim100$배 낮은 분포율을 나타내었으며, 6가크롬 오염토양 중 곰팡이는 거의 검출되지 많았다. 방선균은 수은 오염토양의 경우 $6.7X10^5\sim7.5X10^7\;cfu\;g^{-1}$, 6가크롬 오염토양 내 방선균 수는 $4.8X10^4\sim5.0X10^5\;cfu\;g^{-1}$이 측정되어 대조구 토양 내 방선균 분포와 비슷한 높은 분포율을 나타내었다. 수은 오염토양 시료를 $HgCl_2$ 50ppm과 100ppm을 각각 첨가한 배지에 접종하여 방선균수를 측정한 결과 대조구 토양에 비해 10배 이상의 높은 수를 확인하였다. 수은 및 6가크롬의 오염토양으로부터 분리된 방선균 150 균주에 대해 항균력을 검토한 결과 31균주가 양성반응을 나타내었다. 이들 방선균 중 강한 항균활성을 나타낼 10균주를 선발하여 계통학적 특성을 검토한 결과 Streptomyces 속, Saccharopolyspora 속, 그리고 Nocardioides 속에 속하는 3개의 계통군으로 분류되었다. 이들 분리균주중에는 기지 미생물종과 97% 이하의 낮은 상동성을 나타내는 신규미생물도 다수 포함되어 있었다. 이상의 결과로부터, 본 연구에서 조사된 수은 및 6가크롬 오염토양내 중금속 내성 및 항균활성을 갖는 방선균이 높게 분포해 있음이 확인되어, 난분해성 화합물을 포함한 다양한 구조의 유해 독성물질의 정균작용으로 인한 중금속 오염토양 내 환경의 복원이 효율적으로 이루어 질 수 있을 것으로 기대되었다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.61-77
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• 2020

현재 국내 주요 공공수역은 국가차원 아래 체계적인 물환경 관리가 되어왔고, 특히 하천, 호소 등 생태계의 실태파악 및 대응을 위해 지속적인 모니터링 및 관리가 이루어져 왔다. 그 중, 수질측정망은 수질측정 주기가 8일에서 한 달 주기로 조사되는 반면, 자동측정망의 경우, 실시간 자료를 수집함으로써 일 데이터 자료를 제공하고 있다. 따라서 측정망 자료를 활용하여 동일한 수질항목에 대해 추세변화를 분석하고 통계적 방법을 통해 비교하였다. Mann-kendall test 결과 Water Temperature (WT)와 DO는 모든 지점이 통계적으로 유의하지 않은 것으로 확인되었고, 특히 TOC에서는 4개 지점, TN은 2개 지점, TP는 3개 지점, Water Temperature (WT)는 7개 지점, pH는 2개 지점, EC는 5개 지점, DO는 6개 지점에서 동일한 추세 경향을 보였다. LOWESS 분석 결과, TOC와 pH의 측정망 결과는 서로 다른 추세를 보이는 것으로 분석되었다. 지점별, 항목간 상관관계 분석결과에 따르면 안동댐하류-안동1 지점에서는 TP, 도개-산곡지점에서는 TOC, 고령(자동)-고령 지점에서는 pH, 적포-창녕 지점에서는 TP, 감천-감천2-1 지점에서는 TN, TP, pH, EC, DO 항목을 제외하고 나머지 항목에서 유의한 양의 상관관계를 보이는 것으로 분석되었다. 그리고 신암-상주2 지점과 남강-남강4 지점에서는 모든 항목에서 유의한 양의 상관관계를 나타내는 것으로 분석되었다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.689-698
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• 2020

The aim of study was to scrutinize the physicochemical and protein profile of milk obtained from local Pakistani breeds of milch animals such as Nilli-Ravi buffalo, Sahiwal cow, Kajli sheep, Beetal goat and Brela camel. Physicochemical analysis unveiled maximum number of total solids and protein found in sheep and minimum in camel. Buffalo milk contains the highest level of fat (7.45%) while camel milk contains minimum (1.94%). Ash was found maximum in buffalo (0.81%) and sheep (0.80%) while minimum in cow's milk (0.71%). Casein and whey proteins were separated by subjecting milk to isoelectric pH and then analyzed through sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The results showed heterogeneity among these species. Different fractions including α_S1, α_S2, κ-casein, β-casein and β-lactoglobulen (β-Lg) were identified and quantitatively compared in all milk samples. Additionally, this electrophoretic method after examining the number and strength of different protein bands (α_S1, α_S2, β-CN, α-LAC, BSA, and β-Lg, etc.), was helpful to understand the properties of milk for different processing purposes and could be successfully applied in dairy industry. Results revealed that camel milk was best suitable for producing allergen free milk protein products. Furthermore, based on the variability of milk proteins, it is suggested to clarify the phylogenetic relationships between different cattle breeds and to gather the necessary data to preserve the genetic fund and biodiversity of the local breeds. Thus, the study of milk protein from different breed and species has a wide range of scope in producing diverse protein based dairy products like cheese.