• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.1124-1129
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• 2009

This study aims to examine the effects of non-invasive constant microcurrent stimulation on expression of Bone Morphogenetic Protein(BMP) 4 after tibia fracture in rabbits. Twenty four rabbits with tibia fracture were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. Each group was divided into four subgroups, based on the duration of the experiment (3, 7, 14, 28 days). The experimental groups received a constant microcurrent stimulation of $20{\sim}25{\mu}A$ intensity with surface Ag-AgCl electrode (diameter 1cm, Biopac, U.S.A.) for 24 hours a day. Cathode of the microcurrent stimulator located on the tibia directly, anode of it did on the gastrocnemius muscle. Rabbits were sacrificed on each of the postoperative days 3, 7, 14, 28. To investigate how non- invasive constant microcurrent stimulation affects bone healing, immunohistochemical analysis of BMP-4 was performed at each point. After evaluation, the test results are as follows: Comparisons of immunohistochemical observation of BMP-4 in 7 days after tibial fracture show that there was shown to be a moderate positive reaction (++) on concentric circles of Harversian system andt he interstitial lamella in the control group, while there was a very strong positive reaction (++++) on concentric circles of Harversian system and interstitial lamellain the experimental group. These results suggest that applying non-invasive constant microcurrent stimulation on fractured bone is helpful to bone healing.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.196-203
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• 2010

This study aimed to examine the effect of microcurrent stimulation on expression of Bone Morphogenetic Protein(BMP) 4 after tibia fracture in rabbits. The twenty four adult 6 month old New Zealand white rabbits weighting 2.5~3.5 ㎏ were used. Twenty four rabbits with tibia fracture were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. Each group was divided into four subgroups, based on the duration of the experiment (3, 7, 14, 28 days). The experimental groups received microcurrent stimulation of 20~25 ${\mu}A$ intensity with surface Ag-AgCl electrode (diameter 1cm, Biopac, U.S.A.) for 24 hours a day. Cathode of the microcurrent stimulator located on the tibia directly, anode of it did on the gastrocnemius muscle. After evaluation, the test results are as follows: Comparisons of immunohistochemical observation of BMP-4 in 7 days after tibial fracture show that there was shown to be a moderate positive reaction (++) on concentric circles of Harversian system and the interstitial lamella in the control group, while there was a very strong positive reaction () on concentric circles of Harversian system and interstitial lamellain the experimental group. These results suggest that applying non-invasive constant microcurrent stimulation on fractured bone is helpful to bone healing.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 1975

F$\ddot{u}$r die Erforschllng der Variationen bei der Naturpopulationen der Pinus densifiora wurden drei Populationen aus Chuwangsan (Kyong-buk), Anmyondo (Chung-nam) und Odaesan (Kangwon) Ausgewiiblt. Bei je 20 Individuen jeder Population wurden die Variationen von der Eigenschaft der $\ddot{a}$usseren Gestalt, von der anatomischen und morphologischen Eigenschaft der Kiefernadel und von der Holzqualit$\ddot{a}$t an Bohrsp$\ddot{a}$nen untersucht. Das Ergebnis der Untersuchung konnte in den folgenden sechs Punkten formuliert werden. 1. Von den Eigenschaften der $\ddot{a}$usseren Gestalt ist die Geradheit des Baumstamms, der Durchmesser der Zweige und der Winkel der Verzweigung in der Odaesan Population wlinschenswerter als in anderen Populationen. 2. Es wird festgestellt, dass sich die drei Nadelmerkmale, Anzahl der Z$\ddot{a}$hne je 0.5 cm, Anzahl der Stomata-Reihen und Anzahl der Harzkan$\ddot{a}$le, sowohl zwischen den Populationen als auch zwischen den Individuen signignifikant unterscheiden. 3. Bei der Betrachtung des Harzkanal Index, der Schichtanzahl der Hypodermis und der Entfernung der Fibrovasalb$\ddot{u}$ndel wird aufgezeigt, dass sich alle drei gepr$\ddot{u}$ften Populationen geringf$\ddot{u}$gig von der normalen Kiefer unterscheiden. 4. Zwischen den Populationen ergibt sich ein Unterschied im Prozentanteil des Spatho lzes und im spezifischen Geswicht, jedoch zeigt die Breite der Jahresrings und die Tracheidenl$\ddot{a}$nge keinen Unterschied. Das spezifische Gewicht und die Tracheidenl$\ddot{a}$nge der Individuen jeder Population ist signifikant verschieden. 5. Bei dem Alter 11-20 ist der Prozentanteil des sp$\ddot{a}$tholzes am gr$\ddot{o}$ssten und wird aber danach immer geringer bis zum Alter 30; sp$\ddot{a}$ter zeigt sich dann keine sichtbare Ver$\ddot{a}$nderung mehr. Das spezifische Gewicht sich vergr$\ddot{o}$ssert bei der Zunahme des Jahresrings, nimmt aber dann in Anmyondo und Odaesan Populationen beim Alter 21-30 wieder ab. Die Tracheidenl$\ddot{a}$nge der drei Populationen besitzen die Neigung, sich nach der zunahme der Jahresringe zu vermehren. 6. Mit diesen hier behandelten Charakteren werden ganz allgemeinen die Unterschiede der drei Kiefer populationen festgestellt. Diese Ergebnisse sind sehr bemerkenswert betrachtet vom genetischen Gesichtspunkt der waldbaumpopulation.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.19-30
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• 1989

The purpose of this study was to obtain the fundamental data for health assessment of cultured fishes. A series of hematological studies and blood chemistries were made on cultured israeli carps from May, 1988 to May, 1989. The results of this study were as followings : 1. The blood constituents of healthy carps were Hct $32{\pm}3.4%$, Hb $8.3{\pm}0.9g/l$, RBCs $132{\pm}27.6({\times}10^4cm^3)$), Total protein $2.7{\pm}0.7g/dl$, GOT $143{\pm}19.5U$, GPT $50{\pm}14.2U$, Total glucose $70{\pm}12.6mg/dl$ and BUN $7.5{\pm}1.9mg/dl$, etc. 2. The blood constituents by change of water temperature with the control of $23^{\circ}C$ showed the decrease in Hct and RBCs at $18^{\circ}C$, and the increase in Hct, RBCs and glucose at $28^{\circ}C$. 3. The blood constituents by change of dissolved oxigen with the control of 4.5ppm showed the increase in Hct and RBCs at 3ppm, and the decrease in Hct and RBCs at 7ppm. 4. In the case of intramuscular injection of Streptococcus sp. with $10^6cells$/fish infection dose, there showed marked decrease in Hct, RBCs, glucose and BUN with inflammatory reaction, and the fishes were recovered in 16 days. 5. In the case on intraperitoneal injection of Streptococcus sp. with $10^4cells$/fish infection dose, there showed decrease in Hct, RBCs and BUN with inflammatory reaction, but there were no dead cases. 6. In the case of intramuscular injection of Edwardsilla tarda with $1.2{\times}10^8cells$/fish infection dose, there showed decrease in Hct and RBCs, and increase in TCHO, GOT, GPT and BUN with marked inflammatory reaction, and 60% of inoculated fishes were died within 3 or 4 days.

• Proceedings of the Korean Aquaculture Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.54-55
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• 2003

해수관상용으로 그 인기도가 높은 상어류는 모두가 자연에서 채집된 후 관람용 대형수조 또는 개인용 소형수조 내에서 순치 후 관상용으로 사육되고 있다. 그러나, 자연에서 채집된 대부분의 개체는 인위적인 수조 시설 내에서의 생활에 적응하는데 실패하여 결국 거의 대부분의 개체가 짧은 기간 내에 사망하게 된다. 따라서 이 연구는 인공 종묘 생산 시설에서 해수 관상용 상어류의 종묘 확보를 목적으로 실시하였다. 우리나라 제주 연안에서 채집이 비교적 용이한 까치상어 Triakis scyllium와 별상어 Cynias manazo 2종의 상어 친어를 확보하여 인공 사육 시설에서 사육하면서 수조 내에서의 자연 교미와 자연 산란에 성공하였다. 친어와 치상어의 사육관리는 자연해수를 사용하여 15~40ton 크기의 콘크리트 수조에서 사육하면서 전갱이와 같은 생사료 또는 전갱이와 어분을 주성분으로 하는 습사료를 만들어 1일 1회 급이하였다. 까치상어의 인공 종묘는 수 차례의 사산을 거듭한 끝에 2003년 5월 18일과 6월 8일 두 차례에 걸쳐서 매우 활력이 좋은 상태의 치어가 출산하였다. 별상어도 수 차례의 사산을 거듭한 끝에 2003년 5월 25일 건강한 상태의 치어를 출산시키는데 성공하였다. 지금까지 산출된 까치상어의 출산시 평균 전장은 25.70$\pm$0.88cm 평균 체중은 58.32$\pm$4.86g이었으며, 별상어의 출산시 치어의 평균 전장은 27.26$\pm$0.57cm였고 평균 체중은 55.32$\pm$1.69g로 두 종 상어의 평균 전장과 평균 체중은 유사한 경향을 보였다. 그러나, 산출 후 사육 관리 과정에서 관찰된 까치상어와 별상어의 월간 성장 중 전장을 비교한 결과, 까치상어는 1개월 전 대비 15.06%의 성장을 보였으나, 별상어는 3.15%의 성장을 보여 까치상어 보다는 별상어의 길이 성장이 느린 것을 알 수 있었다. 까치상어와 별상어의 월간 성장 중 체중을 비교한 결과에서도 까치상어는 1개월 전 대비 34.11%의 성장을 보였으나, 별상어는 2.25%의 성장을 보여 까치상어 보다는 별상어의 체중 성장이 매우 느린 것을 알 수 있었다. 출산 관리중인 까치상어와 별상어 치어의 성비를 조사한 결과, 까치상어는 ♀:♂=1:1.28, 별상어는 ♀:♂=1:2.50으로 별상어의 암 수 성비가 매우 불균형한 것을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 까치상어와 별상어의 암ㆍ수간 성장 차이를 조사한 결과, 까치상어와 별상어의 암ㆍ수간 성장 (전장, 체장 및 체중)에는 큰 차이가 없었다. 현재, 인공 사육 시설에서 관리중인 까치상어는 64마리이며 별상어는 7마리이다. 결국 소형의 수족관내에서 해수 관상어로서 사육하기 위한 조건으로서 너무 급격한 성장을 하는 어종인 경우에는 관상 기간이 짧아져 조기 폐기하여야 하는 단점을 감안하면 까치상어 보다는 별상어의 관상가치가 높을 것으로 판단되며, 반대로 대형 관람용 수족관의 경우에서는 별상어 보다 성장이 빠르고 운동력이 활발한 까치상어를 전시관람용으로 이용할 경우 전시효과가 높을 것으로 판단된다.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.69-78
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• 2017

Cordyceps militaris has been used in traditional Chinese medicine owing to its anticancer and immunomodulatory activities. Germanium compounds have also been shown to be associated with many pharmacological functions, such as antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, antimutagenic, and immunomodulating effects. In this study, we examined the biological properties of hot water extract from mycelial liquid culture of germanium-enriched C. militaris (CMGe). CMGe displayed a concentration-dependent antiproliferation activity against four human cancer cell lines. The antiproliferative activity of CMGe was 2-4-fold lower than that of hot water extract from mycelial liquid culture in C. militaris (CM). However, CM had a concentration-dependent cytotoxicity to human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Contrastingly, CMGe did not cause any cellular damage to MSCs. MSCs cultured with CMGe displayed an increased proliferative activity with no cytotoxic effect. The oral administration of CMGe inhibited increased tumor volume and weight compared with the control group. CMGe has the potential to be used as an industrial product in medicinal foods as well as in pharmaceutical products.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.289-296
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• 2009

The appearance and variation of cold water area and its expansion mechanism of tidal front in the south western coast of Korea in summer were studied on the basis of oceanographic data(1966-1995), satellite images from NOAA and SeaWiFs and numerical model. Cold water appearance in southwestern field of Jindo was due to the vertical mixing by strong tidal current. Tidal front where horizontal gradient of water temperature was more than $0.3^{\circ}C$/km parallels to contours of H/$U^3$ parameter 2.0~2.5 and the outer boundary of cold water region corresponds with contours of the parameter 2.5~3.0 in the southwestern sea of Korea during the period between neap and spring tides. The position replacement of tidal front formed in the study ares varies in a range of 25~75km and cold water region extends about 90km. These suggest that the magnitude of variation of frontal position and cold water area was proportionate to the tidal current during lunar tidal cycle. Moreover, it was estimated that the southwestward expansion of cold water region was derived from the southwestward tide-induced residual currents with speed more than 10cm/s.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.4 no.6
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• pp.681-686
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• 1994

Microwave Detector Using $YBa_{2}Cu_{3}O_{7-x}$, Grain Boundary Junction $YBa_{2}Cu_{3}O_{7-x}$ superconductor thin films were deposited on $LaAIO_{3}$ (100) single crystal substrates using a metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method. These films showed the critical temperature of about 9OK and critical current density of over $10^5/A \textrm{cm}^2$at 77K. These films showed granular structure with 0.5~1.5$\mu \textrm{m}$ grains. Bridge-type junctions, 6$\mu \textrm{m}$ in width and 6pm in length, were fabricated using the photolithography and the Ar ion milling techniques. Current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of these junctions with the microwave irradiation at 77K were studied. The critical current densities decreased as the irradiated microwave power increased. When microwaves were irradiated on the bridge at 77K. the I-V charateristics showed constant voltage stcp(Shapiro steps) at $\Delta$=nho/2e.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 1980

The purpose of the present study is to find the light intensity which induces maximum gathering rate and to observe the variation of the gathering rate both in daytime and at night by using three species of commercial fishes: filefish, Stephanolepis cirrhifer (Temminck et Schlegel), conger eel, Astroconger myriaster (Brevoort) and crucian carp, Carassius oarassius (Linnaeus). An experimental tank $(360L\times50W\times55Hcm)$ was set up in a dark room. An illumination system was attached to one end of the tank to control horizontal, light intensity. Six artificial light sources were prepared by combination of two light bulbs (5W, 150W) and seven filters. During the experiment water depth was maintained 50 cm level in the tank. The tank was marked into six longitudinal sections each being 60 cm long to observe the distribution of fish. The fish were acclimatized in dark condition for 40 minutes prior to the main experiment. Upon turning on the light, the number of fish .in each section was counted 40 times every 30 seconds, and the gathering rates were obtain from the average number of fish in each section. In filefish the light intensity inducing maximum gathering rate was 0.7 lx(0.5-1.1 lx), and there nab little difference between day and night. Gathering rate varied propotionally to the length of illumination time. In conger eel the light intensities inducing maximum gathering rate were 1.9 lx(1.2-2.9 lx) in daytime and 5.2 lx (3.2-7.7 lx) at night. Thus, there was a considerable difference between day and night, but the gathering rate remained almost unchanged regardless to the length of illumination time. In crucian carp gathering rate did not show a definite pattern hut fluctuated irregularly. The gathering rate, however, was slightly higher at 16.21 lx, and there was little difference between day and night.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.30 no.4 s.48
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• pp.509-514
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• 2004

The fruit or root of Ulmus davidiana var. Japonica and its extract has traditionally been used as anti inflammatation medicines as well as a remedy of the digestive ulcer for a long time. Ulmus davidiana var. Japonica has also been used to cure palliative and diuresis, because it contains lot of mucus and tannin. In this study, we examined the moisturizing effect and anti-inflammation effect of polysaccharides extracted from Ulmus davidiana var. Japonica to investigated whether it can be used as a cosmetic ingredient or not. The polysaccharides were extracted from Ulmus davidiana var. Japonica. Then the hydrolyzed was obtained through the hydrolysis. It has been ascertained that the polysaccharides we mainly composed of rhamnose, galactose, and glucose through HPLC experiments, and it has 20,000 of the molecular weight and 89.3 dL/g of intrinsic viscosity In a moisturizing test of measuring water loss in a desiccator and moisture content by Comeometer CM820, Ulmus davidiana root extract showed a similar moisturizing effect as hyaluronic acid. And its anti-inflammation effect on carrageenin-induced edema evaluated by measuring the thickness of swelling over paw induced by carrageenin (25 uL of $2\%$ carrageenin saline injection), the $\%$ swelling over paw treated with Ulmus davidiana root extract was much less than that of paw treated with carrageenin only. The anti-inflammatory effect of Ulmus davidiana root extract was almost similar to that of ketoprofen. These results can say that Ulmus davidiana root extract can be effectively used as a cosmetic ingredient.