• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.164.2-165
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• 2003

Structured lipids (SLs) are defined as triacylglycerols to change the fatty acid composition in the glycerol backbone and lipases are known as a powerful tool for the syntheses of SLs. Structured lipid from corn oil, capric acid, and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) by transesterification reaction and using several amounts of immobilized lipase RM IM (from Rhizomucor miehei) was studied, and 4% of lipase amount was selected for further study as the optimal amount. Comparison the chemical properties (free fatty acid value, iodine value, saponification value, tocopherols, and color analysis), solidification behavior, and volatile fractions (from headspace SPME GC-MS) between com oil and SL com oil was obtained.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.47-52
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• 1999

The efficiency of an adder which plays an important role in micro-process and DSP greatly depends on the kinds of carry generation method. So in this paper. I used both CLA excellent in the speed and CSA best in the chip-size. The 64bit adder is designed with high speed which is two optimum combination. Therefore this paper suggested the way of CLSA improving both speed and chip-size. and proved the excellence of the designed circuit.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2002.04b
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• pp.809-812
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• 2002

본 논문은 RSA 암호시스템에서 고속 모듈러 곱셈을 위한 최적화된 시스톨릭 어레이의 설계를 제안한다. 제안된 방법에서는 미리 계산된 가산결과를 사용하여 개선된 몽고메리 모듈러 곱셈 알고리듬을 제안하고, 고속 모듈러 곱셈을 위한 새로운 구조의 시스톨릭 어레이를 설계한다. 미리 계산된 가산결과를 얻기 위해 CLA(Carry Look-ahead Adder)를 사용하였으며, 이 가산기는 덧셈연산에 있어서 캐리전달 지연이 제거되므로 연산 속도를 향상 시킬 수 있다. 제안된 시스톨릭 구조는VHDL(VHSlC Hardware Description Language)을 사용하여 동작적 수준을 기술하였고, Ultra 10 Workstation 상에서 $Synopsys^{TM}$ 툴을 사용하여 합성 및 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다. 또한, FPGA 구현을 위하여 Altera MaxplusII를 사용하여 타이밍 시뮬레이션을 수행하였고, 실험을 통하여 제안한 방법을 효율성을 확인하였다.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.155-167
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• 2022

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a new paradigm that connects physical and virtual objects from various domains such as home automation, industrial processes, human health, and monitoring. IoT sensors receive information from their environment and forward it to their neighboring nodes. However, the large amounts of exchanged data are vulnerable to attacks that reduce the network performance. Most of the previous security methods for IoT have neglected the energy consumption of IoT, thereby affecting the performance and reducing the network lifetime. This paper presents a new multistep routing protocol based on cellular learning automata. The network lifetime is improved by a performance-based adaptive reward and fine parameters. Nodes can vote on the reliability of their neighbors, achieving network reliability and a reasonable level of security. Overall, the proposed method balances the security and reliability with the energy consumption of the network.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.373-386
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate effects of the brown seaweed residues supplementation on in vitro fermentation, and milk yield and milk composition of dairy cows. Therefore, two experiments consisting of an in vitro and an in vivo growth trial were used. In in vitro experiment, brown seaweed residues(BSR) was supplemented in basal diet with 0, 1, 2 and 4% respectively, and incubated for 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h. The pH value, ammonia-N and VFA were investigated. The pH value tended to increase with increasing BSR during the incubation. Particularly, pH was significantly higher in BSR treatments compared with control at 9 h(p < 0.05). While, ammonia-N concentration was not significantly different across treatments during the whole incubation. BSR supplementation did not affect total VFA production, but acetate was linearly increased in BSR treatments compared with control at 12 h(p < 0.05), and its concentration was highest(92.70 mM) in 4% BSR among treatments. The concentration of iso-butyrate tended to increase in BSR treatments in comparison to control during the incubation. In addition, the concentration of iso-valerate was higher in BSR treatments compared with control at 12 and 24 h. In growth trial, BSR was added(800 g/d/animaI) to diets of dairy cow. Dry matter intake was not affected by BSR supplementation, but daily milk yield(kg) significantly increased in BSR treatment compared with control(p < 0.05). However, milk composition(%) and milk yield(kg) were not significantly different between treatments. Milk fat(% and kg/d) tended to slightly decrease in BSR treatment compared with control(3.59% and 1.06 kg/d vs. 3.32% and 1.01 kg/d), The contents of C16:0 and C20:4 in milk significantly increased in BSR treatment compared with control reflecting from dietary fatty acid composition. The content of C18:0 in milk which is end product of biohydrogenation of CI8 unsaturated fatty acids in the rumen significantly increased in BSR treatment compared with control(p < 0.05). C18:2 content in milk tended to decrease, but tended to increase trans-II C18:l and CLA contents in milk in BSR treatment compared with control. In conclusion, it could be summarized that BSR may stabilize rumen pH, and it could improve milk yield and CIA content in milk with more than 4% of diet. Therefore, BSR could be beneficially used in dairy diets as a feed additive.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.951-959
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of linseed oil or whole linseed supplementation on performance and milk fatty acid composition of lactating dairy cows. Thirty six Holstein Friesian crossbred lactating dairy cows were blocked by milking days first and then stratified random balanced for milk yields and body weight into three groups of 12 cows each. The treatments consisted of basal ration (53:47; forage:concentrate ratio, on a dry matter [DM] basis, respectively) supplemented with 300 g/d of palm oil as a positive control diet (PO), or supplemented with 300 g/d of linseed oil (LSO), or supplemented with 688 g/d of top-dressed whole linseed (WLS). All cows were received ad libitum grass silage and individually fed according to the treatments. The experiment lasted for 10 weeks including the first 2 weeks as the adjustment period, followed by 8 weeks of measurement period. The results showed that LSO and WLS supplementation had no effects on total dry matter intake, milk yield, milk composition, and live weight change; however, the animals fed WLS had higher crude protein (CP) intake than those fed PO and LSO (p<0.05). To compare with the control diet, dairy cow's diets supplemented with LSO and WLS significantly increased milk concentrations of cis-9,trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (p<0.05) and n-3 fatty acids (FA) (p<0.01), particularly, cis-9,12,15-C18:3, C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3. Supplementing LSO and WLS induced a reduction of medium chain FA, especially, C12:0-C16:0 FA (p<0.05) while increasing the concentration of milk unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) (p<0.05). Milk FA proportions of n-3 FA remarkably increased whereas the ratio of n-6 to n-3 decreased in the cows supplemented with WLS as compared with those fed the control diet and LSO (p<0.01). In conclusion, supplementing dairy cows' diet based on grass silage with WLS had no effect on milk yield and milk composition; however, trans-9-C18:1, cis-9,trans-11-CLA, n-3 FA and UFA were increased while saturated FA were decreased by WLS supplementation. Therefore, it is recommended that the addition 300 g/d of oil from whole linseed should be used to lactating dairy cows' diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.12
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• pp.1712-1720
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• 2012

We investigated the effect of the amount of body condition loss in the dry period and early lactation in 42 high-yielding Holstein-Friesian cows on milk yield and the share of fatty acids in milk fat. Energy reserves were estimated based on the body condition scoring (BCS) and backfat thickness (BFT). Milk yield and milk composition were determined over 305-d lactation. From d 6 to 60 of lactation, the concentrations of 43 fatty acids in milk fat were determined by gas chromatography. Cows were categorized based on body condition loss from the beginning of the dry period to the lowest point of the BCS curve in early lactation into three groups: low condition loss group (L) ${\leq}0.5$ points (n = 14); moderate condition loss group (M) 0.75 to 1.0 points (n = 16) and high condition loss group (H) >1.0 points (n = 12). Cows whose body energy reserves were mobilized at 0.8 BCS and 11 mm BFT, produced 12,987 kg ECM over 305-d lactation, i.e. 1,429 kg ECM more than cows whose BCS and BFT decreased by 0.3 and 5 mm, respectively. In group H, milk yield reached 12,818 kg ECM at body fat reserve mobilization of 1.3 BCS and 17 mm BFT. High mobilization of body fat reserves led to a significant (approx. 5%) increase in the concentrations of monounsaturated fatty acids-MUFA (mostly $C_{18:1}$ cis-9, followed by $C_{18:1}$ trans-11), a significant decrease in the levels of fatty acids adversely affecting human health, and a drop in the content of linoleic acid, arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in milk fat. In successive weeks of lactation, an improved energy balance contributed to a decrease in the concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and an increase in the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milk fat.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.1441-1448
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• 2008

This experiment was carried out to study the carcass characteristics, chemical composition and fatty acid profile of the Longissimus muscle (LM) of bulls (10) and steers (17) finished in a pasture system. Animals (1/2 Zebu vs. 1/2 Aberdeen Angus) were fed in a pasture system (Hermatria altissima) and with a supplement of soybean meal, cracked corn, urea, limestone and mineral salts, twice a day. Both animal groups were slaughtered at 27 months of age, with an average 508.88 kg of live weight. Final weight, hot carcass weight and texture were similar (p>0.05) between bulls and steers. Carcass dressing, fat thickness, color and marbling were higher (p<0.02) in steers. Conversely, the Longissimus area was greater (p<0.05) in bulls. Moisture levels were higher (p<0.01) in bulls. Ash, crude protein, total lipids and total cholesterol levels were higher (p<0.10) in steers. C14:0, C16:0, C16:1 n-7 and C18:1 n-9 fatty acids percentages were higher (p<0.06) in steers. C16-1 n-10, i 17:0, C19:0, C18:2 n-6, C18:3 n-3, C20:2 n-3 C20:4 n-6, C20:5 n-3, C22:1 n-7, C22:4 n-6 and C22:5 n-3 fatty acids percentages were higher (p<0.05) in bulls. The percentage of the other fatty acids was similar (p>0.05) in bulls and steers. The levels of monounsaturated fatty acids were higher (p<0.02) in steers while polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-3, n-6, PUFA/SFA and n6:n3 ratios, were higher (p<0.05) in bulls. The CLA contents (mg/g lipids) were similar (p>0.10) in bulls and steers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.204-213
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• 2008

Four ruminally cannulated Holstein cows averaging 43 days in milk (DIM) were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square to determine the effect of feeding extruded soybean, ground canola seed and whole cottonseed on ruminal fermentation and milk fatty acid profile. One hundred and twenty lactating Holstein cows, 58 (${\pm}31$) DIM, were assigned to four treatments in a completely randomized block design to study the effects of the three types of oilseeds on production parameters and milk fatty acid profile. The four diets were a control diet (CON) and three diets in which 10% extruded soybean (ESB), 5% ground canola seed (GCS) and 10% whole cottonseed (WCS) were included, respectively. Diets consisted of concentrate mix, corn silage and Chinese wild rye and were balanced to similar concentrations of CP, NDF and ADF. Ruminal fermentation results showed that ruminal fermentation parameters, dry matter intake and milk yield were not significantly affected by treatments. However, compared with the control, feeding cows with the three oilseed diets reduced C14:0 and C16:0 and elevated C18:0 and C18:1 concentrations in milk, and feeding ESB increased C18:2 and cis9, trans11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Production results showed that feeding ESB tended to increase actual milk yield (30.85 kg/d vs. 29.29 kg/d) and significantly decreased milk fat percentage (3.53% vs. 4.06%) compared with CON. Milk protein (3.41%) and solid non-fat (13.27%) from cows fed WCS were significantly higher than from cows fed CON (3.24% and 12.63%, respectively). Milk urea N concentrations from cows fed the ESB (164.12 mg/L) and GCS (169.91 mg/L) were higher than cows fed CON (132.31 mg/L). However, intake of DM, 4% fat corrected milk, energy corrected milk, milk fat and protein yields, milk lactose percentage and yield, somatic cell count and body condition score were not affected by different treatments. The proportion of medium-chain fatty acid with 14 to 16 C units in milk was greatly decreased in cows fed ESB, GCS and WCS. Feeding ESB increased the concentration in milk of C18:1, C18:2, C18:3 and cis9, trans11-CLA content by 16.67%, 37.36%, 95.24%, 72.22%, respectively, feeding GCS improved C18:0 and C18:1 by 17.41% and 33.28%, respectively, and feeding WCS increased C18:0 by 31.01% compared with feeding CON. Both ruminal fermentation and production trial results indicated that supplementation of extruded soybean, ground canola seed and whole cottonseed could elevate the desirable poly- and monounsaturated fatty acid and decrease the medium chain fatty acid and saturated fatty acid content of milk fat without negative effects on ruminal fermentation and lactation performance.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.211-215
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• 2011

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)-like isolate was collected from Raphanus sativus (cv. Choon-hyang), which showed mosaic symptoms. The isolate was confirmed to a strain of CMV by host responses in Vigna unguiculata, Chenopodium amaranticolor and Gomphrena globosa, by viral genome composition with RT-PCR and PCR-RFLP, and by serological analysis. Symptom developed by the strain of CMV was severe in Nicotiana benthamiana, N. glutinosa, N. tabacum (cv. Samsun, cv. Xanthi), Cucumis melo (cv. Early hanover), Cucumis sativus (cv. White wonder), Capsicum annuum (cv. Chung-yang and cv. Geum-top), but mild symptom was developed in Raphanus sativus (cv. Choon-hyang), Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis (cv. Bul-Am No. 3), and B. juncea (cv. Daenong Jukgot). Newly isolated strain of CMV could infect diverse crops including Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae and Brassicaceae. We designated the new strain of CMV as Gn-CMV based on the novel infectivity of Brassicaceae. In double-stranded (ds) RNA analysis, Gn-CMV consisted of 3.3, 3.0, and 2.2 kb genomes likewise other strains of CMV. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed 28 kDa of the CMV coat protein. By restriction enzyme mapping using Cac8I, ClaI and MspI of RT-PCR products indicated that Gn-CMV belongs to CMV subgroup I.