• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.91-95
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• 2002

The pharmacokinetics of intravenous paclitaxel (1 mg/kg) were investigated in rabbits with renal failure induced by folic acid. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to time infinity (AUC) of paclitaxel was significantly (p<0.05) greater in rabbits with severe renal failure induced by folic acid $(1030\pm382)$ compared to that in rabbits with in moderate renal failure induced by folic acid $(780\pm209\;ng/ml{\cdot}hr)$. The apparent volume of distribution (Vd) $(0.008\pm0.002\;L/kg)$ and the elimination rate constant $(\beta)\;(0.09\pm0.025\;hr^{-1})$ of paclitaxel in rabbits with severe renal failure were significantly (p<0.05) smaller and slower respectively than those of control rabbits $(0.016\pm0.004\;L/kg,\;0.12\pm0.03\;hr^{-1})$, but not significantly different compared with that in rabbits with moderate renal failure $(0.010\pm0.003\;L/kg,\;0.10\pm0.026\;hr^{-1})$. total body clearance (CL) of paclitaxel in rabbits with severe renal failure $(0.97\pm0.183\;L/hr/kg)$ was significantly (p<0.05) slower than that in control rabbits $(1.68\pm0.440\;L/hr/kg)$, but not significantly different compared with that in rabbits with in moderate renal failure $(1.28\pm0.311\;L/hr/kg)$. The terminal half-life ($t_{1/2}$) of paclitaxel in rabbits with severe renal failure $(7.46\pm2.16\;hr)$ was significantly (p<0.05) longer than that in control rabbits $(5.75\pm1.44\;hr)$, but not significantly different compared to that in rabbits with moderate renal failure rabbits $(6.67\pm1.76\;hr)$. The above data could be at least partly decrease in due to paclitaxel excretion in rabbits with renal failure, since $7-15\%$ of interavenous paclitaxel was excreted via kidney as unchanged forms plus its metablites.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.19 no.5 s.66
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• pp.43-49
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• 2005

This paper is to investigate the effect of corrosion by acoustic emission method in tensile loading and the adhesiveness between substrate and coating layer. The powders used are Zn and Amdry625, respectively. They are coated on brass alloy substrate. AE signals of Zn and Amdry625 coating layer increase drastically in strain $2\%$. However, those of Zn specimen have more than those of Amdry625 specimen. When the specimens executed the corrosion test under $3.5\%$ NaCl solution for 500, 1000 hours, the salt solution penetrated into the surface of the substrate through the pores of the coating layer. As a result, corrosion production formed on the surface of the substrate. The adhesiveness between coating layers is weakened by the polarization and corrosion itself. The AE event, count, and energy of corroded coating specimens decrease, compared to specimens without corrosion. The results are summarized as follows : 1. In the tensile tests, the time that it took to start and develop the cracks and exfoliations between the surface of the substrates and the plasma spray coatings were different according to the type of plasma sprayed material, which are Zn and Amdry625. These phenomena were obvious at the strain rate 1 to $5\%$, and few available data were found after that stage. 2. The specimens with Zn coating showed the characteristics of crack, according to the changes of the tensile strength applied on the substrates while those with Amdry625 showed exfoliation as a result of low adaptation to the tensile strength. 3. The anti-corrosion specimens showed that the adhesive properties between the substrate and the plasma spray coating were strong in the order of Zn, Amdry. It showed that Corroded specimens cracked or exfoliated easily, even with the small energy, because those had a comparatively weakened adhesive property, due to corrosion. 4. Zn specimen showed no corrosion phenomena on the surface of the substrates, because they had the function of sacrifice anode however, Amdry625 specimen showed the corrosion, because it did not have that function.

• Proceedings of the Korea Database Society Conference
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• 1998.09a
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• pp.293-312
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• 1998

$\square$ 정보화 혁명의 대국민 인식수단과 초고속정보통신망의 주요 응용 서비스로서 부각 $\square$ 전통적인 정보이용방법에 대한 이용자들의 인식의 변화로 도서관 활성화 방안으로써 정보통신기술의 도입 $\square$ 선진 각국의 전자도서관 구축의 국가적 추진 $\square$ 국내 초고속정보통신망의 구축과 보급 확대 $\square$ 모든 국민이 지역, 시간의 제약없이 도서관에 접근하여 필요한 자료를 획득 $\square$ 정보획득시간 단축으로 국내연구자들의 연구력 증진 $\square$ 정보화의 지역격차 해소 $\square$ 국내 도서관의 전자도서관 사업 촉진 $\square$ 주요 전자도서관의 통합연동체제를 마련 $\square$ 주요 도서관별 대상분야 조정으로 중복투자 방지 $\square$ 초고속정보통신망의 주요한 응용서비스로 가시화 - 초고속정보통신망의 선도적 대국민 가시화 - 이에 따른 민간부문의 참여 및 투자 촉진 $\square$ 국가, 산업, 국민생활 정보화의 주요한 기반 구축 $\square$ 지역적 정보불균형 해소 - 일부지역에 편중되어 있는 정보를 인터넷을 이용하여 시.공간 제약없이 제공함으로써 정보의 불균형 해소 $\square$ 전자도서관의 기본모델 제시 -전자도서관의 주요기능인 타기관간 자료연동 및 검색시스템을 구현함으로써 향후 구축되는 전자도서관의 기본모델 제시 $\square$ 전자도서관간 자료공유체제 구축 -시범사업 참여도서관간 분산 관리하고 있는 정보의 공유를 위한 표준체제 구축(중략) 것으로 나타났다.까지 증가율을 보여 주었다. 것으로 나타났다.대표하는 압밀계수의 추정이 가능할 것으로 사료된다. $O_3$/라는 결정학적 관계를 가지며 에피탁샬 성장했음을 알 수 있었다.있었다.다(p<0.05)..8800-0.6800로 각각 표시되었다.~$\pm$10 V의 측정범위에서 memory window가 계속 증가하는 것을 보여주었다./$^{\circ}C$의 고주파 유전특성을 얻었다. 얻었다.끼쳤다.보였다.다. 싸이클링 성능을 보였다.다.보였다.다.고 입력 반사손실을 그림 I, 2, 3에 각각 나타내었다. 대책을 요구하고 있다.하는 경향을 보였다. 생존율은 48시간째부터 폐사하기 시작하여 144시간째에는 전량폐사하였다. 삼투압 조절 능력을 위한 여러가지 파라메타에서 15 $\textperthousand$구는 이상이 없는 것으로 추측되나, 0 $\textperthousand$구에서는 코티졸, Na$^{+}$, K$^{+}$, Cl￣, 총단백질 및 AST에서 시간경과에 따른 삼투압 조절 능력에 문제가 있는 것으로 보여진다.c}C$에서 5시간 가열조리 후 잔존율은 각각 84.7% 및 73.3%였고, 질소가스 통기하에서는 잔존율이 88.9% 및 81.8%로 더욱 안정하였다.8% 및 12.44%, 201일 이상의 경우 13.17% 및 11.30%로 201일 이상의 유기의 경우에만 대조구와 삭제 구간에 유의적인(p<0.05) 차이를 나타내었다.는 담수(淡水)에서 10%o의 해수(海水)로 이주된지 14일(日) 이후에 신장(腎臟)에서 수축된 것으로 나타났다. 30%o의 해수(海水)에 적응(適應)된 틸라피아의 평균 신사구체(腎絲球體)의 면적은 담수(淡水)에 적응된 개체의 면적보다 유의성

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2009

The Haman mineralized area is located within the Cretaceous Gyeongsang Basin along the southeastern part of the Korean peninsula. Almost all occurrences in the Haman area are representative of copper-bearing polymetallic hydrothermal vein-type mineralization. Within the area are a number of fissure-filling hydrothermal veins which contain tourmaline, quartz and carbonates with Fe-oxide, base-metal sulfide and sulfosalt minerals. The Gunbuk, Jeilgunbuk and Haman mines are each located on such veins. The ore and gangue mineral paragenesis can be divided into three distinct stages: Stage I, tourmaline + quartz + Fe-Cu ore mineralization; Stage II, quartz + sulfides + sulfosalts + carbonates; Stage III, barren calcite. Equilibrium thermodynamic data combined with mineral paragenesis indicate that copper minerals precipitated mainly within a temperature range of $350^{\circ}C$ to $250^{\circ}C$. During early mineralization at $350^{\circ}C$, significant amounts of copper ($10^3$ to $10^2\;ppm$) could be dissolved in weakly acid NaCl solutions. For late mineralization at $250^{\circ}C$, about $10^0$ to $10^{-1}\;ppm$ copper could be dissolved. Equilibrium thermodynamic interpretation indicates that the copper in the Haman-Gunbuk systems could have been transported as a chloride complex and the copper precipitation occurred as a result of cooling accompanied by changes in the geochemical environments ($fs_2$, $fo_2$, pH, etc.) resulting in decrease of solubility of copper chloride complexes.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.398-402
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• 1996

This study was carried out to compare the fermentation rates of Dongchimi as affected by fermentation temperature and salt concentration of brining solution. The Dongchimi was prepared by fermentation of the radish in salt solutions of 2.0, 3.2 and 5.1% NaCl respectively with addition of garlic, green onion, ginger at $4^{\circ}C,\;10^{\circ}C,\;20^{\circ}C$. The fermentation was classified into 3 steps of initial, intermediate and final stages according to pH changes and the rates of fermentation and color change were calculated from intermediate stage. The time reached equilibrium in hardness of radish and salt concentration and their equilibrated values were also compared. Fermentation rate became more rapid as fermentation temperature and salt concentration increased. The rates of Hunter color change of Dongchimi liquid were increased as the temperature increased. The 'L' values decreased slowly, and 'a' and 'b' values increased rapidly to maximum at the intermediate stage. The time required to reach equilibrium was reduced for both salt concentration and hardness of radish as the fermentation temperature increased. The equilibrated values of salt concentration were increased while those of hardness of radish were decreased as the temperature and salt concentration increased. The data obtained can be used for prediction of some of the major characteristics of Dongchimi during fermentation.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.2419-2425
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• 1971

In many cold weather concrete constructison jobs calcium chloride $CaCl_2$ can be used safely as an accelerating admixture. For producing satisfactory concrete during cold weather calcium chloride is used to develop the level of strength required in a shorter period by obtaining higher early strength, the resulting in crease in heat of hydration. In this paper, to get adequated data and information of the effect on strength of concrete in using calcium chloride as an accelerating admixture, Portland cement (Type I), High-early-strength cement(Type II) and Pozzolans cement with certain 1.5 percentage of calcium chloride by weight of the cement were tested. As the result of this experiment, followings were founded: 1. At the 1.5 percent of calcium chloride cement ratio, the early strength was accelerated to the highest level, and some 1.5 percent of calcium chloride cement ratio was suitable for the stabilization of the concrete structures. 2. For Some 50 percent of Water Cement ratio was suitable, making good Concrete in the Cold weather by admixture of Calicum Chloide. 3. The concrete of Pozzorans cement in early strength was weak but that in later rised by degree. 4. As abtaining higher early strength the curing period can be reduced, but the finishing work should be done as early as possible.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.13-21
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• 2019

Leakage accidents in businesses dealing with hazardous chemicals can have a great impact on the workers inside the workplace, as well as residents outside the workplace. In fact, there were cases where hazardous chemicals leaked from many businesses. As a result, the Chemicals Control Act(CCA) was enacted in 2015, the Ministry of Environment introduced an Off-site Risk Assessment(ORA). The purpose of the ORA is to secure safety from the installation of the design of the workplace facilities so that chemical accidents of hazardous chemical handling facilities do not cause human or physical damage outside the workplace. In general, the ORA qualitatively determines where a protected facility is within the scope of the accident scenario. However, elderly who belong to the sensitive group is more sensitive than the general group under the same chemical accident effect, and the extent of the damage is serious. According to data from the Korea National Statistic Office, the number of elderly people is expected to increase steadily. Therefore, a quantitative risk analysis considering the elderly is necessary as a result of a chemical accident. In this study, accident scenarios for 14 locations were set up to perform emergency evacuation due to toxic gas leakage of Cl₂(Chlorine) and HF(Hydrogen Fluoride), and the effects of exposure were analyzed based on the evacuation velocity difference of age 20s and 60s. The ALOHA(Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres) program was used to calculate the concentration for assessing the effects. The time of exposure to toxic gas was calculated based on the time it took for the evacuation to run from the start point to the desired point and a methodology was devised that could be applied to the risk calculation. As a result of the study, the relative risk of the elderly, the sensitive group, needs to be determined.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.83-91
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• 2009

$\beta$-glucan is a fiber-type complex sugar (polysaccharide) derived from the cell wall of baker's yeast, oat and barley fiber, and many medicinal mushrooms, such as maitake. The primary uses of $\beta$-glucan are to enhance the immune system, to lower blood cholesterol levels and to treat tumor. $\beta$-glucan has no systemic toxicity in mice, therefore it needed clinical trail to prove efficacy and safety for human. The subjects total 56 healty volunteers were divided into two groups including taken $\beta$-glucan tablet group and placebo group. Subjects were taken two tablets per oral for 4 weeks. They had agreed to take part in this experiment, and didn't take any other clinical trail products. After 4 weeks blood of subjects were checked. The check list are TNF-$\alpha$, INF-$\gamma$, IL-2, IL-4, total WBC, differential WBC, RBC, hemoglobin, platelet, MCV, MCH, MCHC, HCT, Na, K, Ca, Cl, AST, ALT, ALP, $\gamma$-GTP, total protein, triglyceride, total cholesterol, total bilirubin, albumin, uric acid, creatinine, BUN, pH, protein, glucose, ketone body, blood, bilirubin. We evaluated efficacy by cytokines that compare before and after taking. Collected data were analyzed as two sample t-test, chi-square test and ANOVA using SAS V.9.1.This study results are that in TNF-$\alpha$ of $1^{st}$ efficacy measurement item, all of two groups figure were increased significantly compare to before figure. In IL4 of $2^{nd}$ efficacy measurement item, experimental group figure were decreased significantly but placebo group figure were increased. The conclusions show that based on the above results, $\beta$-glucan has favorable effect to enhance immune system, especially IL4 results showed that it has effect to improve the allergic immune system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.116-124
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• 2000

Geochemical and isotopic analyses were carried out to investigate hydrochemical characteristics, source of carbon species in the carbonated waters in South Korea. Most Korean carbonated waters from different geologic settings are characterized by a Ca-HCO$_3$type with a relatively low pH range from 5.3 to 6.3 (avg. 6.0). The concentrations of cations and anions in the carbonate waters are in the order of Ca$^{2＋}$>Na$^{＋}$>Mg$^{2＋}$>Si$^{4＋}$>Fe$^{2＋}$>K$^{＋}$ and HCO$_3$$^{－}$>SO$_4$$^{2－}$>Cl$^{－}$, respectively. The HCO$_3$$^{－}$ ion is more enriched in the carbonated water from the sedimentary rock and granitic rock of Mesozoic age in the Gyungsang basin(GII) and the Precambrian metamorphic rock and Jurassic granitic rocks of the Gyunggj massif in the Gangwon province(GⅠ) than those of the meta-sedimentary rock and granite in the Ogcheon zone(GⅢ). Based on the oxygen and hydrogen isotopic data, the carbonated waters are derived from the meteoric water, showing apparent latitude and altitude effects. The $delta$$^{13}$C values of carbon species in the carbonated water are in between -6.23 and 0.0 $textperthousand$, suggesting inorganic source of carbon originated from the carbonate mineral and carbonate rock in the aquifer.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1354-1359
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• 1996

Few observation have been made on the pericardial pressure and little is known about the composition of he pericardial fluid. So we studied the basic qualitative and quantitative analysis of the pericardial fluid in the patients with cardiac disease either congenital heart diasese(group A) or acquired heart disease(group B). The pressure of the pericardial cavity was measured by the method of open tipped water filled small polyethylene catheter connecting to the standardized monitor, which was introduced into pericardium of the patients who were performed pericardial incision for the heart or pericardial surgery. All of the data was compared to the simultaneously checked hematologic value of the same patient. The mean pressure of the pericardial cavity was 2.4mmHg and the amount of the pericardial fluid was 13cc/m2 of body surface for the group A and 17.7cc for the group B. And the cell count was 138$\pm$l16/1 in group A and 230$\pm$135/1 in group B and the pH was 7.83$\pm$0.40 in group A. 7.80$\pm$0.52 in group B. Pericardial fluid revealed satisfactically significant alkaline pH than plasma. The fundamental electrolyte, Wa+, K+, Cl and glucose were identical to the hematologic values of the same patient, but the protein concentration was 2.Bg/dL for group A and 3.Ig/dL for group B heart disease and those were remarkable low concentration compared to the hematologic value of the same patient. LDH and amylase were identical to the value of the serum of the same patient, but the concentration of LDH of group B was slightly higher than that of the group A.