• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.199-205
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• 2007

The present study was carried out to assess the effect of superovulation response and efficiency of embryo production induced with injection of FSH dissolved in polyethylene glycol (PEG) in Hanwoo. Eighty-eight cows were divided into four groups. In group 1, cattle were intramuscularly treated with twice-daily administration of 50mg FSH for 4 days. Group 2 and 3 were subcutaneously single injection of 400mg and 200mg FSH dissolved in 30% PEG, respectively. Group 4 were subcutaneously single injection of 200 mg FSH dissolved in 30% PEG at 7 day after CIDR insertion. The number of corpus luteum (CL) in group 2 resulted in significantly (p<0.05) higher compared to group 1, 3 and 4 (18.5 vs. 11.2, 13.1 and 13.9, respectively). However, the number of total ova $(7.9{\sim}10.4)$, transferable embryos $(3.7{\sim}4.7)$, degenerate embryos $(1.9{\sim}3.5)$ and unfertilized ova $(1.8{\sim}2.7)$ did not differ among treatment groups. No difference was observed in pregnancy rate after transferring the recovered embryos among groups $(36.0{\sim}50.0%)$. In addition, blood progesterone concentrations at embryo recovery did not differ among all groups. In conclusion, although no differences were observed in the number of total ova, transferable embryos and pregnancy rate after transfer, a single injection of reduced dose of FSH (200mg FSH) at 7 day after CIDR insertion is more practical for superovulation treatments than frequent injection because of reduction of stress in Hanwoo and decreases of cost and laber.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.185-190
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate the effects of multiple superovulation and parity on embryo production in Hanwoo cows. Donors were superovulate 4 times $1\~2$ months interval and inserted CIDR plus (with the capsule of estradiol benzoate 10mg) on Day 10 from standing heat for 9 days and injected 2.5ml FSH (Antorin R-10) 2 times in a day on 6th day to 10th day from insertion of CIDR and the doses of FSH were decreasing 0.5ml on every 2 times. On 3th day of FSH injection, 25ml $PGF_2{\alpha}$ were injected i.m. and on 4th day, CIDR was removed. After 2 days from removing CIDR, AI was performed 2 times 12 hour apart with 2 straws of Korean Proved frozen Semen and simultaneously 200ug/ml GnRH was injected and embryos were recovered on 7th day from Al. The response rates of superovulated donors were $85.7\%,\;90.5\%,\;62.5\%,\;100\%$ from 1 to 4 times of superovulation, respectively. There were significant differences among No. of superovulation times (P<0.05). The results of transferable embryos were 3.7, 3.4, 3.4, 5.7 from 1 to 4 times of superovualtion, respectively. There were no differences among No. of superovulation times. The results of transferable embryos were 2.5, 3.0, 5.3, 3.0, 3.4 form heifer, first born to 4 the born, respectively. There were significant differences among the parities of donors (P<0.05). These results suggested that even 4 times of superovulations of Hanwoo donors could be able to recover transferable embryos, it might be used the donors maximally and improved the adaptation of embryo transfer to farms safely.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.382-388
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to determine the risk factors associated with pregnancy following 3 synchronization protocols in dairy cows. Data were collected on 1,952 cows from 22 dairy farms, including synchronization protocols ($PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ + estradiol benzoate [PG+EB], Ovsynch, and CIDR-ovsynch), cow parity, body condition score (BCS), and dates of previous calving, insemination and conception. The odds ratio (OR) for pregnancy were analyzed by logistic regression using the LOGISTIC procedure in SAS. The analysis revealed that farm (p = 0.005), cow parity (p = 0.0001), BCS (p < 0.005), and AI season (p < 0.05) significantly affected and calving to AI interval tended to affect (p < 0.1) the probability for pregnancy. Although synchronization protocols did not affect the probability for pregnancy (p > 0.05), cow parity and synchronization protocols showed a significant interaction (p < 0.005); the OR (0.60) was significantly lower (p < 0.0001) for multiparous cows compared to primiparous cows using PG+EB, whereas the OR (1.44) tended to be higher (p < 0.1) for multiparous cows compared to primiparous cows using the Ovsynch, and the probability for pregnancy did not differ between multiparous and primiparous cows using the CIDR-ovsynch (p > 0.05). Cows with BCS ${\geq}$ 3.00 were more likely pregnant (OR: 1.41) compared with cows having BCS ${\leq}$ 2.75, whereas cows inseminated during summer had a lower OR (0.73) compared with those inseminated during spring. Cows with a calving to AI interval > 150 days were more likely to be pregnant (OR: 1.20) compared with cows with a calving to AI interval ${\leq}$ 150 days. In conclusion, the OR for pregnancy following synchronization protocols in dairy cows was affected by farm, parity, BCS, calving to AI interval of the cow, and AI season, and there was a significant interaction between cow parity and synchronization protocols; the OR for pregnancy was lower for multiparous cows compared with primiparous cows using the PG+EB protocol.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2007

This study was investigated factors affecting the pregnancy rates after transfer of pronuclear microinjected embryos for the production of transgenic Korean black goats. Embryo transfer was carried out in 343 recipient Korean black goats from September 1999 to June 2000. Estrus was induced by the insertion of intravaginal progesterone devices $CIDR^(R)$ for 2 weeks. A single injection of 400 IU equine chorionic gonadotropin was administered at 48h before $CIDR^(R)$ removal to increase the proportion of does cycling and ovulation rate. Good quality embryos were prepared by microinjection of DNA into the pronuclei of fertilized goat oocyte and cultured in vitro. Pronuclear microinjected $1{\sim}8$ cell stage embryos were surgically transferred into the oviducts of the recipient at day 4 or 5 following $CIDR^(R)$ removal, and morula to blastocyst stage embryos were surgically transferred into uterus at day 9. Pregnancy was diagnosed by transrectal ultrasound scanning at $20{\sim}30d$ and 8 weeks following embryo transfer. The pregnancy rate was affected by several factors, such as estrus induction, the number of previous transfer, transfer site, stage of CL (corpus luteum), the number of recipient CL, stage of embryos and the number of transferred embryo. The pregnancy rate was significantly higher in recipients that came into estrus naturally than recipients that induced to come into estrus with $CIDR^(R)$(59.1% vs. 36.8%; P<0.05). The pregnancy rate was higher when the embryos were transferred into the left oviduct than transferred into the right oviduct (42.9% vs. 35.3%; P<0.05). The pregnancy rate of recipients with $CH_1$ (early) stage corpus hemorrhagicum in ovary was hi틴or than recipient with $CH_3$ (late) stage hemorrhagicum (47.5% vs. 17.9%; P<0.01). Higher pregnancy rates were obtained by transfer of 1-cell stage embryos into oviduct while late blastocysts (51.6% vs. 66.7%; P<0.01) into uterus. The pregnancy rates when 3 embryos were transferred to recipients were significantly higher than when 2 embryos we.e transferred (47.6% vs. 27.0%; P<0.05). Although there were no significant difference among the group, adhesion of reproductive organs, uterine size, ovulation rate of recipients, presence of large follicle and difficulty of transfer affected pregnancy rate of recipient. Higher pregnancy rates were obtained in the recipients with $8{\sim}15m$ diameter uterine horn as compared to the recipients with <5m diameter or >20mm diameter uterine hem (38.9%, 20% vs. 18.2%), in the recipients with large follicle in the ovulated ovary ipsilaterally (53.6% vs. 37.1%) and in the transfer which was carried out easily (39.2% vs. 27.8%, 0%). In conclusion, the high rate of pregnancy was achieved following transfer of pronuclear microinjected embryos when three or four 1-cell stage embryos were transferred into oviduct with $CH_1$ stage corpus hemorrhagicum in the ovary of recipient which came into estrus naturally.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.87-92
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• 2012

A study on estrus synchronized dairy cows using progesterone intravaginal device was done to classify each cow's reproductive status from calving to synchronization and to evaluate the reproductive performance according to ovarian and uterine status, and calving season. From calving to estrus synchronization, silent heat or error of estrus detection among ovarian status and endometritis among uterine disorders were exposed in the most distribution (75.4% and 48.3%, respectively). The pregnancy rate of cows with inactive ovaries was lower than those in the follicular and luteal phase. And according to the uterine status before estrus synchronization, the pregnancy rate was similar in three groups; normal, endometritis, and pyometra (70.9, 69.1 and 100%, respectively). The interval from calving to conception was shorter (p<0.05) in cows calved during autumn than in cows calved during spring and winter.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Developmental Biology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.126-126
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• 2003

유전적으로 우수한 미경산우를 선발하여 조기에 우수한 수정란을 생산하여 이식 후 개량을 촉진한다는 것은 소의 육종개량에서 매우 중요한 일이다. 일반적으로 경산우에 비해 미경산우는 수정란의 생산효율이 떨어진다는 보고가 있다. 최근에는 다배란 처리시 FSH와 Estradiol Benzoate(EB)를 사용하여 다배란처리 효율을 개선하였다는 보고(Matoba 등, 2002)가 있어 EB의 첨가가 미경산우에 있어 수정란 생산 효율을 개선하는 지를 조사하기 위해 60일 간격으로 반복하여 다배란 유기실험을 수행하였다. 공란우는 11 -15개월령의 한우 16두를 평균 90일 주기로 반복 다배란 처리우로 사용하였으며 발정 주기중 황체 중기 소에게 CIDR plus를 질내에 삽입하고 다음날 EB를 근육주사하였으며, 120시간 후 부터 FSH 50mg을 1일 2회, 4일간 주사하고 마지막 날 prostaglandin제제를 25mg 근육주사한 다음에 48, 60시간 후 인공수정을 반복 실시하였다. 인공 수정시는 배란을 촉진하기 위해 GnRH제(콘세랄)을 50mg을 근육주사하였다. (중략)

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Embryo Transfer Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.118-118
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• 2004

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.283-285
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• 2000

현재의 인터넷은 IPv4를 기반으로 하며, CIDR(Classless InterDomain Routing)을 이용하여 IP의 고갈을 막으려고 노력하고 있다. 그러나, 이는 근본적인 대책이 아니기 EOans에 IP는 점차 고갈되어 미래에는 IPv6로 옮겨갈 것으로 보인다. 이렇게 IPv6로 발전함에 따라 IP 주소는 매우 늘어날 수 있으나, source 주소와 destination 주소의 헤더가 커짐에 따라 헤더의 IP 주소를 모두 읽어보는 데에 많은 비용(cost)이 들게 된다. 따라서, ISP들은 MPLS(Multiprotocol Label Switching)를 사용하게 될 것이다. 또한, MPLS는 기존의 IP 주소를 이용한 라우팅은 경로를 찾기 위해 필요이상으로 많은 정보를 요구한다고 보고, 레이블 개념을 도입하여 스위칭해주는 역할을 한다. 이렇게 하면 라우팅을 위해 IPv6로 인하여 더욱 길어진 IP 주소를 요구하지 않고 단지 레이블을 붙임으로 속도를 향상시킬 수 있다. 이러한 환경에서의 이동 IP는 COA를 얻게되면 레이블을 붙여서 목적지까지 전달되게 된다. 이렇게 전달되는 이동 IP에서 COA와 레이블을 합쳐서 하나로 보내는 방식으로 이동 IP의 효율을 높일 수 있다.

• Journal of Scientific & Technological Knowledge Infrastructure
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• s.7
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• pp.141-148
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• 2001

This paper describes a mechanisms for IPv6 multihomming with loadsharing broker, focusing on the interdomain scalability and load sharing with redundancy on IPv6 networks. Unlike currently-practiced IPv4 multihoming, this model does not impact the worldwide routing table size, also it provides inbound load sharing at site level based on router renumbering, and multiple-prefix assigning techniques of IPv6. The proposed model has four modules such as building interfaces MIB module, priority list maintaining module, load detection module, and RRP configuration module.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2004.06a
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• pp.249-249
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate optimal insemination timming as a scanning changes of follicular development by synchronization of ovulation(Ov-synch.) treatment for timed artificial insemination of deer. Sixty-nine elk does were inserted CIDR into virginia for 14 days from 16 to 29 September(breeding season). (omitted)