• 한국초전도저온공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국초전도저온공학회 2001년도 학술대회 논문집
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• pp.41-44
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• 2001

Mechanical test of the Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) composite specimen was performed based on the ASTM code at the ambient and low temperature. Tension, compression in-plane shear, and inter-laminar shear properties of the composite laminates were evaluated experimentally using the Universal Testing Machine(UTM) system at the temperature of $24^{\circ}C$,$-76^{\circ}C$ , and $-196^{\circ}C$. From the test results it was found that the CFRP chosen for the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research(KSTAR) magnet supporting post had smaller tensile strength and larger compressive strength at the low temperature than those of the ambient temperature because of material ductility.

• Advanced Composite Materials
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.121-134
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• 2009

The present study investigated, both experimentally and numerically, the improvement of low-velocity impact damage resistance of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminates due to through-the-thickness stitching. First, we conducted drop-weight impact tests for stitched and unstitched laminates. The results of damage inspection confirmed that stitching did improve the impact damage resistance, and revealed that the improvement effect became greater as the impact energy increased. Moreover, the stitching affected the through-the-thickness damage distribution. Next, we performed FEM analysis and calculated the energy release rate of the delamination crack using the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT). The numerical results revealed that the stitching affected the through-the-thickness damage distribution because the stitch threads had a marked effect on decreasing both the modes I and II energy release rate around the bottom of the laminate. Comparison of the results for models that contained delaminations of various sizes revealed that the energy release rate became lower as delamination size increased; therefore the stitching improved the impact resistance more effectively when the impact energy was higher.

• Advanced Composite Materials
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.45-61
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• 2007

This paper describes a damage accumulation mechanism in cross-ply CFRP laminates $[0_2/90_2]_{2S}$ subjected to out-of-plane loading. Drop-weight impact and static indentation tests were carried out, and induced damage was observed by ultrasonic C-scan and an optical microscope. Both tests gave essentially the same results for damage modes, sizes, and load-deformation history. First, a crack occurred in the bottom $0^{\circ}$ layer accompanying some delamination along the crack caused by bending stress. Then, transverse cracks occurred in the middle $90^{\circ}$ layer with decreasing contact force between the specimen and the indenter. Measured local strains near the impact point showed that the stress state changed from a bending dominant state to an in-plane tensile dominant state. A cohesive interface element was used to simulate the propagation of multiple delaminations and transverse cracks under static indentation. Two types of analytical models are considered, one with multiple delaminations and the other with both multiple delaminations and transverse cracks. The damage obtained for the model with only multiple delaminations was quite different from that obtained from the experiment. However, the results obtained from the model with both delaminations and transverse cracks well explain the characteristics of the damage obtained in the experiment. The existence of the transverse cracks is essential to form the characteristic impact damage.

• Advanced Composite Materials
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.151-166
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• 2007

High-cycle fatigue characteristics of quasi-isotropic carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminates [-45/0/45/90]s up to $10^8$ cycles were investigated. To assess the fatigue behavior in the high-cycle region, fatigue tests were conducted at a frequency of 100 Hz, since it is difficult to investigate the fatigue characteristics in high-cycle at 5 Hz. Then, the damage behavior of the specimen was observed with a microscope, soft X-ray photography and a 3D ultrasonic inspection system. In this study, to evaluate quantitative characteristics of both transverse crack propagation and delamination growth in the high-cycle region, the energy release rate associated with damage growth in the width direction was calculated. Transverse crack propagation and delamination growth in the width direction were evaluated based on a modified Paris law approach. The results revealed that transverse crack propagation delayed under the test conditions of less than ${\sigma}_{max}/{\sigma}_b$ = 0.3 of the applied stress level.

• Composites Research
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.42-53
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• 2000

차세대 항공기소재로 관심을 가지고 있는 Al 7075/CFRP 적층 복합재인 CARALL(CARbon ALuminum Laminates)하이브리드 복합소재 제조를 위한 중요조건중의 하나인 Al 표면처리조건과 경화방법에 대해 조사하였다. 항공기용 Al 전처리 중 대표적인 것으로 증기탈지, 크롬산 양극산화 피막처리, 황산-중크롬산 나트륨 에칭처리 및 인산 양극산화 피막처리공정이 있다. 본 실험에서는 상기 전처리 공정을 모두 항공 규격에 준해서 실시하여 Lap shear 및 Bell peel strength를 비교함으로써 효과적인 접착강도를 나타내는 표면처리 공정을 찾아내고, 시편의 자연표면상태를 그대로 관찰할 수 있는 AFM(Atomic Force Microscope)장비를 이용하여 각 전처리 시편의 표면형상을 측정함으로써 표면형상과 접착강도와의 상관관계를 고찰 하였다. 그리고 Al 표면처리와 별도로 Al과 접착제 및 탄소섬유 프리프레그를 동시에 경화시키는 방법과 탄소섬유 프리프레그를 미리 경화시킨후 다시 Al과 탄소섬유 라미네이트를 접착필름을 이용하여 재 접착시키는 이차 경화법을 적용하여 상호 접착강도 및 물성을 비교하였다. 또한 이차경화법에서의 오토클레이브 압력 변화와 DMA(Dynamic Mechanical Analysis) 장비를 이용한 접착필름의 유리전이온도($T_g$) 측정을 통해 효과적인 공정압력 및 접착내구성 유지에 필요한 최소 경화시간을 파악하였다. 상기 결과로부터 정밀 치수관리가 필요하며 고접착강도, 내구성 항공기 부품을 제작하기 위한 알루미늄 표면처리 공정과 복합재 경화공정 조건을 제시하고자 하였다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.121-127
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• 2013

최근 경량 자전거에 대한 요구가 지속적으로 증가함에 따라 탄소섬유 복합재료가 자전거 프레임 및 부품 제작에 널리 활용되고 있다. 복합재료는 일반적인 등방성 재료와는 달리 적층판의 방향과 순서에 따라 그 구조적인 특성이 변화하기 때문에 복합재료 자전거의 디자인을 검증하기 위해서는 구조 해석을 수행하는 것이 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 CFRP 소재를 적용하여 자전거 프레임을 설계하였고, 유한요소해석을 통하여 그 구조적 성능을 분석하였다. 다양한 적층 순서와 하중조건 하에서 섬유와 매트릭스의 파손지수를 측정함으로써 복합재의 적층 조건이 자전거의 구조 강도에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 또한 취약 부분은 추가적인 복합재 적층판을 이용하여 보강함으로써 자전거 프레임의 구조적 안전성을 확보할 수 있었다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제38권11호
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• pp.1239-1243
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• 2014

탄소섬유 강화플라스틱은 비강도, 비강성이 크고, 높은 감쇠 특성과 중량감소 측면에서 우수한 특성을 나타낸다. 그러나 탄소섬유 강화플라스틱은 재료의 적층각 또는 적층 순서에 따라 기계적 특성 차이가 크다. 또한 인장과 굽힘과 같은 하중을 받을 때 금속과 달리 파괴 예측이 어렵다. 본 연구에서는 최근 실생활에 밀접한 휴대용 스마트기기에 CFRP 적용을 위한 외부 충격에 정형화, 최적화 설계방식을 제시하고자 한다. CFRP 를 적층각도별 기계적 특성을 얻고자 인장실험을 하였고, 각 적층각도별 체결 특성을 얻고자 판에 탭 가공 후 토크 측정기를 이용하여 풀림 토크와 체결토크를 측정하였다. 위 두 실험에 비교 분석하여 최적의 조건을 찾고자 한다. 인장실험에서 적층각이 Woven 시편에서 강도와 강성 값이 가장 우수하였다. 또한 복합재료에서는 기지와 적층배열 때문에 풀림방지 코팅나사의 효과를 보기 힘들다. [$0_8/+45_2/-45_2/90_8$]s 에서 체결력이 가장 우수했으나, 인장응력이 상대적으로 낮았다. 핸드폰에 적용을 위해 인장 특성과 체결력을 모두 충족하는 최적의 시편은 Woven 이다.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.566-576
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• 2003

Carbon-fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) composite laminates often possess strong in-plane elastic anisotropy attributable to the fiber orientation and layup sequence. The layup orientation thus greatly influences its properties in a composite laminate. It could result in the part being rejected or discarded if the layup orientation of a ply is misaligned. A nondestructive technique would be very beneficial, which could be used to test the part after curing and to require less time than the optical test. In this paper, ultrasonic scanners were set out for different measurement modalities for acquiring ultrasonic signals as a function of in-plane azimuthal angle. The motorized scanner was built first for making transmission measurements using a pair of normal-incidence shear wave transducers. Another scanner was then built fer the acousto-ultrasonic configuration using contact transducers. A ply-by-ply vector decomposition model has been developed, simplified, and implemented for composite laminates fabricated from unidirectional plies. We have compared the test results with model data. It is found that strong agreement are shown between tests and the model developed in characterizing cured layups of the laminates.

• Advanced Composite Materials
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.57-73
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• 2008

The present paper focuses on experimental verification of the ply-by-ply basis inelastic analysis of multidirectional laminates. First of all, rate dependence of the tensile behavior of balanced symmetric cross-ply T800H/epoxy laminates with a $[0/90]_{3S}$ lay-up under off-axis loading conditions at $100^{\circ}C$ is examined. Uniaxial tension tests are performed on plain coupon specimens with various fiber orientations $[{\theta}/(90-{\theta})]_{3S}$ ($\theta$ = 0, 5, 15, 45 and $90^{\circ}C$) at two different strain rates (1.0 and 0.01%/min). The off-axis stress.strain curves exhibit marked nonlinearity for all the off-axis fiber orientations except for the on-axis fiber orientations $\theta$ = 0 and $90^{\circ}$, regardless of the strain rates. Strain rate has significant influences not only on the off-axis flow stress in the regime of nonlinear response but also on the apparent off-axis elastic modulus in the regime of initial linear response. A macromechanical constitutive model based on a ply viscoplasticity model and the classical laminated plate theory is applied to predictions of the rate-dependent off-axis nonlinear behavior of the cross-ply CFRP laminate. The material constants involved by the ply viscoplasticity model are identified on the basis of the experimental results on the unidirectional laminate of the same carbon/epoxy system. It is demonstrated that good agreements between the predicted and observed results are obtained by taking account of the fiber rotation induced by deformation as well as the rate dependence of the initial Young's moduli.

• Advances in materials Research
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.375-390
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• 2022

Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composite provides outstanding mechanical capabilities and is therefore popular in the automotive and aerospace industries. Drilling is a common final production technique for composite laminates however, drilling high-strength composite laminates is extremely complex and challenging. The delamination of composites during the drilling at the entry and exit of the hole has a severe impact on the results of the holes surface and the material properties. The major goal of this research is to investigate contemporary industry solutions for drilling CFRP composites: enhanced edge geometries of cutting tools. This study examined the occurrence of delamination at the entry and exit of the hole during the drilling. For each of the 80°, 90°, and 118°point angle uncoated Brad point, Dagger, and Twist solid carbide drills, Taguchi design of experiments were undertaken. Cutting parameters included three variable cutting speeds (100-125-150 m/min) and feed rates (0.1-0.2-0.3 mm/rev). Brad point drills induced less delamination than dagger and twist drills, according to the research, and the best cutting parameters were found to be a combination of maximum cutting speed, minimum feed rate, and low drill point angle (V:150 m/min, f: 0.1 mm/rev, θ: 80°). The feed rate was determined to be the most efficient factor in preventing hole entry and exit delamination using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Regression analysis was used to create first-degree mathematical models for each cutting tool's entrance and exit delamination components. The results of optimization, mathematical modelling, and experimental tests are thought to be reasonably coherent based on the information obtained.