• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.295-303
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• 2005

밀어의 성적 이형과 수컷 사이의 이형에 대하여, 2005년 5월에 강원도 춘천시 서면 오월리의 지암천에서 채집한 개체군을 대상으로 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. Female과 maleL의 체장 분포와 성비는 거의 유사하였으나 males는 40 mm이하의 개체들이 대부분으로 female과 maleL에 비하여 소형 개체들이었으며, maleL : maleS의 비는 1 : 0.46이었다. Female(N=79)과 maleL(N=79)의 계측형질 중 18개 형질(SNL, AHD, PHD, ML, DL, MW, AHW, IFW, PHW, ED, HL, FDFL, SDFB, CFL, AFB, VFL, PFL, PFB)에서 유의한 차이(P<0.05)가 인정되었으며, 이들 중 SNL, AHD, ML, DL, MW, AHW, IFW, PHW, HL, FDFL, CFL, PFB 등 12개 형질은 현저한 차이(P<0.001)를 나타내었다. Female(N=36)과 maleS(N=36)의 비교 결과 8개 형질(SNL, ML, DL, MW, HL, CR, VFL, PFL)에서 유의한 차이(P<0.05)가 인정되었으며, 이들중 ML, DL, HL 등 3개의 측정 형질에서는 현저한 차이(P<0.001)가 있었다. Male(N=36)과 maleS(N=36)의 측정 형질 중 SNL, AHD, PHD, ML, DL, MW, AHW, IFW, PHW, HL, FDFL 등 모두 11개 형질에서 유의한 차이(P<0.05)가 인정되었으며, 11개 형질 중 ML., DL, MW, AHW, HL, FDFL 등 6개 형질은 큰 차이(P<0.001)가 있었다.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.384-394
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• 2021

Objective: To quantitatively assess biochemical alterations in the cartilage of the subtalar and midtarsal joints in chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI) patients with isolated anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) injuries and combined calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) injuries using MRI T2 mapping. Materials and Methods: This study was performed according to regulations of the Committee for Human Research at our institution, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Forty CLAI patients (26 with isolated ATFL injuries and 14 with combined ATFL and CFL injuries) and 25 healthy subjects were recruited for this study. All participants underwent MRI scans with T2 mapping. Patients were assessed with the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) rating system. The subtalar and midtarsal joints were segmented into 14 cartilage subregions. The T2 value of each subregion was measured from T2 mapping images. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, the Student's t test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: T2 values of most subregions of the subtalar joint and the calcaneal facet of the calcaneocuboid joint in CLAI patients with combined CFL injuries were higher than those in healthy controls (all p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in T2 values in subtalar and midtarsal joints between patients with isolated ATFL injuries and healthy controls (all p > 0.05). Moreover, T2 values of the medial talar subregions of the posterior subtalar joint in patients with combined CFL injuries showed negative correlations with the AOFAS scores (r = -0.687, p = 0.007; r = -0.609, p = 0.021, respectively). Conclusion: CLAI with combined CFL injuries can lead to cartilage degeneration in subtalar and calcaneocuboid joints, while an isolated ATFL injury might not have a significant impact on the cartilage in these joints.

• Journal of international Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.162-168
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• 2014

Use of nonlinear loads, such as power converters, fluorescent lamps and adjustable speed motor drives, is expected to grow rapidly. All of these loads inject harmonic currents. This paper presents the active filtering of the harmonic distortion generated by the compact fluorescent lamps (CFL). The Instantaneous active and reactive power theory (the p-q Theory) is used to design the control of parallel active filter. The control scheme has been verified using Matlab/Simulink with SimPower Systems through a set of simulation tests under different load conditions. Also, the tuning of the active power filter is performed to improve the quality of the electrical power supply.

• Interaction and multiscale mechanics
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.111-121
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• 2010

Dynamic analysis of nano/micro bio-sensors based on a multiscale atomistic/continuum theory is introduced. We use a generalized atomistic finite element method (GAFEM) to analyze a bio-sensor which has $3{\times}N_a{\times}N_p$ degrees of freedom, where $N_p$ is the number of representative unit cells and $N_a$ is the number of atoms per unit cell. The stiffness matrix is derived from interatomic potential between pairs of atoms. This work contains two studies: (1) the resonance analysis of nano bio-sensors with different amount of target analyte and (2) the dependence of resonance frequency on finite element mesh. We also examine the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) condition based on the highest resonance frequency. The CFL condition is the criterion for the time step used in the dynamic analysis by GAFEM. Our studies can be utilized to predict the performance of micro/nano bio-sensors from atomistic perspective.

• 식물병연구
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.116-120
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• 2003

참다래 잎으로부터 궤양병균인 Pseudomnoas syringae pv. actinidiae를 배양하여 PCR을 통해 검출하는 방법을 개발하였다. Nested PCR을 위해 두 set의 primer를 식물 독소인 coronatine의 생합성에 관여하는 유전자 cfl의 염기서열로부터 설계하였다. 이 primer set를 사용하여 665rhk 310-bp의 절편이 증폭되었으며 nested PCR을 통한 궤양병균의 검출한계는 20 CFU/ml이었다. 4 그루의 참다래 나무로부터 노란색 무리로 나타나는 궤양병 초기 증상을 보이는 잎을 채취하여 pepton-sucrose 액체배지에 넣어 $16^{\circ}$C에서 12시간 배양 한뒤 PCR 을 시행한 결과 한 시료에서 예상했던 밴드가 증폭되었고 이듬해 봄 이 나무가 궤양병에 감염되었음을 확인하였다.

• 대기
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.331-341
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• 2023

A numerical forecasting models usually predict future states by performing time integration considering fixed static time-steps. A time-step that is too long can cause model instability and failure of forecast simulation, and a time-step that is too short can cause unnecessary time integration calculations. Thus, in numerical models, the time-step size can be determined by the CFL (Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy)-condition, and this condition acts as a necessary condition for finding a numerical solution. A static time-step is defined as using the same fixed time-step for time integration. On the other hand, applying a different time-step for each integration while guaranteeing the stability of the solution in time advancement is called an adaptive time-step. The adaptive time-step algorithm is a method of presenting the maximum usable time-step suitable for each integration based on the CFL-condition for the adaptive time-step. In this paper, the adaptive time-step algorithm is applied for the Korean Integrated Model (KIM) to determine suitable parameters used for the adaptive time-step algorithm through the monthly verifications of 10-day simulations (during January and July 2017) at about 12 km resolution. By comparing the numerical results obtained by applying the 25 second static time-step to KIM in Supercomputer 5 (Nurion), it shows similar results in terms of forecast quality, presents the maximum available time-step for each integration, and improves the calculation efficiency by reducing the number of total time integrations by 19%.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.171-179
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• 2016

This study analyzes guidelines to select optimum number of grids to represent behavior of a given water system appropriately. The EFDC model was chosen as a 3-D hydrodynamic and water quality model and salt was chosen as a surrogate variable of pollutant. The model is applied to an artificial canal that receives salt water from coastal area and fresh water from a river from respective gate according to previously developed gate operation rule. Grids are subdivided in vertical and horizontal (longitudinal) directions, respectively until no significant changes are found in salinity concentrations. The optimum grid size was determined by comparing errors in average salt concentrations between a test grid systems against the most complicated grid system. MSE (mean squared error) and MAE (mean absolute error) are used to compare errors. The CFL (Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy) number was used to determine the optimum number of grid systems for the study site though it can be used when explicit numerical method is applied only. This study suggests errors seem acceptable when both MSE and MAE are less than unity approximately.

• 대한전자공학회논문지TC
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• 제44권10호
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• pp.178-184
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• 2007

공간상의 전자파 전파에서 모든 각도에서 동일한 전송속도를 갖는 ADI-FDTD 해석방법을 제안한다. 이는 기존의 ADI-FDTD 방법에서 시간 간격의 2차항에 x, y 에 공간 미분이 곱해진 항을 추가하고, 이에 대한 최적의 상수를 구하여 구현 하였다. 새로운 ADI-FDTD 는 CFL 안정도 조건을 초과하는 시간 간격에 대해서도 안정적인 특성을 나타낸다. 이 방법에 대한 분산 관계식을 구한 후 이를 수치적인 결과와 비교하여 제안하는 방법이 기존의 방법에 비해서 나타나는 장점, 즉 등방성 전파 및 수치적 오차의 감소를 수치적 예를 통하여 검증하였다.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.166-176
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• 2018

This paper presents a numerical sensitivity analysis for the simulation of the motion performance of an offshore structure in waves using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Starting with 2D wave simulations with varying numerical parameters such as grid spacing and CFL value, proper numerical conditions were found for accurate wave propagation that avoids numerical diffusion problems. These results were mapped on 2D error distributions of wave amplitude and wave length against the numbers of grids per wave length and per wave height under a given CFL condition. Finally, the 2D numerical sensitivity result was validated through CFD simulation of the motion of a FPSO in waves showing good accuracy in motion RAOs compared with existing potential flow solutions.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.151-159
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• 1992

근거리 사진측량에서 정오차의 보정은 정확도 향상에 중요한 영향을 미치며, 특히 비측량용사진기를 정밀측량에 이용하기 위해서는 정오차에 대한 보정이 선행되어야 한다. 이를 위해 비측량용사진기에 지표를 설치하고 collimator검정방법에 의해 렌즈의 PPS, PPA, EFL, CFL 및 각 상한별 렌즈의 방사방향 왜곡계수를 구하였고, plumb line 검정방법에 의해서도 렌즈의 방사방향 및 접선방향에 대한 왜곡계수를 구하여 정오차 보정을 효율적으로 시도하였다. 이 검정된 비측량용사진기를 이용하여 근접사진측량을 실시하고, 정오차를 보정하므로써 정확도 향상을 꾀할 수 있었다.