• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
• /
• 2001.05a
• /
• pp.136-136
• /
• 2001

CFC-113 (1, 1, 2-trichloro-1, 2, 2-trifluoro ethane )과 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane은 여러 산업체에서 세정제로서 광범위하게 사용되었으나, 오존층 파괴물질로서 규제함으로써, 대체 세정제의 사용이 불가피하게 되었다. 대체 세정제는 세정성, 경제성 및 안전성을 평가하여 선정하는데, 최근 환경에 대한 관심의 증가로 세정제가 인체 건강 및 환경에 미치는 독성을 평가하는 안전성 평가에 대한 중요성이 부각되고 있다. (중략)

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.533-541
• /
• 2005

Non-aqueous cleaning agents were formulated with 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFEA) and hydrofluoroether (HFE), and their physical properties and cleaning abilities were examined. TFEA-based aqueous cleaning agents were also formulated with nonionic surfactants, hydrotropes and builders, and their cleaning abilities were compared. Possibilities of these cleaning agents as substitutes for CFC-113 and 1,1,1-TCE were finally evaluated. In this work, fluxes, cutting oils, greases, and fluoric oils were selected as model contaminants for cleaning experiments. These contaminants have different properties of water-solubility or hydrophilicity, and fat-solubility or lypophilicity. Cleaning abilities of TFEA-based cleaning agents were analyzed and compared through the measurement of contaminant weight changes as a function of cleaning time, and their possibilities as alternative cleaning agents were evaluated. As a result, it was shown that TFEA and HFE-based non-aqueous cleaning agents have quite a good cleaning power for fluxes and fluorine soils but low one for greases. And TFEA-based agueous cleaning agents which consisted of nonionic surfactants, hydrotrope, and builders were very effective for cleaning fluxes and greases under certain formulation conditions. Thus, it was revealed that the TFEA-based cleaning agents were very effective for cleaning specific contaminants and can be used as substitutes for CFC-113 and 1,1,1-TCE in some industrial applications.

• Clean Technology
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.129-139
• /
• 2005

Fluoride-type cleaning agents such as TFEA (2,2,2-trifluoroethanol) and HFE (hydrofluoroether) are noticed to be next generation cleaning agents alternative to CFCs since they do not destruct ozones in the stratosphere due to no containment of chloride in the molecule, have lower global warming potential compared to HFCs and HCFCs, and are thermally stable compounds. Thus, the physical properties and cleaning agents were measured and compared with those of CFC-113, 1,1,1-TCE and HCFC-141b which are ozone destruction substances. They were also compared and evaluated with those of IPA and methanol which are currently employing as alternative cleaning agents. And TFEA-based cleaning agents consisted of TFEA and alcohols or HFEs were formulated, their physical properties and cleaning abilities were measured and their utilization as alternative cleaning agents was evaluated. As a result, TFEA and HFEs have lower cleaning ability for their removal of various soils compared to chloride-type cleaning agents, but theyshow excellent cleaning ability for Fluoride-type soils. And it is observed that the formulated cleaning agents of TFEA and alcohols or HFEs caused to increase cleaning ability of flux and unsoluble cutting oil more than 100% compared to their individual component. Therefore, the fluoride-type cleaning agents are expected to be utilized for development of environmental-friendly non aqueous cleaning agents with excellent cleaning ability if they are formulated with proper solvents or additives.

• The Magazine of the Society of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineers of Korea
• /
• v.31 no.7
• /
• pp.65-70
• /
• 2002

지구의 오존층을 보호하기 위한 몬트리올 의정서가 1987년 채택된 이후 오존층 파괴물질의 사용이 점차 감소되고 있다. 선진국의 경우 1995년 말부터 CFC냉매의 생산을 전폐하였고, HCFC냉매의 경우는 2020년 전폐를 목표로 대체냉매를 이용한 응용 기술개발 및 제품 생산이 진행되고 있다. 가정용 냉장고 및 차량용 에어컨에는 R-12의 대체냉매로 R-134a가 도입되었으며, 유럽을 중심으로 냉장고에는 HC계 냉매인 R-600a도 대체냉매로 사용되고 있다. 가정용 에어컨에는 혼합냉매인 R-407c 와 R-410a가 R-22 냉매를 대체하여 적용되고 있다. 그러나 현재, CFC및 HCFC 대체 냉매로 많이 사용되고 있는 HFC계 냉매도 지구 온난화 지수가 대단히 큰 문제를 가지고 있다. 1997년 채택된 교토의 정서에는 HFC계 냉매가 온실효과가 가스 배출규제물질에 포함되어 있다. 이에 따라서 오존층의 파괴지수가 영이고 지구온난화지수도 거의 없는 자연냉매가 주목을 받게 되었으며, 자연 냉매의 하나인 이산화탄소 ($CO_2$R744) 냉매의 응용기술 및 제품개발 연구가 선진국을 중심으로 폭넓게 진행되고 잇다. 본고에서는 $CO_2$냉매의 일반적인 특성을 간단히 소개하고 일본에서 진행되고 있는 $CO_2$냉매를 적용한 급탕시스템의 제품개발 및 시장현황에 대해서 기술하기로 한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Industrial Safety Conference
• /
• 2000.11a
• /
• pp.118-123
• /
• 2000

화재에 대한 소화방법으로서는 점화원의 냉각, 산화제 농도의 감소에 의한 화염의 질식 및 제거소화와 부촉매를 이용한 소화법이 있다. 이중 냉각소화방법은 주로 물을 사용하여 화재를 진압하고 있으나, 유류화재와 전기화재 등에서는 물보다 할론소화약제가 효과적으로 사용되어 왔다. 그러나 할론 등 CFC 계통의 소화약제는 환경오염물질을 내포하며, 지구온난화지수와 오존파괴지수 등이 높아 전세계적으로 그 사용이 중단되고 있다. 이에 대한 대체 기술의 하나로 최근에 관심이 고조되기 시작한 소화기술은 분무 노즐을 이용한 미세물분무(water mist) 소화설비이다.(중략)

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Industrial Safety Conference
• /
• 2002.05a
• /
• pp.217-220
• /
• 2002

할론 등 CFC 계통의 소화약제는 환경오염물질을 내포하며, 지구온난화지수와 오존파괴지수 등이 높아 전세계적으로 그 사용이 중단되고 있다 또한, IMO의 SOLAS Chapter II-2에서는 소화설비에 대한 규정으로 할론소화장치의 새로운 설치를 금지하고 있으며, 2002년 7월 1일 이전에 건조된 2,000톤 이상의 현존 여객선은 기관실 전체를 방호하는 고정식 수계국소방출소화설비를 설치하여야 한다고 규정하고 있다. 이에 대체소화기술의 하나로 관심을 끌며 연구되기 시작한 소화방법이 미세물분무노즐을 이용한 소화설비이다.(중략)

• Proceedings of the Korea Society for Energy Engineering kosee Conference
• /
• 1999.11a
• /
• pp.217-223
• /
• 1999

CFC는 상온, 상압에서의 낮은 열전도도(0.0084W/mK)로 인하여 단열재의 충전 및 발포 기체로 널리 사용되고 있으나, 지구 온난화 및 오존층 파괴의 원인 중의 하나이므로 향후 그 사용이 금지될 예정이다. 이에 대체 물질의 개발과 병행하여 단열재의 새로운 패러다임으로 진공 패널이 제시되었다. 이론적으로는 고진공일수록 단열효과가 뛰어나지만, 고진공 패널은 유지비용이 매우 비싸서 상용화에는 어려움이 있다.(중략)

• Clean Technology
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.143-150
• /
• 2007

The objective of this study is to develop hydrocarbon-based cleaning agents by blending paraffins, glycol ethers and siloxanes in oder to effectively clean contaminants such as flux, solder and grease. And the effect of cleaning ability by wetting index, aniline points and solubility parameter of the formulated hydrocarbon-based cleaning agents were studied in this work. The formulated hydrocarbon-based cleaning agents were prepared on the base of physical properties of their individual components. Wetting indexes and aniline points of their were measured through experiments and solubility parameters of their were calculated based on the Hansen's equation. In this study, evaluation of cleaning ability by cleaning agents were carried out using contaminants such as flux, solder, and grease. The experimental results showed that the cleaning ability of the formulated cleaning agents was excellent in cleaning contaminants such as flux, solder and grease and that the influencing parameters on their cleaning efficiency were found to be different according to contaminant types. MC($20.3MPa^{1/2}$), DF-1 ($24.2MPa^{1/2}$) and DF-2($21.5MPa^{1/2}$) with similar solubility parameter as flux ($21.3MPa^{1/2}$) showed 100% cleaning efficiency within 3 minutes in flux cleaning. And CFC-113, MC and 1,1,1-TCE with low aniline point less than $-20^{\circ}C$ showed excellent cleaning efficiency in solder cleaning. DG-1($16.2\;MPa^{1/2}$) and DG-2($15.5\;MPa^{1/2}$) with similar solubility parameter as grease($15.0{\sim}17.0\;MPa^{1/2}$) showed relatively low cleaning efficiency of grease, but CFC-113 and MC with high wetting index and low aniline point showed good cleaning efficiency in grease cleaning. As a result of this study, the hydrocarbon-based cleaning agents alternative to regulated cleaning agents such as CFC-113, 1,1,1-TCE and MC were able to be developed through properly blending paraffins, glycol ethers and siloxanes for cleaning flux, solder and grease. And it can be shown that various influencing parameters of cleaning efficiency such as wetting index, aniline point, solubility parameter and etc. of the non-aqueous cleaning agent should be reviewed for prediction of their cleaning ability and can be applied to formulation of cleaning agents.

• Clean Technology
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.36-46
• /
• 1997

CFC and organic chlorine solvents has been used in the fine machinery and electronics industries for a long time since they have various excellent properties as cleaning agents. However, it is inevitable that alternative cleaning agents should be used since CFC and organic chlorine solvents were identified as ozone-depleting chemicals. There are various alternative cleaning agents. Among them, aqueous/semi-aqueous cleaning agents are environmentally friendly and promising in the long term. And their use and developement are on the increase in advanced countries, but few in our countries. In this paper, the charactistics and major components aqueous/semi-aqueous cleaning agents are analyzed and compared. And various cleaning equipments for aqueous/semi-aqueous cleaning agents such as immersion cleaner, ultronsonic cleaners, power spray cleaner, and vibration or rotational cleaners are compared and evaluated. Finally, important consideration points for selction of a cleaning system are analyzed and suggested in this paper.

• Clean Technology
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.9-21
• /
• 2003

CFC-113 and 1,1,1-TCE which are ozone destruction substances are not used any more in the advanced countries because of Montreal protocol. MC and TCE are now used restrictively at small part of industrial fields in most of countries since they are known to be hazardous or carcinogenic materials. Thus, it is indispensible that the alternative cleaning agents which are environmental-friendly and safe, and show good cleaning ability should be developed or utilized for replacement of the halogenated cleaning agents. Aqueous cleaning agents are evaluated to be promising alternative ones among various alternatives in environmental and economical view point. This study has been carried out as a part of development program of aqueous cleaning agent. First of all, several types of surfactants which are the most important component in aqueous cleaning agents were chosen, and the physical properties, foaming ability, cleaning ability and oil-water separation efficiency of their aqueous solutions were measured and compared for selection of proper type of surfactant in aqueous cleaning agents.