• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.1579-1584
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• 2002

Twelve adult male crossbred (Sahiwal${\times}$Holstein Friesian) cattle were distributed into four groups of three each on body weight basis. Animals were given wheat straw as a basal diet. The animals of group I and II were supplemented with concentrate mixture and animals of group III and IV were supplemented with cold processed urea molasses mineral block (UMMB). Thirty mg monensin/day/animal was supplemented to the animals of group II and 35 ppm monensin were incorporated in the UMMB supplemented to the animals of group IV. Vit.A and D mixture was given to all the animals once a week. Dry matter (DM) intake (kg/d) through wheat straw was 19.0 percent higher in the UMMB (without monensin) supplemented group (group III) than those of the concentrate mixture (without monensin) supplemented group i.e. group I. Total DM intake (kg/d) was lower in the monensin supplemented groups than those of non-supplemented groups though differences were not statistically significant. Digestible dry matter, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) intake were similar in all the groups. Average block consumption for 45 d period in the group III (0.95 kg/d) and group IV (0.84 kg/d) did not differ significantly. DM digestibility (%) was significantly (p<0.01) higher in the group II (58.9) as compared to the group I (52.7) and group III (54.0) but similar to the group IV (57.2). OM digestibility was also significantly (p<0.05) higher in the group II (63.2) as compared to that of the group I (54.9) but similar to the group III (57.8) and IV (59.2). Ether extract (EE) digestibility was significantly (p<0.01) higher in the group I (76.9) and II (80.3) as compared to the group III (59.87) and IV (55.77). Nitrogen free extract (NFE) digestibility was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the group II (62.38) as compared to that of the other groups. Crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) digestibilities were not affected either due to UMMB or monensin. Nitrogen balance did also not differ significantly among the groups. However, Ca and P balance (g/d) in the group III (3.1, 1.3) and IV (3.0, 1.4) were significantly (p<0.01) higher than those of the group I (0.6, 0.2) and II (0.4, 0.3). Blood glucose (mg/100ml) was significantly (p<0.01) higher in the group II (65.2) and IV (65.2) as compared to the group I (55.2) and group III (53.9). Plasma urea-N level (mg/100 ml) in the group III (19.0) and IV (17.8) were significantly (p<0.01) higher than that of the group I (10.5) and II (12.3). So, monensin supplementation either with cold process UMMB or concentrate mixture did not show any additional effect on feed intake and digestibility but increases blood glucose level in adult cattle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.522-527
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• 2002

The experiment was conducted for a period of 56 days with twelve Bangladeshi bull calves of average body weight of $127.20{\pm}11.34$ kg. The calves were divided into 3 groups having 4 animals in each. The animals were fed urea-treated rice straw designated as A) 4% urea-treated rice straw, B) 4% urea+4% soybean-treated rice straw and C) 4% urea+6% soybean-treated rice straw. In addition, all the animals were supplied 2 kg green grass, 350 g Til-oil-cake and 100 g common salt per 100 kg body weight of animals. Straw was treated with 4% urea solution and soybean meal at 4 and 6% were added to treated straw and kept for 48 h in double layer polythene bags under anaerobic condition. Urea treatment improved crude protein (CP) content of rice straw from 2.68 to 8.70% and it was further increased by 10.74 and 12.12% with the addition of 4 and 6% soybean meal. Dry matter (DM) intake (kg) was higher (p<0.05) in C (4.2) followed by B (4.1) and A (4.0). Crude protein intake was significantly higher (p<0.05) in group B and C than group A. Total live weight gains were 20.2, 24.8 and 25.6 kg for calves of group A, B and C respectively (p<0.01). The addition of soybean meal to treated rice straw did not affect the coefficients of digestibility of DM, OM, EE and NFE. However, CP and CF digestibility were significantly higher in group B and C (p<0.05). The values for digestible crude protein (DCP), digestible ether extract (DEE), digestible nitrogen free extract (DNFE) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in diet C and B in comparison to diet A, but there were no significant difference in digestible organic matter (DOM) and digestible crude fibre (DCF) value among the groups. It may be concluded that 4% urea treated rice straw can be fed to growing bull calves with 2 kg green grass and a small quantity of concentrate without any adverse effect on feed intake and growth. Moreover, soybean meal at 4 and 6% can be added to urea treated rice straw at the time of treatment for rapid hydrolyzing of urea, which resulted an improvement in nutrient digestibility and better utilization of rice straw for growth of growing bull calves.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.92-92
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• 2017

Bakanae disease is one of the most serious and oldest problems of rice production, which was first described in 1828 in Japan. This disease has also been identified in Asia, Africa, North America, and Italy. Germinating rice seeds in seed boxes for mechanical transplantation has caused many problems associated with diseases, including bakanae disease. Bakanae disease has become a serious problem in the breeding of hybrid rice, which involves the increased use of raising plants in seed beds. The indica rice variety Shingwang was selected as resistant donor to bakanae disease. One hundred sixty nine NILs, YR28297 ($BC_6F_4$) generated by five backcrosses of Shingwang with the genetic background of susceptible japonica variety, Ilpum were used for QTL analysis. Rice bakanae disease pathogen, CF283, was mainly used in this study and inoculation and evaluation of bakanae disease was performed with the method of the large-scale screening method developed by Kim et al. (2014). SSR markers evenly distributed in the entire rice chromosomes were selected from the Gramene database (http://www.gramene.org), and the polymorphic markers were used for frame mapping of a $BC_5F_5$ resistant line. Here, we developed 168 near-isogenic rice lines (NILs, $BC_6F_4$) to locate a QTL for resistance against bakanae disease. The lines were derived from a cross between Shingwang, a highly resistant variety (indica), and Ilpum, a highly susceptible variety (japonica). The 24 markers representing the Shingwang allele in a bakanae disease-resistant NIL, YR24982-9-1 (parental line of the $BC_6F_4$ NILs), were located on chromosome 1, 2, 7, 8, 10, 11, and 12. Single marker analysis using an SSR marker, RM9, showed that a major QTL was located on chromosome 1. The QTL explained 65 % of the total phenotype variation in $BC_6F_4$ NILs. The major QTL designated qBK1 was mapped in 91 kb region between InDel15 and InDel21. The identification of qBK1 and the closely linked SSR marker, InDel18, could be useful for improving rice bakanae disease resistance in marker-assisted breeding.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.1309-1314
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• 2003

Growth performance, nutrient digestibility and changes in caecal fermentation pattern was studied on four groups of 8 grower rabbits (soviet chinchilla) each, fed on diets containing 17 to 18% CP and $10.4-11.00MJ\;DE\;kg^{-1}$ feed. The complete diets contained mulberry leaves along with other feed ingredients at 0 (LH), 15 (ML15), 30 (ML30) and 45% (ML45) levels. In LH diet ground lucerne hay was added at 15% of the diet as roughage source. The diets were uniform in other nutritional parameters except the higher amount of hemicellulose (18.7 and 16.5%) in LH and ML15 diets. The performance of grower rabbits was better (p<0.05) on LH and ML15 diets in terms of twelve weeks weight (kg), total gain (g), average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (%). Different levels of mulberry leaves in the diet did not influence the dry matter intake. Digestibility of nutrients for DM, OM, CP, NDF and energy was uniform in all the diets but the digestibility of CF, ADF and cellulose was higher (p<0.01) on ML15, ML30 and ML 45 diets. The hemicellulose digestibility was significantly higher (p<0.01) on LH (44.52%) and ML15 (48.00%) compared to ML30 (33.54%) and ML 45 (39.17%) diets. The nitrogen retention (% of intake) was higher (p<0.05) in LH and ML15 diets than ML30 and ML45 diets. The caecum weight as percent of intestine weight consistently increased (p<0.05) with increasing content of mulberry leaves in diets. Total nitrogen and $NH_3$-N was higher on LH and ML15 diets. It is concluded that incorporation of mulberry leaves can replace Lucerne hay in complete rabbit feed (15% in diet). Even at higher level i.e. 30 and 45% of the diet mulberry leaves based complete feed gave promising results.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.86-94
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• 2015

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition and amino acid (AA) digestibility of sunflower seed meal (SFSM) and to use this data to develop prediction equations for estimating AA digestibility for growing pigs. Ten SFSM were collected from five provinces in China. Twelve barrows ($38.8{\pm}4.6kg$), fitted with ileal T-cannula were allotted into two $6{\times}6$ Latin square designs. Each of six experimental periods comprised a 5-d adaption period followed by a 2-d collection of ileal digesta. The ten test diets contained 50% SFSM as the sole source of AA. Another nitrogen-free diet was used to measure the basal endogenous losses of crude protein (CP) and AA. Chromic oxide (0.3%) was used as an inert marker in each diet. There was considerable variation (CV>10%) among the ten SFSM in chemical composition (dry matter [DM]). The concentration of CP and ether extract (EE) ranged from 29.33% to 39.09% and 0.88% to 11.33%, respectively. Crude fibre (CF), neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre ranged from 21.46% to 36.42%, 38.15% to 55.40%, and 24.59% to 37.34%, respectively. There was variation among the ten SFSM in apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) for lysine and threonine, which ranged from 63.16 to 79.21 and 55.19% to 72.04% for AID and 67.03% to 82.07% and 61.97% to 77.01% for SID, respectively. The variation in CP and methionine ranged from 60.13% to 74.72% and 74.79% to 88.60% for AID and 66.70% to 79.31% and 77.16% to 90.27% for SID, respectively. Methionine was a good indicator to predict AA digestibility. These results indicate that conventional chemical composition of SFSM was variable (CV>10%) among the ten SFSM (DM). The results of AID, SID and prediction equations could be used to evaluate the digestibility of SFSM in growing pigs.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.823-833
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• 1997

To clarify the annual reproductive cycle of the banded catfish, Pseudobagrus fulvidraco (Richardson), the seasonal changes in histological aspect of gonad and liver were examined. The adult fish was raptured from the upper stream of Young-San river, Chunnam in each month from May 1992 to June 1993. Based on the annual changes in GSI (gonadosomatic index), HSI (hepatosomatic index), CF (condition factor) and histological aspects of the gonads, the annual reproductive cycle were classified into 5 periods as follows: 1) Growing phase (from April to early May): The value of GSI increased and the size of oocytes in perinucleolus stage in oocytes increased gradually. Spermatogonia were developed actively from the epithelial tissues of seminiferous tubules. 2) Maturing phase (from Hay to early June): GSI levels increased rapidly in both sex. Oocytes at various developmental stages were observed. Appearance of active spermatogenesis were observed. 3) Mature and spawning phase (from June to August): High values of GSI remained static and oocytes accumulated significant quantitis of yolk globules. 4) Degenerating phase (from September to November): GSI levels decreased and ovaries were filled mostly with oocytes at the perinucleolus stage. Hepatic cells accumulated significant amounts of lipid droplets. 5) Resting period (from December to March) : Low values of GSI were kept and the size of oocytes at the perinucleolus stage did not increase. Spermatogenesis was not observed.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.31-41
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• 2001

This study was carried out to identify causative agents from california mastitis test(CMT) positive mastitic milk, and to examine the antimicrobial susceptibility of 50 heads in Seongju and Chilgok area of Gyeongbuk province. Sulfadimethoxine sodium(SMS) was intramuscularly administered once to four mastitis Infected dairy cattle at the rate of 10mg/kg body weight. After injection of SMS, the depletion rate of serum and milk from the cattle were periodically measured for five days. The CMT positive number from 50 heads showed 46% and that of 200 quarters was 47(23.5%). From 39 quarters of 47 heads 39 different microorganisms were identified. These organisms were classified into 12 species : Staphylococcus aureus 8(20.5%), Sta hemolyticus 6(15.4%), Streptococcus bovis 4(10.3%), Sta hyicus 3(7.7%), Sta epidemidis. Sta xylosus, Sta sciuri 2(5.1%), Str agalactiae 2(5.1%), Escherichia coli(10.3%), three Enterobacter cloacae(7.7%), two Ent aerogenes(5.1%) and one Salmonella spp(2.6%). As the results of antibiotic susceptibility test, gentamicin(Gm, 11 species 27 strains, 69.5%), cephalotin(Cf, 9 species 24 strains, 61.5%), sulfamethoxazole(Stx, 8 species 14 strains, 43.6%), tetracycline(Tc, 8 species 14 strains, 35.9%), and streptomycin(Sm), lincomycin(Lm), cefoperazon(Cp) and penicillin(Pc) have a highly resistance(7.7% ～5.1%). However, carbenicillin (Cb), amikacin(Ah) have no susceptible for all drugs. The mean residual concentration of SMS in serum according to the time lapsed were showed 33.964 $\pm$ 4.435ppm at the 4 hours after intramuscularly injection(AII). It was significantly(p<.05) decreased to 6.596 $\pm$ 3.402, 0.217 $\pm$ 0.119 and 0.005 $\pm$ 0.004ppm at the 1st, 3rd and 5th day AII. The mean concentration of SMS in milk was significantly(p<.05) decreased from 0.920 $\pm$ 0.42ppm to 0.084 $\pm$ 0.016ppm between 8 hours and 1 day AII. As the results of this experiments, sulfadimethoxine was residued at the level of no less than 0.01ppm in milk on the 2nd day AII. Thus, this results would be able to be used the basic index for prevention of sulfonamides residue in milk after treatment of dairy mastitis.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.137-147
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• 2002

Natural geological and environmental processes reflect to element abundances in geological materials on the surface. This study aims to elucidate a possibility of geostatistical application to differentiate geochemical anomalies affected by anthropogenic and geogenic factors. A regional geochemical map was produced using 'inverse distance weight interpolation' method for analytical results of stream sediments «150 11m) which were collected from 2,290 first- to second-order streams over the whole Gyeonggi Province. The Jurassic granitic batholith in the southeastern province was selected as a target for the geostatistical examination. Factor analysis was conducted using 22 elements for stream sediments from 445 drainage basins over the granitic body. Co, Cr, Sc, MgO, Fe$_{2}$O$_{3}$, V, and Ni were grouped with high correlation coefficients and the depletion of the components may reflect the whole-rock chemistry of the granite. Regression analysis was done using Co, Cr, and Sc as dependent variables and other six components as independent variables, and the results were drawn as maps. The maps acquired generally show quite similar distribution patterns with those of concentrations of each variable. The similarity in the spatial patterns between the two maps indicates that the application of regression statistics can be valid for the interpretation of regional geochemical data. However, some components show local discrepancies which may be influenced by secondary factors regardless of the basement lithology. The regression analysis may be effective in extracting local geochemical anomalies which may reflect rather anthropogenic pollutions than geogenic influences.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.89-94
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• 1999

This experiment was carried out to determine harvest date and cultivar effects on growth characteristics, forage yield and quality of spring sown oats at the middle mountain(450m) area at the forage experimental field, Namweon Branch, National Livestock Research Institute. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with three replication. The main plot consisted of the harvest date(9 June, 18 June). The subplots consisted of different maturities of oat cultivars such as Cayuse, Swan, Foothill, Cashel, Martlock and Winjardie. The results obtained are summarized as follows; A period of 50 days was required to be first headed from seeding with early maturity oats(Swan), but that of 77 days was required with late maturity(Foothill). The dry matter content of early maturity(Swan) oats at 9 June and 18 June were 24.01% and 35.69%, but that of late maturity cultivars(Foothill) were 14.02% and 22.84%. The fresh yield of late maturity(Foothill) oats at 9 June and 18 June were 62,666kg and 59,666kg, but that of early maturity(Cashel) were 54,222kg and 45,493kg(P<0.05). The dry yield of early maturity (Cashel) oats at 9 June was 10,169kg, but that of early maturity (Martlock) was 6,272kg. But no significant difference was found among cultivars at June 18. Crude protein content of oats were decreased from 14.0% to 11.1% as the growing stage progressed, ADF, NDF and CF contents were increased. And in vitro dry matter digestibility was decreased as the harvest date delayed. The present experiment indicated that spring sown oats(Foothill) can be successfully produced as fresh forage by seeding in middle March and harvesting in 10 and 20 June at the middle mountain (450m) area.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 1999

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of additives on the quality of alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.) silage at the forage experimental field, National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, Suwon in 1996. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of different additives(control, formic acid, molasses, inoculant A and inoculant B). Crude protein(CP) and Nitrogen free extract(NFE) content of alfalfa silage with additives were higher compared with those obtained control, but Crude ash(CA) and Crude fiber(CF) content of control(11.5 and 39.6%) were higher than those of additive treated plots. ADF and NDF contents of control silage were the highest as 36.2 and 48.6%, respectively, and increased by 4% compared with those obtained before ensiling. The acidity(pH) of control was the highest(5.45), but the lowest in inoculant A(4.32). Inoculant teratment significantly reduced acidity of silage compared with control. DM content of control silage was the lowest but DM loss of control silage was higher than that of additive treated silage. Ammonia-N content was the highest at formic acid treatment and level of Lactobacillus was decreased at control and formic acid treated silage. Total organic acid and lactic acid content of inoculant A and inoculant B were higher than those of other treated plots. The results of this study indicate that the treatment of LAB(Lactic acid bacteria) could be recommended as producing high quality of alfalfa silage.