• Transactions on Control, Automation and Systems Engineering
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.250-256
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• 2001

This paper deals with a design problem of a decentralized controller with a strongly connected two-input two-output multivariable system. To this end, we present a classical design approach which consists of two main steps: one is to decompose the multivariable plant into two single-input single-output systems by means of the Individual Channel Design (ICD) concept, the other is to design controller of each channel by the Coefficient Diagram Method (CDM) so that it satisfies, especially, time domain specifications such as settling time, overshoot etc.. A design procedure was proposed and then was applied to a 2$\times$2 hot rolling mill plant. Simulation results showed that the proposed method has excellent control performances.

• 접착 및 계면
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.84-94
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• 2018

Electrically debonding adhesives[EDA], one of the controlled delamination materials[CDM] is reviewed. CDM can be defined as the ability to separate adhesive bonded assemblies without causing damage to the substrates. Its application includes electronics, medical surgery, dentistry, building and general manufacturing where the opportunity to separate assemblies is important. There are several important mechanisms of EDAs; faradaic reaction, phase separation and anode detachment, cathodic debonding, gas emission mechanism, and mechanical stresses. These mechanisms are reviewed with various research results. Since the mechanism behind the electrochemical debonding of adhesives is not well understood, this review aims to help the research scientists in the industries. Finally, new applications of EDA are introduced as new business opportunity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권11호
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• pp.1795-1806
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• 2018

Objective: The study was designed to establish choline deficiency model (CDM) in broilers for evaluating efficacy of polyherbal formulation (PHF) in comparison with synthetic choline chloride (SCC). Methods: A total of 2,550 one-day-old Cobb 430 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to different groups in three experiments. In experiment 1, G1 and G2 served as normal controls and were fed a basal diet with 100% soybean meal (SBM) as a major protein source supplemented with and without SCC, respectively. In G3, G4, G5, and G6 groups, SBM was replaced at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% by soy protein isolate (SPI) to induce a graded level of choline deficiency. In experiment 2, PHF (500 and 1,000 g/ton) in comparison with SCC (1,000 g/ton) were evaluated. In experiment 3, dose-response of PHF (200, 400, and 500 g/ton) with SCC (400 g/ton) was determined. Results: Replacement of SBM by SPI produced a linear decrease in body weight gain (BWG) with a poor feed conversion ratio (FCR). 25% SBM replacement by SPI yielded an optimum negative impact on BWG and FCR; hence, it is considered for further studies. In experiment 2, PHF (500 and 1,000 g/ton) and SCC (1,000 g/ton) showed a similar performance in BWG, FCR and relative liver weight. In experiment 3, PHF produced an optimum efficacy at 400 g/ton and was comparable to SCC in the restoration of serum aspartate aminotransferase activity, abdominal fat, breast muscle lipid content and liver histopathological abnormalities. Conclusion: Replacement of SBM by SPI caused choline deficiency characterised by worsening of BWG, FCR, elevation in liver enzymes and histopathological changes indicating fatty liver. CDM was found valid for evaluating SCC and PHF. It is concluded that PHF has the potential to mimic biological activities of SCC through the restoration of negative effects caused by CDM.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.131-139
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• 2022

본 연구는 니카라과 마나과 La Chureca 매립장의 온실가스 감축 사업을 하고자 매립장 반입현황조사, 폐기물 성상조사 및 온실가스 배출량 산정을 하였다. 반입량과 성상조사를 바탕으로 한 IPCC 모형을 통한 온실가스 배출량 산정 결과 2006년부터 2043년까지 연평균 290,147 ton-CO₂/year였으며, IPCC 모형의 불확도를 고려하여 보수적으로 산정한 배출량은 217,610 ton-CO₂/year로 나타났다. La Chureca 매립장에서 온실가스 포집 가능량을 모형 불확도를 고려하고 포집 효율을 보수적으로 산정했음에도 CDM에 등록된 다른 중미 사례의 중간값과 평균값을 상회했으며 오차 요인에 대한 민감도 분석에도 결과가 크게 다르지 않았다. 본 연구는 La Chureca 매립장 온실가스 감축 사업의 타당성을 평가하고 이행 방안을 도출하기 위한 온실가스 배출량에 대한 기초자료로 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.727-738
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• 2012

본 연구의 목적은 요추 추간판 탈출증 환자에게 치료적 모달리티와 칵스 신연교정치료 효과에 대하여 알아보고자 한다. 요추 추간판 탈출증 환자 15명 (나이 36.62, 범위 20-50, 남자 7명과 여자 8명)을 대상으로 4주간 적용하였다. 치료적 모달리티와 칵스 신연교정치료를 첫 2주 동안 주 6일, 12회 적용하였으며, 마지막 2주간은 주 3일 6회 적용하였다. 모든 실험대상자에게 4주 동안 18회를 적용하였다. 측정은 오스웨스트리 요통장애지수, 근력, 하지 직거상 검사는 실험 전, 치료 2주 후, 치료 4주 후 변화의 차이를 일요인 반복측정을 이용하였으며, 추간판 탈출지수는 실험 전, 치료 4주 후 변화 차이를 대응표본 t-검정을 이용하여 측정하였다. 치료적 중재 기간에 따라 치료 전, 2주 후, 4주 후 측정결과 오스웨스트리 요통장애 지수, 하지 직거상 검사, 그리고 근력은 치료 2주 후, 치료 4주 후가 치료 전에 비하여 통계학적 유의한 변화가 있었다. 그러나 추간판 탈출지수는 치료 전에 비하여 감소함을 나타냈으나 통계학적으로 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결론적으로 요추 추간판 탈출증 환자에게 치료적 모달리티와 칵스 신연교정치료가 요통장애지수, 하지 직거상 검사, 근력개선에 효과적이란 결론을 얻었다. 이것은 칵스 신연교정치료의 안전성과 효과의 확인, 그리고 요추 추간판 탈출증 환자에게 비수술적 치료법으로서의 근거를 제시하였다.

• 천문학회보
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.35.3-36
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• 2016

Density and velocity perturbations in scales most relevant for the first galaxy formation are strongly affected by large-scale density perturbations, velocity-divergence perturbations and the baryon-cold dark matter (CDM) streaming velocities. Even at redshifts as high as z~200, this mode-mode coupling imprints a significant impact on the small-scale perturbations, at the wavenumber k >${\sim}100Mpc^{-1}$, as was calculated in our recent work. This implies that cosmological initial conditions based on the usual linear theory is no longer valid in these scales. We present a new cosmological initial condition generator, BCCOMICS, which generates initial conditions for the cold dark matter (CDM) and baryons in scales most relevant for the first galaxy formation. BCCOMICS is based on the linear perturbation theory including the mode-mode coupling terms, and generates cosmological initial conditions for the SPH-basded code GADGET and the AMR-based code ENZO. We also present our preliminary result on the cosmic variance of the first galaxy formation, studied by using BCCOMICS.

• 천문학회보
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.60.1-60.1
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• 2016

To obtain a reliable estimate of the cold dark matter (CDM) substructure mass function in a dense cluster environment, one needs to understand how long a merged halo can survive within the host halo. Measuring disruption time scale of merged halos in a dense cluster environment, we attempt to construct the realistic CDM mass function that can be compared with stellar mass functions to get a stellar-to-halo mass ratio. For this, we performed a set of high-resolution simulations of cold dark matter halos with properties similar to the Virgo cluster. Field halos outside the main halo are detected using a Friend-of-Friend algorithm with a linking length of 0.02. To trace the sub-halo structures even after the merging with the main halo, we use their core structures that are defined to be the most 10% bound particles.

• 천문학회보
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.72.3-73
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• 2017

The spatial distribution of sub-halos in a large host halo is usually described as isotropic in the ${\Lambda}CDM$ cosmology. Recent observations, however, show that satellite galaxies around massive galaxies are often located within a preferred plane. In order to understand the origin of such planar alignment, we investigate the spatial distribution of sub-halos around their hosts by using the hydrodynamic cosmological simulation, Illustris. In particular, we analyze the systems resembling the Milky Way (MW) and its satellites, i.e. consisting of MW-sized central galaxy and its at least 11 satellites. The result shows that ~10 % of MW-like systems have the anisotropic satellite galaxy distribution at z = 0. The satellites that are accreted more recently tend to form a flattened structure more frequently, indicating a link of satellite distribution to the surrounding environment. We discuss the physical origin of the anisotropic satellite distribution from the viewpoint of the ${\Lambda}CDM$ paradigm.

• 대한안전경영과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한안전경영과학회 2009년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.405-409
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• 2009

Most countries have been focused on the CDM(Clean Development Mechanism). According to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, CDM is an arrangement under the Kyoto Protocol allowing industrialized countries with a greenhouse gas reduction commitment to invest in projects that reduce emissions in developing countries as an alternative to more expensive emission reductions in their own countries. There are many environmental problems which resulted from development of IT field. The main objective of this paper is to find an effective methodology as an initial stage for applications of green IT in a real life. Therefore this paper addresses worldwide reviews on green IT products.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.447-457
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• 2014

In this paper, we investigate the frequency domain channel estimation for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) single-carrier frequency-division multiple-access (SC-FDMA) systems. In MIMO SC-FDMA, code-division multiplexed (CDM) pilots such as cyclic-shifted Zadoff-Chu sequences have been adopted for channel estimation. However, most frequency domain channel estimation schemes were developed based on frequency-division multiplexing of pilots. We first develop a channel estimation error model by using CDM pilots, and then analyze the mean-square error (MSE) of various minimum MSE (MMSE) frequency domain channel estimation techniques. We show that the cascaded one-dimensional robust MMSE (C1D-RMMSE) technique is complexity-efficient, but it suffers from performance degradation due to the channel correlation mismatch when compared to the two-dimensional MMSE (2D-MMSE) technique. To improve the performance of C1D-RMMSE, we design a robust iterative channel estimation (RITCE) with a frequency replacement (FR) algorithm. After deriving the MSE of iterative channel estimation, we optimize the FR algorithm in terms of the MSE. Then, a low-complexity adaptation method is proposed for practical MIMO SC-FDMA systems, wherein FR is performed according to the reliability of the data estimates. Simulation results show that the proposed RITCE technique effectively improves the performance of C1D-RMMSE, thus providing a better performance-complexity tradeoff than 2D-MMSE.