• Animal cells and systems
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.403-410
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• 1998

The Tcf-1 (T cell specific factor-1) is a transcription factor uniquely expressed in T-lineage cells. Its expression is developmentally regulated, which is high in the specific stage of immature thymocytes, but is much lower in mature T cells. We cloned the Tcf-1 gene by subtractive hybridization and found it to be highly expressed in the thymus compared to the mRNA level in the spleen as expected. Since apoptosis occurs enormously in the thymus, we were interested in whether Tcf-1 gene expression could be regulated by such a high level of apoptotic assault. By using T cell hybridoma 70.7 cells, we induced apoptosis by incubating cells with anti-CD3 antibody in vitro. After apoptosis induction, Tcf-1 mRNA level was found to be significantly reduced compared to normal cells. Since Tcf-1 is a transcription factor for the CD3-e gene, we tested how CD3-e expression is regulated in apoptotic cells. The surface level of CD3-e protein is also down-regulated after apoptosis induction. Such a down-modulation of CD3-e protein would reduce the TCR/CD3 complex on the cell surface, which would be an important regulator for T cell apoptosis.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.91-107
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• 2005

To study the effects of EF(Eriobotryae Folium) herbal acupuncture on asthma, we injected EF-HAS into Jok-samni(ST36) of C57BL/6 mice Objective : The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of EF-HA(herbal acupuncture) at ST36 on ovalbumin-induced asthma in mice Methods : C57BL/6 mice were sensitized and challenged with OVA(ovalbumin) for 12 weeks(once a week). Experimental groups were treated with concentrations(1%) of EF-HA at Jok-samni(ST36) for the later 8 weeks(3times/week). Result : 1. The weight and total cells of lung of the mice group treated with EF-HA decreased significantly compared with that of Control group. 2. Total Leukocytes and Eosinophils in BALF of the mice group treated with EF-HA decreased significantly compared with those of Control group. 3. The sticking of collagen on histological analysis of lung sections, the mice group treated with EF-HA decreased significantly compared with those of Control group. 4. The concentration of IgE, IL-4, IL-5 in BALF of the mice group treated with EF-HA decreased significantly compared with those of Control group. 5. The concentration of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 in Serum of the mice group treated with EF-HA decreased significantly compared with those of Control group. 6. The number of $Gr-1^+/CD11b^+,\;CD3^-/CCR3^+,\;CD4^+,\;CD8^+,\;CD3e^+/CD69^+$ cells in the lungs of the mice group treated with EF-HA decreased significantly compared with those of Control group. 7. The cytokine's manifestation of mRNA of the mice group treated with EF-HA with RT-PCR decreased significantly compared with that of Control group. Conclusion : We conclude that EF-HA is effective on OVA-induced asthma of C57BL/6 mouse.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.167-170
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• 2001

The stochiometric mix of evaporating materials for the CdGa$_2$Se$_4$ single crystal thin films was prepared from horizontal furnace. To obtain the single crystal thin films, CdGa$_2$Se$_4$ mixed crystal was deposited on thoroughly etched semi-insulating GaAs(100) substrate by the Hot Wall Epitaxy (HWE) system. The source and substrate temperature were 630$^{\circ}C$ and 420$^{\circ}C$, respectively. The crystalline structure of single crystal thin films was investigated by the photoluminescence and double crystal X-ray diffraction (DCXD). The carrier density and mobility of CdGa$_2$Se$_4$ single crystal thin films measured from Hall erect by van der Pauw method are 8.27x10$\^$17/ cm$\^$-3/, 345 $\textrm{cm}^2$/V$.$s at 293 K, respectively. From the Photocurrent spectrum by illumination of perpendicular light on the c-axis of the CuInSe$_2$ single crystal thin film, we have found that the values of spin orbit splitting ΔSo and the crystal field splitting ΔCr were 106.5 meV and 418.9 meV at 10 K, respectively. From the photoluminescence measurement on CdGa$_2$Se$_4$ single crystal thin film, we observed free excition (E$\_$X/) existing only high quality crystal and neutral bound exiciton (D$\^$0/,X) having very strong peak intensity. Then, the full-width-at-half-maximum(FWHM) and binding energy of neutral donor bound excision were 8 meV and 13.7 meV, respectivity. By Haynes rule, an activation energy of impurity was 137 meV,

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.196-201
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• 2016

We studied white tandem organic light-emitting diodes using blue and red phosphorescent materials. Optimized white single phosphorescent OLED was fabricated using CBP : FIrpic (12 vol.%, 9 nm) / CBP : $Ir(mphmq)_2acac$ : $Ir(ppy)_3$ (1 vol.%, 1 vol.%, 1 nm) as emitting layer (EML). The single phosphorescent OLED showed maximum current efficiency of 22.5 cd/A, white emission with a Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.342, 0.37) at $1,000cd/m^2$, and variation of CIE coordinates with ($0.339{\pm}0.008$, $0.371{\pm}0.001$) from 500 to $3,000cd/m^2$. Optimized white tandem phosphorescent OLED was fabricated using CBP : FIrpic (12 vol.%, 7 nm) / CBP : $Ir(mphmq)_2acac$ : $Ir(ppy)_3$ (1 vol.%, 1 vol.%, 3 nm) as EML. The tandem phosphorescent OLED showed maximum current efficiency of 49.2 cd/A, white emission with a CIE coordinates of (0.376, 0.366) at $1,000cd/m^2$, variation of CIE coordinates with ($0.375{\pm}0.004$, $0.367{\pm}0.002$) from 500 to $3,000cd/m^2$. Maximum current efficiency of tandem phosphorescent OLED was more twice as high as single phosphorescent OLED. Our results suggest that tandem phosphorescent OLED was possible to control CIE coordinates and produce excellent color stability.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.249-255
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• 2019

Cadmium is a strong toxic heavy metal which presents in paints and liquid wastes and causes oxidative stress in fish. On the other hand, lead is widely used for different purposes, e.g. lead pipes, it targets vital organs such as liver and kidney causing biochemical alterations. The present study evaluates the effects of 60 days exposure to Cd and Pb either single or combined together in African catfish. Sixty-four fishes were divided into 3 groups and exposed to $CdCl_2$ (7.02 mg/L) or $PbCl_2$ (69.3 mg/L) or a combination of them along with control group. Activities of acid phosphatase (ACP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) were estimated. Moreover, gill, liver and kidney were assayed for activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and levels of glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Individual exposure showed that both Cd and Pb significantly decreased LDH activity and SOD activity in the kidney. Pb significantly increased G-6-PDH activity and decreased GSH level in the gill. CAT activity in liver and kidney elevated significantly on Cd exposure while lead caused a significant depletion in the liver and significant elevation in the kidney. Both Cd and Pb significantly increased MDA levels in liver and kidney while Pb increased its level in gills. The combined exposure resulted in normalization of LDH, G-6-PDH activity, and CAT activity in liver and kidney as well as GSH level in both tissues and MDA in gill and kidney. The combination increased SOD activity and MDA level in liver and decreased SOD activity in kidney and GSH level in gills. In conclusion, the antioxidant system of African catfish was adversely affected by prolonged exposure to Cd and Pb. The combined exposure caused less damage than individual exposure and returned most parameters to those of controls.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.79-88
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• 2019

Backgrounds: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) increased prevalence and economic burden. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate drug use pattern in IBD patients in a real world. Methods: National Health Insurance claim data from 2010 to 2014 were used in this population-based study. All IBD patients diagnosed during study period were enrolled. IBD medications included 5-aminosalicylic acid (ASA), glucocorticoid, immunomodulator and anti-tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ agent(anti TNF-${\alpha}$). Growth rate of IBD prevalence, prescribed drug classes, duration of drug therapy and medication cost were analyzed. Number and percentage of patients for categorical variables, and mean and median for continuous variables were presented. Results: Total numbers of patients were 131,158 and 57,286 during 5 years, and their annual growth rate were 3.2 and 5.7% for UC and CD. UC and CD were prevalent in the 40-50 (41.2%) and 20-30 age groups (36.0%). About 60% of IBD patients was prescribed any of medications. 5-ASA was the most frequently prescribed, followed by corticosteroid and immunomodulator. Anti TNF-${\alpha}$ use was the lowest, but 5 times higher than UC in CD. Combination therapies with different class of drugs were in 29% for UC and 62% for CD. Mean prescription days per patient per year were 306 and 378, and the median medication cost per patient per year was KRW 420,000 (USD 383) and KRW 830,000 (USD755), for UC and CD, respectively. Conclusions: Increasing prevalence of IBD requires further studies to contribute to achieve better clinical outcomes of drug therapy.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.1-25
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the anti-arthritis effects of Jeonsaenghwalhyeoltanggamibang(JHTG) on collagen-induced arthritis(CIA) in mice. Methods: To assess the effects of JHTG on CIA in mice, we conducted several experiments such as analysis of arthritis index, cell count of draining lymph node(DLN) and paw joint, measurement of serum antibody levels and observation of the histological changes of joint. Results: 1. JHTG extract had a suppressive effect on the arthritis index of paw joints in CIA mice. 2. JHTG extract increased the total cell number of DLN, and decreased the total cell number of paw joints in CIA mice. 3. JHTG extract increased the absolute number of various cell surface receptors in DLN, and decreased the absolute number of B220+/CD23+ cells in DLN in CIA mice. 4. JHTG extract decreased the absolute number of CD3+, CD4+, CD11b+/Gr-1 cells in paw joint in CIA mice. 5. JHTG extract didn't decrease the absolute number of CD4+/CD25+ cells in paw joints in CIA mice. 6. JHTG extract decreased levels of total IgM in the serum of CIA mice, but had no effect on levels of collagen II specific antibody. 7. JHTG extract decreased the destruction of articular cartilages and collagen fibers and the proliferation of synovial cells in paw joints from CIA mice. Conclusion: These results indicate that JHTG has clinical potential for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by modulating the immune response.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.46-51
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• 1998

The effects of aloe on the MDA(malondialdehyde) and the blood biochemical components of heavy metal poisoning in SD rat were examined and the following results were obtained. In rat liver homogenate intoxicated with $CdCl_2$, lipidperoxide was increased each 2.37times(24h), 3.31times(72h) but lipidperoxide In aloe administration groups was lower each 47% , 64% than in heavy metal group. In rat kidney homo- genate intoxicated with $CdCl_2$, lipidperoxide was increased 1.85times(24h), 1.33times(72h) but lipidperoxide in groups was almost the same as that of normal group. Lipidperoxide of kidney homogenate was slightly decreased as time passed. Also heavy metal poisoning rats showed high levels(1.38-2.50times) of serum AST, ALT and BUN. However. the administration of aloe significantly inhibited the reduction of them. These results suggest that Cd-induced hepatic and renal injury, via increase llpidpero)Ode and release of AST, ALT and BUN. Aloe may be used to inhibit or prevent the hepatic and renal toxicity which results from the heavy metal.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 1991.10a
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• pp.12-16
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• 1991

Cadmium sulphide films with thickness of 0.6∼1.2$\mu\textrm{m}$ were deposited onto corning 7059 glass substrate under a vacuum of 5${\times}$10$\^$-6/ Torr. Source and substrate temperature ranges used were 800∼1100$^{\circ}C$ and 100∼200$^{\circ}C$, respectively. The microstructures and semiconducting properties of the films were studied using X-ray diffraction, UV-VIS-IR spectrophotometer and Hall measurement unit. Electrical resistivity and optical transmission of the CdS films decrease with an increase in source temperature while they increase with an increase in substrate temperature. The resistivity of the film evaporated at 1100$^{\circ}C$ varied from 7${\times}$10$^3$ohm-cm at the substrate temperature of 100$^{\circ}C$ to 2${\times}$10$\_$6/ohm-cm at 190$^{\circ}C$. All the films had hexagonal structure and strong texture with c-axis of grains normal to the substrate glass.

• Proceedings of the Korea Hospitality Industry Research Society Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.19-35
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• 2003

This study was carried out to find a cholesterol removal rate, flavor development, and bitter amino acid productions in Cheddar cheese treated with -cyclodextrin (${\beta}-CD$): 1) Control (no homogenization, no ${\beta}--CD$), and 2) Milk treatment (1000 psi milk homogenization, 1% ${\beta}-CD$). The cholesterol removal of the cheese were 79.3%. The production of short-chain free fatty acids (FFA) increased with a ripening time in both control and milk treated cheese. The releasing quantity of short-chain FFA was higher din milk treated cheese than control at 5 and 7 mo ripening. Not much difference was found in neutral volatile compounds production between samples. In bitter-tasted amino acids, milk treatment group produced much higher than control. In sensory analysis, texture score of control Cheddar cheese significantly increased, however, that in cholesterol-reduced cheese decreased dramatically with ripening time.