• Child Health Nursing Research
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.313-321
• /
• 2002

We would like to suggest the guideline of use of materials of sexual education for adolescent in school by examining the status of use of materials and by evaluating the video materials frequently used. Survey was done by enquetes on status of use of materials of sexual education from school nurses in 190 primary, 44 middle and 50 high schools in Seoul, Kyonggi-do and Kangwon-do from August 1999 to February 2000. The frequently used 84 videotapes were evaluated on their contents. As for the status of use, 99.3% of subjected schools possessed the materials for sexual education. Decision of purchase was determined according to the review of contents (92.6%). Information about materials was received by the advertisement in newspapers or broadcasting (46.1%) or recommendation of peer teacher (32.4%). Videotape was most frequently used (64.1%) rather than books or CD. Teachers concerns on the materials were the educational content according to developmental stage of students (41.9%), content provoking interest (33.5%) and concrete guide for teacher (10.6%). As for the evaluation of the contents of videotapes, a subject of education was not described out of 46.6%. Videotape producer were mostly the Government-affiliated institutes or non-profit organizations (86.8%). The year of production was indicated from 41.7%. Running time range of 21-30 minutes was highest (55.9%). The price was marked in only one videotape. Subjects of contents were general sexual education (34.5%), sexual violence or sexual harassment (21.4%), pregnancy and contraception (14.2%) and AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases (8.3%) and dating and adolescent change (4. 8%), and etc (11.9 %). According to above results, we suggested that materials for sexual education should be completed with a description on the subjected group, summary of content, information on the tape producer, year of production, running time and sale price.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.64-68
• /
• 2015

BACKGROUND: Heavy metals (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Li, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were analyzed to elucidate the impact of weir construction on their concentrations in sediments of Geum River, Korea. We also attempted to investigate the source of the heavy metals in sediments. METHODS AND RESULTS: For this study, sediments were collected from May through June in 2012. The concentrations of heavy metals except Hg were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer, and Hg was measured by automatic mercury analyzer. More clay were accumulated in the furthest stations in the upstream direction starting from the weirs. Most of the heavy metals showed higher concentrations in the most upstream located station of Geumnam Weir. However, high concentrations were not observed in the most upstream stations of the other weirs. The concentrations of Hg and As were much higher in sediments of Gap Stream. CONCLUSION: Gap Stream may be a potential source for high deposits of As and Hg. Presence of the dams may not play an important role in controlling heavy metal concentrations in sediments. It is necessary to monitor heavy metal concentrations for a longer time period to study the effect of environmental changes on heavy metal distribution in Geum River.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.48 no.1
• /
• pp.64-71
• /
• 2015

Soil contamination with arsenic and heavy metals is a worldwide problem. Main objective of this research was to evaluated effects of reducing heavy metal leaching under reduced soil condition amended with industrial by-products. The contaminated soil was amended with 3% (w/w) of limestone (Ls), steel slag (SS) and acid mine drainage sludge (AMDS). Synthetic acid rain ($H_2SO_4:HNO_3=6:4$, pH 5.5 fixed) was used for feeding solution with flow rate of $0.78{\sim}0.88mL\;min^{-1}$. Results showed that similar pH and EC of leachate was observed in all treatments regardless of applied industrial by-products. However, arsenic concentration of leachate increased when industrial by-products were mixed. Meanwhile, concentration of heavy metal in the leachate decreased from 11.3 to 4.59 mg for Cd, from 92.3 to 7.93 mg for Pb, and from 11,716 to 1,788 mg for Zn via immobilization in soil with AMDS amended, respectively. Overall, application of industrial by-products can be an environmentally-friendly way to remediate soil and(or) leachate contaminated with metal(loid)s in metal mine site.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• v.64 no.6
• /
• pp.853-863
• /
• 2021

Objective : Biodegradable poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) with a highly biocompatible surface via tantalum (Ta) ion implantation can be an innovative solution for the problems associated with current biodegradable stents. The purpose of this study is to develop a Taimplanted PLLA stent for clinical use and to investigate its biological performance capabilities. Methods : A series of in vitro and in vivo tests were used to assess the biological performance of bare and Ta-implanted PLLA stents. The re-endothelialization ability and thrombogenicity were examined through in vitro endothelial cell and platelet adhesion tests. An in vivo swine model was used to evaluate the effects of Ta ion implantation on subacute restenosis and thrombosis. Angiographic and histologic evaluations were conducted at one, two and three months post-treatment. Results : The Ta-implanted PLLA stent was successfully fabricated, exhibiting a smooth surface morphology and modified layer integration. After Ta ion implantation, the surface properties were more favorable for rapid endothelialization and for less platelet attachment compared to the bare PLLA stent. In an in vivo animal test, follow-up angiography showed no evidence of in-stent stenosis in either group. In a microscopic histologic examination, luminal thrombus formation was significantly suppressed in the Ta-implanted PLLA stent group according to the 2-month follow-up assessment (21.2% vs. 63.9%, p=0.005). Cells positive for CD 68, a marker for the monocyte lineage, were less frequently identified around the Ta-implanted PLLA stent in the 1-month follow-up assessments. Conclusion : The use of a Ta-implanted PLLA stent appears to promote re-endothelialization and anti-thrombogenicity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water Science and Technology
• /
• v.26 no.6
• /
• pp.13-26
• /
• 2018

This research was conducted to elucidate the removal mechanism of heavy metals and sulfate ion from acid mine drainage(AMD) by porous zeolite-slag ceramics (ZS ceramics) packed in a column reactor system. The average removal efficiencies of heavy metals and sulfate ion from AMD by the 1:3(Z:S) porous ZS ceramics in the column reactor under the HRT condition of 24 hours were Al 97.5%, As 98.8%, Cd 86.1%, Cu 96.2%, Fe 99.7%, Mn 64.1%, Pb 97.2%, Zn 66.7%, and $SO_4{^{2-}}$ 76.0% during 121 days of operation time. The XRD analysis showed that the ferric iron from AMD could be removed by adsorption and/or ion-exchange on the porous ZS ceramics. In addition it was known that Al, As, Cu, Mn, and Zn could adsorb or coprecipitate on the surface of Fe precipitates such as schwertmannite, ferrihydrite, or goethite. The EDS analysis revealed that Al, Fe, and Mn, which were of relatively high concentration in the AMD, would be adsorbed and/or ion-exchanged on the porous ZS ceramics and also exhibited that Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn could be precipitated as the form of metal hydroxide or sulfate and adsorbed or coprecipitated on the surface of Fe precipitates. The microscopic results on the porous ZS ceramics and precipitated sludge in a column reactor system suggested that the heavy metals and sulfate ion from AMD would be eliminated by the multiple mechanisms of coprecipitation, adsorption, ion-exchange as well as precipitation.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
• /
• v.49 no.4
• /
• pp.348-354
• /
• 2011

Long-lasting brightness $Sr_{4}Al_{14}O_{25}$ : $Eu^{2+}$, $Dy^{3+}$, $Ag^{+}$ phosphor was synthesized by modified solid state reaction and its photoluminescence was investigated. $Sr(NO_3)_{2}$ and $Al(NO_3)_3{\cdot}9H_{2}O$ as starting materials, and $B_{2}O_{3}$ as a flux were mixed with $Eu_{2}O_{3}$ as an activator, $Dy_{2}O_{3}$ as a coactivator, and $AgNO_{3}$ as a charge compensator. The crystalline of target powder showed a single-phase $Sr_{4}Al_{14}O_{25}$ by the XRD characterization and the average particle size was about 20-30 ${\mu}m$ from the FE-SEM observation. $Ag^{+}$ ion doping effects (0-0.06 mol) on $Sr_{4}Al_{14}O_{25}:Eu^{2+},\;Dy^{3+},\;Ag^{+}$ phosphor were measured by photoluminescence spectrometer and luminescence meter. The of photoluminescence intensity of the $Sr_{3.64}Al_{14}O_{25}:Eu_{0.11},\;Dy_{0.22},\;Ag_{0.03}$ phosphor was higher than other compositions and afterglow brightness was 0.186 $cd/m^{2}$.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.52 no.5
• /
• pp.497-505
• /
• 2002

Background : INF-${\gamma}$ plays an important role in the host response to a mycobacterial infection. A complete IFN-${\gamma}$ receptor 1 deficiency is a life threatening condition because it renders patients highly susceptible to a mycobacterial infection. Several mutations in the IFN-${\gamma}$ receptor and STAT1 gene have been identified in the rare mycobacterial infections. These mutations have partial function of the IFN-${\gamma}$ receptor and similar pathologic features to clinical tuberculosis. Materials and Methods : The function of the IFN-${\gamma}$ receptor was evaluated in the patients with clinical tuberculosis. In addition, the DNA coding sequence of the IFNgR1 and STAT1 gene was also analyzed in disseminated tuberculosis patients who might have a defective IFN-${\gamma}$ receptor. Results : The cell surface expression levels of HLA-DR and CD64 in the PMBC after being stimulation with IFN-${\gamma}$ (100IU/ml, 1000IU/ml) were increased in both controls and patients. However, the rate of increase in both groups was similar. The production of TNF-${\alpha}$ in the response to stimulation with LPS was higher in the both groups ($850.7{\pm}687.8$ vs. $836.7{\pm}564.3$ pg/ml). Pretreatment with IFN-${\gamma}$ prior to LPS stimulation resulted in further increase in TNF-${\alpha}$ production between both groups ($2203.5{\pm}242.5$ vs. $2227.5{\pm}560.4$ pg/ml). However, the rate of the increase in TNF-${\alpha}$ production in the both groups was similar. The known mutations in the IFNgR1 and STAT1 coding sequences were not found in the genomic DNA of patients with disseminated tuberculosis. Conclusion : The functional and genetic defects of the IFN-${\gamma}$ receptor were not identified in clinical tuberculosis. This suggests the defective IFN-${\gamma}$ receptor that predispoe patients to a BCG or NTM infection can not alone account for the cases of clinical tuberculosis.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.232-237
• /
• 2010

This study was carried out to evaluate the safety of circulated oriental medicines and their related preparations in Gyeonggi-do. Total 366 samples (165 species) were analyzed about heavy metals, residual contents of sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$), and 68 samples were analyzed about preservatives. 17 samples (13 species, 4.6%) were exceeded the legal limit of heavy metal. The concentrations over the legal limit for Pb, Cd, As and Hg were 6.1~19.2 mg/kg, 0.4~0.7 mg/kg, 6.9 mg/kg and 0.7 mg/kg, respectively. In particular, the exceeding ratio (5.9%) of the legal limit of heavy metals in foreign products was 3.3 times more than domestic products (1.8%). 13 samples (10 species, 3.6%) exceeded the limit of residual sulfur dioxide and the concentration ranges were 105 to 428 mg/kg in domestic products, on the other hand foreign products were from 114 to 2,468 mg/kg. The mean concentration over the limit of residual sulfur dioxide of foreign products (804 mg/kg) was 2.4 times more than domestic products (338 mg/kg). In studying of the preservatives in oriental preparation, the contents of dehydroacetic acid (48.9~64.1%) in 3 samples of labeled solutions were under the labeled preservative contents and the contents of benzoic acid (139.9%) in 1 sample of labeled pill product was exceeded the labeled preservative contents. The numbers of the detected preservatives in unlabeled solutions, pills and granules were 4, 11 and 7, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.73-77
• /
• 2012

Recently, Interest to the photoconductor, which is used to flat form X-ray detector such as a-Se, $HgI_2$, PbO, CdTe, $PbI_2$ etc. is increasing. In this study, the film layer by using the photoconductive material with particle sedimentation was fabricated and evaluated. The quantization efficiency of the continuous X-ray with the 70 kVp energy bandwidth was analyzed by using the Monte Carlo simulation. With the results, the thickness of film with 64 % quantization efficiency was 180 ${\mu}m$ which is similar to the efficiency of 500 ${\mu}m$ a-Se film. And $HIg_2$ film has the high quantization efficiency of 74 % on 240 ${\mu}m$ thickness. The electrical characteristics of the 239 ${\mu}m$ $Hgl_2$ films produced by particle sedimentation were shown as very low dark current(under 10 $pA/mm^2$), and high sensitivity(19.8 mC/mR-sec) with 1 $V/{\mu}m$ input voltage. The SNR, which is influence to the contrast of X-ray image, was shown highly as 3,125 in low driving voltage on 0.8 $V/{\mu}m$. With the results of this study, the development of the low-cost, high-performance image detector with film could be possible by replacing the film produced by particle sedimentation instead to a-Se detector.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.367-375
• /
• 2010

The bacteriological and physiochemical analysis of sea water and sediments in Tongyeong harbor was conducted to evaluate sanitary conditions. The samples were collected at 8 stations established once a month from June, 2008 to May, 2009. During the study period, the range of temperature was from 6.7 to $25.2^{\circ}C$, transparency ranged from 1.2 to 2.6 m, chemical oxygen demand ranged from 1.90 to 2.92 mg/L, dissolved oxygen ranged from 6.2 to 10.5 mg/L, dissolved nitrogen ranged from 0.052 to 0.098 mg/L, phosphate ranged from 0.044 to 0.065 mg/L, respectively. Seafood, if eaten raw, carries the risk of food poisoning. Seafood poisoning is often cause by pathogenic microorganism originating from fecal contamination, such as Salmonella sp., Shigella sp. and norovirus. Fecal coliforms are an important indicator of fecal contamination. Therefore, data on fecal coliform are very important for evaluating the safety of fisheries in coastal areas. So, we investigated the sanitary indicate bacteria. The coliform group and fecal coliform MPN's of sea water in Tongyeong harbor were ranged from < 1.8~22,000/100 mL (GM 164.9 MPN/100 mL) and < 1.8~7,900 MPN/100 mL (GM 33.7 MPN/100 mL), respectively. Total coliform were detected 97.0% in 96 of samples and 68.9% of total coliforms were fecal coliforms. These results similar to another seawater detection ratio of total coloforms and fecal coliforms. The Vibrios was isolated and identified with VITEK system. Four hundred eighty strains that were obtained from sea water samples in Tongyeong harbor Detection ratio Vibrio alginolyticus, 34.2%, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 13.8%, Vibrio vulnificus 10.0%, and V. mimicus 12.5% respectively. Vibrio cholerae O1, was not detected. During the study period, the ranges of water content, ignition loss, COD, and acid volatile sulfates in sediments in Tongyeoung harbor were 41.0~57.4%, 7.8~10.5%, 6.51~9.30 mg/g, 0.04~0.09 mg/g, respectively. Heavy metals in sediment of Tongyeoung harbor were Cd, $0.10{\pm}0.05$; Cu, $4.79{\pm}8.20$; As, $1.95{\pm}0.17$; Hg, $0.10{\pm}0.07$; $Cr^{6+}$, $0.34{\pm}0.12$; Zn, $125.33{\pm}16.40$; Ni, $16.43{\pm}1.93$ mg/kg.