• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.45-49
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• 2003

The solubility and stability of ondansetron hydrochloride (OS) in various vehicles were determined. The effect of cyclodextrins (CD) on the solubility of OS in water was determined by equilibrium solubility method. The solubility of OS at $32^{\circ}C$ increased in the rank order of isopropyl myristate (IPM) < propylene glycol laurate (PGL) ${\ll}$ propylene glycol monolaurate < propylene glycol monocaprylate (PGMC) < poly(ethylene glycol) 400 < diethylene glycol mono ethyl ether (DGME) < ethanol < poly(ethylene glycol) 300 < water (36.1 mg/ml) ${\ll}$ propylene glycol (PG) (283 mg/ml). The addition of PG or DGME to non-aqueous vehicles such as IPM, PGL and PGMC markedly increased the solubility of OS. The addition of CDs in water increased the solubility. Apparent stability constant for the CD complexation with OS was calculated to be $25.5\;M^{-1}$ for $2-hydroxypropyl-{\beta}-CD\;(2HP{\beta}CD)$. Twenty mM ${\beta}-CD$, 69.4 mM sulfobutyl ether ${\beta}-CD$ and 115.4 mM $2HP{\beta}CD$ increased the aqueous solubilty of OS 1.27, 2.18 and 1.85 times, respectively. OS was stable in buffered aqueous solution (pH 5.0). However, OS was relatively unstable in non-aqueous vehicles in the order of PG

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.101-118
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• 2011

Herbal medicine has a high body absorption rate when it ferments. Biological and clinical research on the fermented herb gradually increases because it has effective materials for the treatment of a disease and it is a little bitter. In this study, we investigated the effect of fermented Baedokhwanbalhyobang (BDHBH) on attenuation of the development of atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice by evaluating the cytokine level in serum, the mRNA expression of cytokine and histological alteration of the skin, and the skin severity. We have come to the following conclusion. BDHBH led to a significant decrease in the skin severity score (63.1%) as compared to the control group. CD4+/CD45+, CD4+, B220+/CD23+, and CD11b+/Gr-1+cells of peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in the BDHBH-treated group were decreased to 6.7%, 31.1%, 22.4%, 36.6%, respectively. CD3+and CD11b+/Gr-1+immune cells in dorsal skin of the BDHBH-treated group were decreased to 52.9% and 28.0%. The levels of IL-5 and IL-13 in serum of the BDHBH-treated group were inhibited to 18.8% and 5.1%. The mRNA expressions of IL-5 and IL-13 in dorsal skin were also decreased to 30.6% and 27.8% after the treatment of BDHBH. BDHBH inhibited the proliferation and differentiation of eosinophils. In histological examination, BDHBH decreased the thickness of epidermis and dermis, and infilatration of mast cells as compared to the control group. These results indicate that BDHBH inhibits the pathogenic development of atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. These results may indicate that BDHBH attenuates the development of atopic dermatitis-like lesions by lowering immune cells and inflammatory cytokine levels, and that it is valuable in drug development for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Further experiments on the components of BDHBH will be needed to better understand the effect of a fermented herb as compared to a herb.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제54권6호
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• pp.395-403
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• 2021

Objectives: Previous studies have shown that participation in social activities (SA) can prevent cognitive decline (CD) and that living arrangements (LA) can affect cognitive function. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of SA and LA on CD, as well as their interactions, using longitudinal data. Methods: Data were used from the 2006-2018 Korean Longitudinal Study for Aging, which followed 10 254 adults older than 45 years over a 12-year period. CD was defined as a ≥4-point score decrease in the Mini-Mental Status Exam over 2 years. We developed an extended Cox proportional hazards model for time-dependent covariates to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) of CD in 4 groups: (1) socially active and living with others, (2) socially active and living alone, (3) socially inactive and living with others (SILO), and (4) socially inactive and living alone (SILA). The model was stratified by gender and adjusted for important confounders. Results: The HR of CD was significantly higher in the SILO group in men (HR,1.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08 to 1.78) and in the SILA group in women (HR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.08 to 2.75). However, the interaction term for gender was not significant. Conclusions: Among socially inactive elderly adults, the HR of CD was elevated in men who lived with others and in women who lived alone, although the interaction term for gender was not significant. Socially inactive men who live with others and socially inactive women who live alone are particularly encouraged to participate in SA to prevent CD.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.142-153
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• 2023

Background: Cognitive impairment has been reported to be closely associated with poor oral health, and the relationship is bidirectional, as older adults with poor oral health and chewing function are at a higher risk of cognitive decline (CD). This cross-sectional study aimed to determine whether masticatory discomfort in Korean elderly increases the risk of daily living difficulty (DLD) related to CD and whether there is a difference in risk according to gender and age. Methods: The data used were obtained from the Korean Community Health Survey (2019). The final analysis included 22,154 people aged 65 years and older who completed the survey and responded to all items on the variables used in the study. Chi-square test, trend test, and complex sample logistic regression were performed for statistical analysis, to clarify the purpose of this study. Results: As masticatory discomfort increased, the elderly's DLD tended to increase (p-for trend, p<0.001). For logistic regression, adjusting for all covariates, participants who reported masticatory discomfort as "discomfort" (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=2.45, 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.11~3.50) and "severe discomfort" (AOR=2.95, 95% CI=2.49~3.50) had a more than a two-fold increased risk of CD-related DLD compared to participants who reported "no discomfort at all." In age-stratified analyses, elderly men aged 75~84 years and elderly women aged 65~74 years had the highest risk of developing CD-related DLD. Conclusion: Oral care interventions to improve masticatory function in older adults may slow CD and improve CD-related DLD. We hope that this study will raise awareness among caregivers and clinical professionals regarding the importance of oral care for older adults with CD.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.124-132
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• 2007

Background: Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been investigated intensively for some decades. These cells regulate the immune system, prevent overactivated immune responses and can be used therapeutically. For rheumatoid arthritis (RA), understanding the functions and status of Tregs is an important step for understanding immune regulation in this autoimmune disease. Methods: We investigated the percentages, phenotypes and suppressive functions of $CD4^+CD25^+$ Tregs in peripheral blood (PB) of patients with RA. Results: The percentages were higher in the patients (n=12) than in healthy controls (n=10), and the cells expressed the $CD45RB^{low}$, CTLA-4 and CCR7 phenotypes. We also investigated the expression of Foxp3 and secretion of interleukin (IL)-10 induced $CD4^+CD25^+$ Tcells by anti-CD3 antibody treatment. A suppressive function of the patients' cells was shown through coculture with $CD4^+CD25^-$ T cells in vitro. Conclusion: We suggest that, despite their increased numbers and suppressive function, they manage the ongoing inflammation ineffectively. It might be possible to apply IL-10 to induce the proliferation of IL-10-producing Tregs as therapy for RA.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.233-235
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• 2003

[ $2000{\sim}2001$ ]년 우리나라에서 유통되고 있는 원예용 상토 53점을 수집하여 농자재 중금속 분석 시험법인 전함량분석법과 토양의 중금속 공정시험법인 0.1N HCl 용출법에 의해 분석 상토중 중금속 함량을 분석하였다. 시판 원예용상토에 대한 중금속의 전함량 분석에서 카드뮴, 크롬, 구리, 니켈 납, 아연의 평균함량과 범위는 건토기준으로 각각 0.69($0{\sim}1.82$), 35.68($0{\sim}259.80$), 14.91($1.64{\sim}69.45$), 15.48($0{\sim}60.72$), 12.70($0{\sim}36.45$), 및 54.84($12.90{\sim}124.0$) mg/kg 이었다. 0.1N HCl 침출성 중금속 평균함량과 범위는 카드뮴이 0.08($0{\sim}0.20$), 크롬 0.38($0{\sim}2.10$), 구리 1.45($0{\sim}4.03$), 니켈 ($0.850{\sim}3.31$), 납 0.84($0{\sim}2.21$), 아연 30.68($0.18{\sim}88.45$) mg/kg 이었다. 조사된 모든 원예용상토의 중금속 함량은 부산물비료 허용기준 및 토양오염 우려기준보다 낮은 수준을 보였다.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.281-299
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• 2017

Single (0.005 M DTPA), sequential (six-step) and kinetic (0.05 M EDTA) extractions were performed to assess Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn mobilization and their potential ecological risks in Abuja (Nigeria) water (WTS) and wastewater (WWTS) treatment sludges. Total metal levels (mg/kg) in WTS and WWTS, respectively were: Cd(3.67 and 5.03), Cr(5.70 and 9.03), Cu(183.59 and 231.53), Ni(1.33 and 3.23), Pb(13.43 and 17.87), Zn(243.45 and 421.29). DTPA furnished metal extraction yields (%) in WTS and WWTS, respectively as: Cd(11 and 6), Cr (15 and 7), Cu(17 and 13), Ni(23 and 3), Pb(11 and 12), and Zn(37 and 33). The metals were associated with the soluble/exchangeable, carbonate, Mn/Fe-oxide, organic matter and residual forms to varying degrees. Kinetic extractions cumulatively leached metal concentrations akin to the mobilizable fractions extracted sequentially and the leaching data fitted well into the Elovich model. Metal mobilities were concordant for the three leaching procedures and varied in the order:WTS>WWTS. Calculated ecological risk indices suggested moderate and considerable metal toxicity in WTS and WWTS, respectively with Cd as the worst culprit. The findings may be useful in predicting heavy metals bioavailability and risks in the sludges to guide their disposal and use in land applications.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.353-358
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• 2007

The publications on dietary intake, respiratory intake and blood concentration of cadmium and lead in some Korean women are reviewed. Reported values of dietary Cd intake as geometric mean were $17.1{\mu}g/day$ in 1986, $21.2{\mu}g/day$ in 1994, $16.7{\mu}g/day$ in 2000, and blood concentration were $1.45{\mu}g$ in 1986, $1.27{\mu}g/l$ in 1994 and $2.74{\mu}g/l$ in 2000, respectively. In case of Pb, the dietary intake were $33.1{\mu}g/day$ in 1986, $20.5{\mu}g/day$ in 1994, and $18.4{\mu}g/day$ in 2000 and the blood concentration were $51.5{\mu}g/l$ in 1986, $44.3{\mu}g/l$ in 1994, $37.3{\mu}g/l$ in 2000, respectively. Dietary intake is an almost exclusive route of Cd exposure, however respiratory intake in case of Pb is thought to affective exposure route in Korean women. When compared with the values reported in the literature, both of dietary Cd and Pb intake levels appear to be similar to or somewhat higher than the levels in east and south-east Asia.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.100-106
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• 2012

The aim of this work was to reveal the effect of butanoic acid in its dissociated form and undissociated form as a guest molecule on the kinetic parameters in an inclusion reaction with ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin (${\beta}$-CD). Ultrasonic absorption measurements in the frequency range from 0.2 to 45 MHz were carried out for ${\beta}$-CD solutions with butanoic acid at $25^{\circ}C$ by ultrasonic relaxation method. The rate and the equilibrium constants were obtained from the guest concentration dependence of the relaxation frequency, and the standard volume change of the complexation reaction were obtained from the maximum absorption per wavelength. A single relaxational absorption was observed, and the cause of the relaxation was attributed to a perturbation of the chemical equilibrium associated with a complexation reaction between ${\beta}$-CD and butanoic acid. These results were compared with those in solutions containing both ${\beta}$-CD and different guest molecules. It was found that the hydrophobicity of guest molecules played an important role in the formation of the inclusion complex and also that the charge on the carboxylic group had a considerable effect on the kinetic characteristics of the complexation reaction.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.487-493
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• 2008

HoxB4 has been shown to enhance hematopoietic engraftment by hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from differentiating mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) cultures. Here we examined the effect of ectopic expression of HoxB4 in differentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Stable HoxB4-expressing hESCs were established by lentiviral transduction, and the forced expression of HoxB4 did not affect stem cell features. HoxB4-expressing hESC-derived CD34+ cells generated higher numbers of erythroid and blast-like colonies than controls. The number of CD34+ cells increased but CD45+ and KDR+ cell numbers were not significantly affected. When the hESC derived CD34+ cells were transplanted into $NOD/SCID{\beta}2m-/-$ mice, the ectopic expression of HoxB4 did not alter their repopulating capacity. Our findings show that overexpression of HoxB4 in differentiating hESCs increases hematopoietic colony formation and hematopoietic cell formation in vitro, but does not affect in vivo repopulation in adult mice hosts.