• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.129-135
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• 2012

This study was to investigate the heavy metal content of 55 commercial salts in the Seoul area. There were 22 types of solar sea salt, 17 types of processed salt and 16 types of reworked salt. Looked at another way, there were 22 types of domestic salt and 33 types of salt imported from France, the U.S., Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and Argentina. The samples were measured using both a mercury analyzer and an Inductively-Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES). The average heavy metal contents for commercial salts were Pb $0.281{\pm}0.344$, Cd $0.035{\pm}0.221$, Cr $0.364{\pm}0.635$, Cu $0.182{\pm}0.313$, As $0.046{\pm}0.062$, Ni $0.155{\pm}0.247$, Al $5.753{\pm}10.746$, Co $0.028{\pm}0.211$ and Hg $0.001{\pm}0.001$ mg/kg. The leads were detected highly in solar sea salt rather than in processed salt or reworked salt. Also chrome, arsenic and nickel were found more in processed salt. There were large differences in aluminum content between imported solar sea salt and processed salt. Aluminum was highly detected in French products, showing that salt can be affected by regional differences. The weekly average intakes of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Hg from commercial salt were 1.652% (0.000~6.754), 0.372% (0.000~7.214), 3.177% (0.000~26.279), 0.008% (0.001~0.049), and 0.031% (0.000~0.094) respectively compared with Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intakes established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee for the evaluation of food safety. The content of heavy metals from commercial salts was determined to be at safe levels.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.123-136
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• 2010

In order to remediate heavy metal contaminated Nong island, Maehyang-ri shooting range soils through the batch reactor scale washing were evaluated. The experiment texture soil of N3 in the Nong island at north side incline was (g)mS containing 12.9% gravel, 47.0% sand, 35.1% silt and 5.0% clay. And the N3 soil area was contaminated with Cd($22.5\pm1.9$ ppm), Cu($35.5\pm4.0$ ppm), Pb($1,279.0\pm5.1$ ppm) and Zn($403.4\pm9.8$ ppm). The EDTA(ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid, $C_{10}H_{16}N_2O_8$) in the N3 soil was observed as most effective extractants among the 5 extractants(citric acid, EDTA, phosphoric acid, potassium phosphate and oxalic acid) tested. And chemical partitioning of heavy metals after washing N3 soil with EDTA was evaluated. Removal efficiency of residual fractions was higher than that of non-residual fractions. To choose EDTA extractant which is the most effective in soil washing technology using batch reactor process cleaning Pb and Zn contaminated sits; Pb and Zn removal rates were investigated 92.4%, 94.0% removal(1,000 mM, soil:solution=5, $20^{\circ}C$, 24 hour shaking, pH=2, 200 RPM), respectively. The results of the batch test showed that the removal efficiency curve was logarithmic in soil was removal. Thus, EDTA washing process can be applied to remediate the Pb and Zn contaminated soil used in this study.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.4
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• pp.388-397
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• 1990

This study was conducted to investigate the changes of land use and stand volume around Mt. Kuem-O by B/W aerial photographs in 1979 and B/W Infrared aerial photographs in 1988. The results obtained in this study were as follow : 1. In classification of forest type on aerial photographs, coniferous stand was dark tone and hardwood stand was light tone and irregularly rounded crowns. 2. In classification of coniferous stand, Pinus densiflora was narraw cone and rounded tip of crowns and rough texture, Pinus rigida was irregulary rounded and broadly conical crowns. 3. To refer to changes of forest land area, mixed forest was changed into P. desiflora (687ha), P. rigida (130ha) and hardwood stand (219ha). 4. The regression equations between crown diameter and DBH were significant at 1% level by F-test in all stands. So the equation, D=a+bCD was used to estimate DBH. 5. The tree height curve equations were significant at 1% level by F-test in all stands. To estimate tree height the equation, logH=loga+blogD was adopted in P. densiflora and L. leptolepis and $H=a-bD+cD^2$ was adopted in P. rigida, hardwood stand and mixed forest. 6. The highest volume per hectare was observed in L. leptolepis and mixed forest showed the greatest growth percentage, while the lowest volume per hectare and growth percentage were observed in hardwood stand.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.274-279
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• 1985

Proximate compositions, minerals and protein fractions of the roots of cultured and wild Codonopsis lanceolata of different age groups were examined as the basic research for the study of their source of processed foods. The most abundant proximate composition of the roots of C. lanceolata was observed to be total sugars and next come crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat and ash in descending order irrespective of cultured and wild ones. The richest mineral contained in the roots was noticed to be K and followed by Mg and Ca. Generally increased tendency of crude protein, fat, ash, K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Zn, Cu and P contents were observed with older roots, however, decreased total sugars and Fe content. Lead and cadmium content was far bellow the authorized tolerance limits. The quantitative fractionation of the protein of the roots ranked albumin the highest content, followed by globuin, prolamin and glutelin. Decreased albumin content was observed with the older age roots, while increased globulin, prolamin and glutelin content. The minimum solubility of the soluble protein of the roots was found to be at pH 4.0 and maximum, at pH 10.0. Disc gel electrophoresis of the soluble protein of C. lanceolata roots showed almost similar patterns and numbers of bands. The molecular weight for main band protein was estimated to be about 90,000.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.279-291
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• 1996

The new chelating resins, XAD-2, 4, 16-TAC and XAD-2, 4, 16-TAO were synthesized by Amberlite XAD-2, XAD-4, and XAD-16 macroreticular resins with 2-(2-thiazolylazo)-p-cresol(TAC) and 4-(2-thiazolylazo)orcinol(TAO) as functional groups and were characterized by elemental analysis and FT-IR spectrometry. It was found that the content of functional group in chelating resin was 0.60mmol/g in XAD-16-TAC and 0.68mmol/g in XAD-16-TAO respectively. The chelating resins were stable in acidic and alkaline solution and can be reused over 10 times. The sorption behavior of some metalions to two chelating resins was investigated by batch method, which included batch equilibrium, effect of pH, coexisting ions and masking agent. For the optimum condition of sorption, the time required for equilibrium was about 1 hour and optimum pH was 5. In the presence of anions such as ${SO_4}^{2-}$ and $CH_3COO^-$, the sorption of U(VI) ion was slightly reduced but other anions such as $Cl^-$ and $NO{_3}^-$ revealed no interference effect. Also, sorption capacity of U(VI) ion was decreased by addition of $CO{_3}^{2-}$ ion because of complex formation of $[UO_2(CO_3)_3]^{4-}$, but alkali metals and alkali earth metals including Na(I), K(I), Mg(II), and Ca(II) were not affected for the sorption extent. Masking agent, NTA showed better separation efficiency of U(VI) ion from coexisting metal ions such as Th(IV), Zr(IV), Hf(IV), Cu(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) and Mn(II) than EDTA, CDTA.