• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.75-78
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• 1980

The interactions of iodine with toluidines (o-, m-, and p-) and N-methyltoluidines (o-, m-, and p-) in $CCl_4$ solution have been investigated through spectrophotometric measurements. The results indicate that toluidines and N-methyltoluidines form the one-to-one charge-transfer complexes with $I_2$ in solution. By comparing the values of the formation constants of the complexes, it is concluded that the relative stabilities of the $I_2$-amine complexes decrease in the following orders: p-toluidine >m-toluidine >aniline >o-toluidine, N-methyl-p-toluidine >N-methyl-m-toluidine >N-methylaniline >N-methyl-o-toluidine, N-methyltoluidines >toluidines. These results can be explained by the electron-releasing character and the steric effect of methyl group in the amine molecules.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.989-993
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• 2001

The carbonyl stretching vibration, νC=O of 2-cyclohexene-1-one, is in Fermi resonance with a combination tone. The amount of Fermi resonance interaction between these two modes is dependent upon the amount of solute/solvent interaction due to hyd rogen bonding between the carbonyl oxygen and the solvent proton. The corrected νC=O frequency of 2-cyclohexene-1-one occurs at a lower frequency than the observed νC=O mode of cyclohexanone, possibly caused by expanded conjugation effects. The carbonyl stretching modes of cyclic ketones were also affected by interaction with the ROH/CCl4 mixed solvent system.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.154-158
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• 1996

To investigate the protective effect of Korean red ginseng (RG) against oxidative damage, rats were intoxicated by carbon tetrachloride and liver tissues and blood were taken and analyzed histopathologically and biochemically. Light microscopy of the liver showed that RG prevented the necrosis of hepatocytes remarkably and reduced the change of fat. RG increased the capability for serum to suppress oxygen radical in the generating system. It is suggested that RG enhanced the antioxidative potential of the body against $CCl_4$, which would prevent the necrosis of hepatocytes in vivo.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.406.1-406.1
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• 2002

The anti-oxidant activities of the various fractions from the herbs of Artemisia apiacea were investigated. The n- hexane and n-butanol fractions were found to cause significant free radical scavenging effects on DPPH. their scavenging potencies as indicated in $IC_{50}$ values. being 230.1 and 183.7 g/ml. respectively. The n-butanol fraction exhibited a significant decrease in serum transaminase activities elevated by hepatic damage induced by $CCl_{4}$-intoxication in rats. All fractions tested exhibited a lipid peroxidation causing a significant decrease in MDA production in TBA-reactant assay. (omitted)

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1998.11a
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• pp.142-142
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• 1998

This study has been undertaken to examine the effect of biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate (DDB) on rat liver drug metabolizing enzyme in order to understand the mechanism of DDB on improving hepatic toxicity in rat liver. After DDB was administered into male rats for different periods of time, mRNA level of CYP1A1 and CYP2B1 was measured by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). DDB treatment resulted in increase in CYP2B1 mRNA level whereas there was no change in CYP1A1 mRNA level. This effect of DDB was time dependent reaching maximal level by 2-day treatment. DDB dose response study showed that 50mg/kg DDB induced CYP2B1 mRNA to maximal level and DDB icreased CYP2B1 gene expression with dose-dependent manner. Based on studies of lipid peroxidation, serum ALT and AST levels and histopathologic examination showed DDB protection on CCl4 induced hepatotoxiccity.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.474-481
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• 1993

The infinite dilution activity coefficients(${\gamma}{\infty}$) of nonpolar and polar solutes have been determined in different solvents at temperature between 60 and $100^{\circ}C$ by using gas chromatography. The $ln{\gamma}{\infty}$ values of nonpolar solutes(alkanes, cyclohexane, benzene, toluene and $CCl_4$) were linearly increased as 1/T in the nonpolar solvent (n-octadecane) and the polar solvent(n-hexadecyl alcohol) systems and the $ln{\gamma}{\infty}$ values at the constant temperature were increased with the number of carbon atoms of solute molecule. For the polar solutes(alcohols, esters and ketones) and the weak polar solvent(di-2-ethyl adiphate and di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate) systems, the relations of $ln{\gamma}{\infty}$ vs. 1/T were found to be curved with increased slope, and the $ln{\gamma}{\infty}$ values at constant temperature were linearly diminished as increasing the number of carbon atoms of solute molecule. For the polar solutes(alcohols, esters and ketones) and the strong polar solvents(triphenyl phosphate and tricresyl phosphate)systems, the relations of $ln{\gamma}{\infty}$ vs. 1/T were found to be curved with increased slope but $ln{\gamma}{\infty}$ values at constant temperature were linearly increased as increasing the number of carbon atoms of solute molecule.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.167-172
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• 1997

Effect of combined preparation (DWP715) containing Alaska pollack extract, maltol, ascorbic acid and nicotinamide on decreasing of blood alcohol was evaluated in human blood. Treatment of DWP715 prior to administration of 25% alcohol (100 mL) decreased alcohol concentration in blood and showed significant difference after 2 hours. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), $C_{max},\;T_{max}\;and\;T_{1/2}$ were also decreased and delayed when compared with control values. Effects of DWP715 on anti-fatigue and anti-oxidation activities were also studied in the restraint stress model using various parameters (GOT, GPT, LDH values and organ weights) on mild condition and examined through the content of lipid peroxide induced by 2% $CCl_4$ in mouse livers. While GPT level, thymus and adrenal weight were not influenced by DWP715 dosing, LDH, GOT level and spleen weight used as a parameter against fatigue and stress states were recovered almost to the nomal level. Furthermore, lipid peroxidation due to $CCl_4$ was significantly inhibited by DWP715 treatment. These results suggest that DWP715 seems to metabolize the blood alcohol rapidly and to restore the damaged liver and fatigue conditions which was caused by alcohol metabolism to normal condition.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.373-380
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• 2011

We have reported that a 24 kDa protein (22U homologous; As22U) of Anisakis simplex larvae could elicit several Th2-related chemokine gene expressions in the intestinal epithelial cell line which means that As22U may play a role as an allergen. In order to determine the contribution of As22U to allergic reactions, we treated mice with 6 times intra-nasal application of recombinant As22U (rAs22U). In the group challenged with rAs22U and ovalbumin (OVA), the number of eosinophils in the bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was significantly increased, as compared to the group receiving only OVA. In addition, mice treated with rAs22U and OVA showed significantly increased airway hyperresponsiveness. Thus, severe inflammation around the airway and immune cell recruitment was observed in mice treated with rAs22U plus OVA. The levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 cytokines in the BALF increased significantly after treatment with rAs22U and OVA. Similarly, the levels of anti-OVA specific lgE and lgG1 increased in mice treated with rAs22U and OVA, compared to those treated only with OVA. The Gro-${\alpha}$ (CXCL1) gene expression in mouse lung epithelial cells increased instantly after treatment with rAs22U, and allergy-specific chemokines eotaxin (CCL11) and thymus-and-activation-regulated-chemokine (CCL17) gene expressions significantly increased at 6 hr after treatment. In conclusion, rAs22U may induce airway allergic inflammation, as the result of enhanced Th2 and Th17 responses.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.727-733
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• 1996

2-(Allylthio)pyrazine is effective in selectively suppressing constitutive and inducible expression of cytochrome P450 2E1. The effect of 2-(allylthio)pyrazine against potentiat ed chemical injury was studied in rats. Vitamin-A pretreatment of rats substantially increased carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity, as supported by an ~4-fold increase in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity. Concomitant pretreatment of rats with 2-(allylthio)pyrazine at the daily dose of 200mg/kg resulted in a 76% decrease in vitamin-A-potentiated hepatotoxicity, which supported the possibility that 2-(allylthio)pyrazine protects the liver against chemical-induced hepatic injury by the mechanism associated with Kupffer cell inactivation. Pyridine pretreatment caused substantial enhancement in carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity. 2-(Allylthio)pyrazine treatment of rats reduced the pyridine-potentiated toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Animals treated with both pyridine and 2-(allylthio)pyrazine prior to intoxicating dose of CCl$_4$ resulted in 85% and 47% decreases in pyridine-increased triglycerides and cholesterol levels in the liver. The protective effect of 2-(allylthio)pyrazine on the DNA strand breakage induced by benzenetriol was assessed by measuring the conversion of supercoiled ${\Phi}x$-174 DNA to the open relaxed form. 2-(Allylthio)pyrazine blocked the benzenetriol-induced conversion of supercoiled DNA to open circular form in a dose-dependent manner. The presence of 2-(allylthio)pyrazine at the doses from I to 10mM in the incubation mixture containing 5 ${\mu}$M benzenetriol completely protected benzenetriol-induced DNA strand breakage with the EC50 for the 2-(allylthio)pyrazine blocking being noted as ~220 ${\mu}$M, whereas allyl disulfide exerted protecting effect at relatively high concentrations (i.e. ~850 ${\mu}$M), suggesting that 2-(allylthio)pyrazine effectively scavenges the reactive oxygen species. These results provide evidence that 2-(allylthio)pyrazine blocks vitamin A- or pyridine-potentiated CCl$_4$ hepatotoxicity and that the agent is active in protecting DNA by scavenging the reactive oxygen species.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.65-81
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• 2016

Objectives : Haedoksamul-tang (HSTE), a water extract from a mixture of Phellodendri Cortex, Coptidis, Scutellariae Radix, Gardeniae Fructus, Angelica acutiloba Radix, Cnidii Rhizoma, Paeoniae Radix, Rehmanniae Radix, has been traditionally used for allergic skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis and contact dermatitis in oriental countries. However, little is known about the effects of aqueous extract of HSTE on trimellitic anhydride (TMA)-induced contact hypersensitivity (CHS) in a mouse model. Methods : In this study, we investigate the pharmacological effects of HSTE on TMA-induced CHS in Balb/c mice. Contact hypersensitivity was induced in mice by topically sensitizing and challenging with TMA in flank skin and ears during oral administration (for 17 days) and topical treatment (30 min before challenge) with HSTE. We examined the effects of HSTE on IgE and IgG1 levels, inflammatory parameters in ear tissues, CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratio, cytokine and chemokine production in sera, tissues, and immune cells from TMA-sensitized mice.Results : Oral and topical administration with HSTE reduced, in a dose dependent manner, thickness and leukocyte infiltration of ear tissues and IgE levels in serum from mice sensitized with TMA. In addition, auricula lymph node cells isolated from TMA-sensitized mice significantly elevated the expression ratio of CD4⁺/CD8⁺ as well as increased the production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and IFN-γ by ex vivo stimulation with antibodies against CD3 and CD28, and these inflammatory indexes, except for IFN-γ, were significantly suppressed by orally and topically administration of HSTE. Furthermore, stimulation of auricula lymph node cells from TMA-sensitized mice with antibodies against CD3 and CD28 increased the production of MCP-1/CCL2 and MIP-1α/CCL3, and these effects were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner in cells from mice treated with HSTE. Conclusions : These results suggest that HSTE can be used for treating contact hypersensitivity by inhibiting leukocyte infiltration as well as production of serum IgE and chemokine/Th2 cytokine in an animal model.