• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.2
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• pp.147-167
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• 2019

This study was conducted to analyze forest vegetation structure in the Marugeum (Ridge) area of Gitdaebaegibong to Jukryeong, Baekdudaegan. Data were collected in 298 quadrates through a Braun-Blanquet vegetation survey from April, 2018 to October, 2018. Forest vegetation was classified into 13 vegetation units. A Quercus mongolica community was divided into Morus bombycis, Filipendula glaberrima, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Prunus maackii unit and Q. mongolica typical unit. The M. bombycis unit was further classified into a Deutzia glabrata group and M. bombycis typical group. The F. glaberrima unit was subdivided into a Veratrum oxysepalum group, Arundinella hirta group, and F. glaberrima typical group. The F. sieboldiana unit was divided into a Pinus densiflora group, Larix kaempferi group, and F. sieboliana typical group. The relationship between vegetation units and environmental factors was studied through coincidence analysis and CCA. The F. glaberrima unit (VU 6~8) was distributed by elevation above 1,200 m and other vegetation units were distributed below 1,200 m. Results of the CCA analysis showed that the F. glaberrima unit distribution is positively correlated with elevation. As a result of species diversity, the F. glaberrima unit was higher than other vegetation units. A similarity index analysis revealed that the F. sieboldiana unit (VU 9~11) was relatively homogeneous, and the M. bombycis unit (VU 1~5) and A. girta group (VU 7) were relatively heterogeneous. A detrended correspondence analysis determined that the distance between the statistical axes of the M. bombycis and F. glaberrima units was the greatest, which is consistent with the analysis of the similarity index. As a result of interspecific correlation of major woody plants, hydrophilic species were positively correlated, and a negative correlation was found between Q. mongolica and intolerant species such as P. densiflora and L. kaempferi.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.135-154
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• 1994

To investigate the forest structure in valley of Kumpotan-Paekryunsa of Tokyusan National Park, fourty plots were set up and surveyed. According to the analysis of classification by TWINSPAN, community divided by 8 groups. The divided groups are Carpinus laxiflora-C. cordata community(I), Pinus densiflora-C. laxiflora-Quercus serrata community(II), C. laxiflora community(III), Q. mongolica-C. laxiflora community(IV), Q. spp. community(V, Ⅵ), and Fraxinus mandshurica community(Ⅶ, Ⅷ). In the analysis of ordination techniques, DBH distribution, environmental variables etc., community Ⅶ and Ⅷ were pointed out edaphic climax. So the successional trends seems to be from P. densiflora through Q. mongolica, Q. serrata to C. laxiflora, C. cordata, F. mandshurica in canopy layer. And in the subtree and shrub layer, it was expected that Rhododendron mucronulatum, Rh. schlippenbachii, Rhus trichocarpalongrightarrowAcer pseudo-sieboldianum, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Euonymus oxyphyllus, Symplocos chinensis for. pilosalongrightarrowStaphylea bumalda, Weigela subsessilis. According to the results of the analysis for the relationship between environmental variables and species, F. mandshurica correlated with exchangeable cations significantly.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.244-253
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• 1999

백운산의 산림군락과 환경 요인과의 관계를 구명하기 위하여 TWINSPAN과 CCA Ordination을 이용분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. TWINSPAN에 의해서 서어나무 군락, 고로쇠나무 군락, 신갈나무 군락 및 굴참나무 군락의 4 group으로 구분되었다. 주요 군락과 환경 용인과의 상관을 보면 서어나무 군락과 굴참나무 군락은 해발고가 중간이고 유기물 함량과 유효인산의 양료가 중간인 곳에 주로 분포하고 신갈나무 군락은 해발고가 높고 유기물 함량과 유효인산의 양료가 많은 곳에 주로 분포하며 고로쇠나무 군락은 해발고가 낮고 $K+$,$Ca{++}$,및 $Mg^{++}$등의 양료가 많은 곳에 주로 분포하고 있다 주요 수종과 환경과의 상관관계를 보면 해발고가 높고 유기물 함량과 $P_2O_5$ 많은 곳에 신갈나무, 노리재나무, 물푸레나무, 해발고가 중간기고 양료가 중간인 곳에 서어나무, 비목, 단당풍 졸참나무, 쪽동백나무, 때죽나무, 해발고가 낮고, 습하며$K+$,$Ca{++}$,및 $Mg^{++}$ 등의 양료가 많은 계곡부타 까치박달나무 층층나무, 느티나무, 고로쇠나무, 들메나무, 나도밤나무 및 산뽕나무가 분포하고 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.85-92
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• 2008

Strength of logs and round posts is compared and analyzed to estimate the strength of the incised Larix round posts treated with CCA in this paper. There is no significant difference in MOR of logs and round posts. However, in the incised Larix round posts treated with CCA MOE is decreased to about 9%, and there is 29% reduction in MOR as strength ratio is 0.71. When calculating the allowable bending stress of incised round type round posts, not in nominal 2-in timbers, an adjustment factor for MOE and bending strength is proposed as 0.91 and 0.71, respectively. Logs, round posts and the incised Larix round posts treated with CCA do not show significant difference in nail withdrawal load. There is almost no difference between incised Larix round posts treated with CCA and round posts in the shear strength of bolted joint. When calculating the allowable shear stress of bolted joint, it is conformed that considering the application of incising factor is not necessary.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.45-59
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• 2016

Vegetation and soil conditions of four sites in west coastal forests in South Korea, were examined to analyze the relationship between Pinus thunbergii forests structure and soil conditions. The P. thunbergii forests were divided into four clusters; 1) P. thunbergii - Prunus sargentii var. sargentii, 2) P. thunbergii - Robinia pseudoacacia, 3) P. thunbergii - P. densiflora and 4) P. thunbergii - Quercus serrata. The soil of each site was poor in chemical characteristics but good enough for land plants to grow because of its low salt concentration. According to the results by CCA Ordination, certain excessive soil nutrition has influenced on vegetation and specific species distribution. Forty eight species were found in the whole sites of coastal forests and some species appeared in every site. They are P. thunbergii, R. pseudoacacia, Rhus chinensis, Idesia polycarpa and Morus alba. For the tree species importance value, P. thunbergii was followed by R. pseudoacacia, Q. serrata, P. densiflora, Celtis sinensis, M. alba, I. polycarpa and Q. mongolica in order.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.125-132
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• 1997

A study of forest vegetation in Mt. $T\v{o}kyu$ National Park was investigated by ordination technique. By TWINSPAN(Two-Way Indicator Species Analysis) method, 10 groups were recognized as follows: pinus densiflora, Quercus variabilis, Quercus serrata, Quercus mongolica-Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Quercus mongolica-Abies koreana, Quercus mongolica-Acer pseudo-sieboldi-amum, Quercus mongolica-Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa, Carpinus laxiflora, Fraxinus mandshurica and Taxus cuspidata groups. The floristic composition of these groups showed high correlation to soil moisture(r=0.831), altitude(r=0.784), topography(r=-0.722), organic matter(r=0.642), and pH(r=-0.509) among various environmental factors. According to the results of CCA(Canonical Correspondence Analysis) Pinus densiflora group and Quercus variabilis group were situated in a xeric area at a lower altitude where soil nutrients were poor compared with the other groups. Fraxinus mandshurica group was distributed throughout the valley with high soil moisture and good nutrients, Quercus serrata group and Carpinus laxiflora group were found in the low altitude region with good nutrients, Quercus mongolica group, at the high altitude region with good nutrients, and Quercus mongolica-Acer koreana and Taxus cuspidata at higher altitudes(1, 400-1600 m).

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.3
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• pp.279-287
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• 1997

This study was carried out to identify the analysis of vegetation-environment relationships of the coniferous forests in subalpine districts of Mt. Chiri by two-way indicaton species analysis(TWINSPAN) and CCA. The results are summarized as follows; The subalpine coniferous forest in Mt. Chin was classified Abies koreana community group by the TWINSPAN method. The Abies koreana community group was classified Abies koreana-Pinus densiflora, Abies koreana-Quercus mongolicd and Abies koreana-Picea jezoensis. The Abies koreana-Quercus mongolica community classified into two subcommunities, typical and Pinus koraiensis subcommunity. The Abies koreana-Picea jezoensis community classified into three subcommunities such as typical, Taxus cuspidate and Cornus controversa subcommunity. The subalpine conifers commnities in Mt. Chiri could be classified into six vegetation units, which consisted of three vegetation communities and five subcommunities. The relationship between vegetation community and influencing environmental factors was analyzed by using the CCA ordination method. It was found that altitude, concentrations of $Ca^{++}$ and $Mg^{++}$ in soil were, major environmental variables, which influence the distribution of vegetation community in the first axis, and $Ca^{++}$ and altitude in the second axis. In the relations of communities and environmental factors by CCA, the optimal ecological habitats of Abies koreana-Pinus densiflora community could be located at low elevations, in which $Ca^{++}$ and $Mg^{++}$ are rich. Abies koreana-Quercus mongolica community prefers the sites in mid-elevation zone, in which $Ca^{++}$ and $Mg^{++}$ are medium level in soil. The optimum site for Abies koreana-Pinus koraiensis community and Abies koreana-Taxus cuspidata community could be high elevations in which $Ca^{++}$ and $Mg^{++}$ are poor. Abies koreana-Cornus controversa community is found in the site at low elevations where $Ca^{++}$ and $Mg^{++}$ are medium.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.52-69
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• 2002

The WIPP (Waste Isolation Pilot Plant), located 42km east of Carlsbad, New Mexico (NM), in bedded salt 655m below the surface, is a mined repository constructed by the US DOE for the permanent disposal of transuranic (TRU) wastes generated by activities related to defence of the US since 1970. Its historical disposal operation began in March 1999 following receipt of a final permit from the State of NM after a positive certification decision for the WIPP was issued by the EPA in 1998, as the first licensed facility in the US for the deep geologic disposal of radioactive wastes. The CCA (Compliance Certification Application) for the WIPP that the DOE submitted to the EPA in 1966 was supported by an extensive performance assessment (PA) carried out by Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), with so-called 1996 PA. Even though such PA methodologies could be greatly different from the way we consider for HLW disposal in Korea largely due to quite different geologic formations in which repository are likely to be located, a review on lots of works done through the WIPP PA studies could be the most important lessons that we can learn from in view of current situation in Korea where an initial phase of conceptual studies on HLW disposal has been just started. The objective of this art report is an overview of the methodology used in the recent WIPP PA to support the US DOE WIPP CCA and some relevant results completed by SNL.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.362-369
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• 2013

Phytoplankton and zooplankton communities were investigated from 8 weir sites of the Nakdong River system to provide basic information on plankton community after weir construction and to estimate its effects on major water quality parameters. The relationship between plankton community structure and environmental factors was analysed with CCA (Canonical Correspondence Analysis). The results suggested that discharge and total phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations are important factors determining the phytoplankton species composition. For zooplankton community, the difference in discharge between September and October induced different distribution pattern of zooplankton community with more homogeneous distribution with extreme dominance of rotifers during the high discharge season. Chlorophyll a concentration representing phytoplankton biomass has been suggested as the main environmental factor affecting zooplankton community followed by COD and total nitrogen concentration.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.462-468
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• 1998

Vegetational data from 25 quadrats of Quercus mongolica communities at Hangyeryong and Paekdamsa area in Soraksan National Park were analysed by applying two multivariate methods: two-way indicator species analysis(TWINSPAN) for classification and canonical correspondence analysis(CCA) for ordination. The forest vegetation of Quercus mongolica community was classified into Quercus mongolica-Tilia amurensis, Quercus mongolica-Abies holophylla, Quercus mongolica-Styrax obassis, and Quercus mongolica-Quercus serrata groups according to the TWINSPAN. The relationships between the distribution of dominant groups according ot the TWINSPAN. The relationships between the distribution of dominant groups for forest vegetation and soil condition in Quercus mongolica communities were investigated by analysing elevation and soil nutrition gradients. Quercus mongolica-Tilia amurensis group was distributed in the high elevation and poor nutrition area of total nitrogen and C.E.C., Quercus monholica-Abies holophylla group was distributed in the high elevation and good nutrition area of total nitrogen and C.E.C., Quercus mongolica-Styrax obassia group was distributed in the medium elevation and poor nutrition area of total nitrogen and C.E.C., while Quercus mongolica-Quercus serrata group was distributed in the low elevation and poor nutrition area of total nitrogen and C.E.C.. The dominant factors influencing community distribution were elevation, total nitrogen and C.E.C..