• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.79-112
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to examine the differences of profitability based on the analysis of business and medical service performances of four hospitals in Incheon area with similar size. and to compare hospitals with the best and the worst performances and analyze the factors behind the differences. The differences could be caused by differences in medical service statistics, number of staff, and financial results, etc. The data was acquired through the homepage of the National Tax Service(financial statements for the fiscal year 2009) and the Medical Record Association of Incheon(medical service statistics for the years 2008 and 2009) along with questionnaire survey to the hospitals(personnel data for the year 2009). The results of the study are as follows. Medical profits to medical revenues ratio for the hospitals(referred as Hospital A, B, C, and D) shows, in order, C(8.2%), A(8.0%), B(7.8%), and D(7.4%). However, net income to medical revenues ratio shows otherwise: C(8.5%), D(5.8%), A(3.0%), and B(0.6%). Hospital B shows a high medical profit to revenue ratio but the lowest net income to revenue ratio due to large interest expenses. The leverage ratio of Hospital B is the highest (419.6%), resulting in a very low interest coverage ratio(1.1). On the other hand, Hospital C shows favorable results in both profit ratios, with 8.2% and 8.5% each. Hospital C has the lowest leverage ratio(53.0%) and the highest interest coverage ratio(34.9). Therefore, the results show Hospital C has the best performance while Hospital B the worst. The two hospitals(B and C) show similar results in certain areas and big differences in other areas. The area that has the biggest influence on financial results turns out leverage ratio. Hospital B shows 'very good' to 'good' results in terms of medical service statistics in general. However, the leverage ratio is too high and the liquidity ratio too low, resulting in a very low profit ratio. The results of this study have some limitations in terms of generalization as only four hospitals in Incheon area were selected for the study, resulting in a deficiency in the representativeness of the sample. Further studies with bigger sample size and deeper analysis are expected in this area.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.52-64
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• 1970

1969년 5월 21일에 채란하여 부화시킨 후 월동 사육중에 있는 자주복의 치어 사육 과정에 있어서 우선 150일간이 되는 10월 25일까지의 시험 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 자주복의 인공 수정 란은 수온 $15.9\~17.4^{\circ}C$에서 163시간만에 최초의 부화를 볼 수 있었고, 부화율은 $61.56\%$ 였다. 2. 부화 후 $6\~7$ 일경에 후기 자어에 달하나 이 때에 1차 대량 폐사가 일어나서 부화 치어의 $57.26\%\~68.0\%$가 감소되었다. 3. 부화 후 16일경부터는 전장 6.7mm의 것이 4.6mm의 치어를 공격하는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 4. 부화 후 $25\~28$ 일 경에는 식성의 변화가 생기게 되며, 이 때는 다시 제 2차 대 량 폐사가 일어나서 부화 수량의 $90.7\%\~90.9\%$가 감소되었다. 5. 치어기 이후의 공식 현상은 체장에 관계없이 적정 먹이의 부족에서 일어나며 식해당하는 위치는 꼬리지느러미쪽에서 시작된다. 6. 46일간 사육한 유어기(체장 $53\~68$mm)의 먹이 종류별 증육 계수는 바지락 5.5, 지렁이 8.5, 잠어 8.7이었다. 7. 부화 후 $53\~63$일 경부터는 제 3차 폐사가 일어나서 부화 수량의 $95.76\~97.34\%$가 감소하였으나 주원인은 영양실조에 의한 구루병(곱추병)이었다. 8. 성장 결과는 부화 직후의 것은 전장이 2.68mm이나 부화 후 10일째는 전장 3.84mm, 25일째는 전장 7.96mm 40일째는 전장 20.96mm, 체중 130mg, 80일째는 전장 73.65mm, 체중 9.06g, 150일째는 전장 123mm 체중 31.8g로 성장하였다. 9. 이 때의 전사육 기간 중의 수온은 $15.7\~28.4^{\circ}C$(평균 $22.10^{\circ}C$)범위였고 염분 농도는 $25.53\~34.50\%_{\circ}$ (평균 $32.07\%$) 범위였다. 10. 자주복의 유어는 저염분 농도에 대한 저항력이 높아서 $5\%_{\circ}$까지의 급변에도 잘 견디었으나 $3\%_{\circ}$이하부터는 폐사율이 많은 편이었다. 11. 정상 해수에서 담수로 바로 옮긴 것은 9시간 40분 후에 폐사했는데 비하여 저염분 농도($5\%_{\circ}$)에서 54일간 단련시킨 것은 60시간 40분이나 더 생존할 수 있었다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.189-194
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• 1998

토양반응이 산성이고 붕소함량이 낮은 사양질 밭에서 토양개량제로 석탄회와 석고, 패각을 석탄회80, 패각4, 석탄회56+석고24, 석탄회40+석고24+패각0.8ton/㏊ 수준으로 시용하고 가을배추 재배에 이어서 2년차 봄배추를 재배하여 배추생육과 품질에 대한 시용잔효를 검토하였다. 개량제 시용에 따른 배추의 수확물은 대조구의 8.7ton/㏊을 기준으로 석탄회+석고+패각 혼용구에서 834%, 석탄회+석고 혼용구에서 786%, 석탄회 단용구에서 755%, 패각 단용구에서 193% 증가하였다. 수확된 배추체내 환원당과 비타민-C, 전질소 함량은 처리별 수량 성적 경향과 일치하였고 조섬유는 반대경향을 보였다. 또한 석탄회가 시용된 구에서는 개량제 무시용구 및 패각단용구를 달리 붕소결핍증이 없었고 유해 중금속의 식물체 잔류량이 감소되거나 자연함량 이하였다. 그리고, 이들 토양개량제를 상용할 경우에는 작물의 균형있는 양분흡수를 위해 3요소비료와 함께 마그네슘을 별도 시용하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 생각되었다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.212-232
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• 1994

I selected the theory of blood stasis and wetness-phlegm among the major 4 causes of Joong Poong(C.V.A.)(wind. fire. deficiency of vital energy and wetness-phlegm) and recent etiology of blood stasis. An experimental studies were done to investigate the effects of Danggieum (removing blood stasis and promoting blood circulation) and Ijintang(dissipating wetness-phlegm) on thrombosis and elevated blood viscosity. The results were as follows; 1. The number of platelets were significantly increased in only Danggieum group. 2. Related to the amount of fibrinogen. only Danggieum group revealed some increase. but both groups revealed no significance. 3. Related to the prothrombin time. Danggieum and Ijintang groups had significant decrease. but Danggieum group revealed more significance. 4. Related to the degree of concentration of FDP, only Danggieum group had significant decrease. 5. Whole blood viscosity and plasma viscosity in lower shear rates. both groups of Danggieum and Ijintang had significant decrease. 6. Related to the amount of RBC. both groups of Danggieum and Ijintang had significant decrease. 7. Related to the change of hematocrit. only Danggieum group, and the change of hemoglobin. only Ijintang group had significant decrease. 8. Related to the change of body temperature. only Ijintang group had significant raise. 9. Related to the changes of WBC. glucose, albumin, total protein and body weight. Danggieum and Ijintang groups had each increase or decrease. but no significance. According to the above results, Danggieum had more significant effect than Ijintang on the thrombosis. and Ijintang had more significant effect than Danggieum on the elevated blood viscosity. And it is considered that it might be more effective in treating Joong-Poong(C.V.A) to take medicines regarding patient's constitution and symptoms as well as the causes of Joong-Poong(C.V.A)

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제22권12호
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• pp.1644-1652
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• 2012

Iron plays a key role in host-pathogen interactions. Microbial pathogens require iron for survival and virulence, whereas mammalian hosts sequester and withhold iron as a means of nutritional immunity. We previously identified two paralogous genes, CFT1 and CFT2, which encode homologs of a fungal iron permease, Cft1 and Cft2, respectively, in the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. Cft1 was shown to play a role in the high-affinity reductive iron uptake system, and was required for transferrin utilization and full virulence in mammalian hosts. However, no role of Cft2 has been suggested yet. Here, we identified the third gene, CFT3, that produces an additional fungal iron permease homolog in C. neoformans, and we also generated the cft3 mutant for functional characterization. We aimed to reveal distinct functions of Cft1, Cft2 and Cft3 by analyzing phenotypes of the mutants lacking CFT1, CFT2 and CFT3, respectively. The endogenous promoter of CFT1, CFT2 and CFT3 was replaced with the inducible GAL7 promoter in the wild-type strain or in the cft1 mutant for gain-of-function analysis. Using these strains, we were able to find that CFT2 is required for growth in low-iron conditions in the absence of CFT1 and that overexpression of CFT2 compensates for deficiency of the cft1 mutant in iron uptake and various cellular stress conditions. However, unlike CFT2, no clear phenotypic characteristic of the cft3 mutant and the strain overexpressing CFT3 was observed. Overall, our data suggested a redundant role of Cft2 in the high-affinity iron uptake and stress responses in C. neoformans.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제33권10호
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• pp.1337-1350
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• 2023

Caproic acid is a precursor substance for the synthesis of ethyl caproate, the main flavor substance of nongxiangxing baijiu liquor. In this study, Clostridium butyricum GD1-1, a strain with high caproic acid concentration (3.86 g/l), was isolated from the storage pit mud of nongxiangxing baijiu for sequencing and analysis. The strain's genome was 3,840,048 bp in length with 4,050 open reading frames. In addition, virulence factor annotation analysis showed C. butyricum GD1-1 to be safe at the genetic level. However, the annotation results using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Automatic Annotation Server predicted a deficiency in the strain's synthesis of alanine, methionine, and biotin. These results were confirmed by essential nutrient factor validation experiments. Furthermore, the optimized medium conditions for caproic acid concentration by strain GD1-1 were (g/l): glucose 30, NaCl 5, yeast extract 10, peptone 10, beef paste 10, sodium acetate 11, L-cysteine 0.6, biotin 0.004, starch 2, and 2.0% ethanol. The optimized fermentation conditions for caproic acid production by C. butyricum GD1-1 on a single-factor basis were: 5% inoculum volume, 35℃, pH 7, and 90% loading volume. Under optimal conditions, the caproic acid concentration of strain GD1-1 reached 5.42 g/l, which was 1.40 times higher than the initial concentration. C. butyricum GD1-1 could be further used in caproic acid production, NXXB pit mud strengthening and maintenance, and artificial pit mud preparation.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.302-310
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• 2003

This study was undertaken to assess nutritional status of the low income elderly residing in Gwangju. Anthropometric data showed that mean height of the subjects was lower than that of Korean Standard Growth data but weight was similar to that standard value. As the subjects became older, their heights and weights were decreased. Body mass index (BMI) in males and females were 22.9 and 24.4 respectively. However, BMI distribution showed that 56% of the elderly females under 75 were underweight. Advancing age conoibutes significant difference in triceps skinfold thickness in females (p < 0.001). Total cholesterol level was higher in the elderly females than the males. It was found that a considerable number of subjects had anemia determined by hemoglobin and hematocrit level, which indicated un iron deficiency. Twenty-four hour dietary recall revealed that, except for phosphorus and vitamin C, all the nutrient intakes of the subjects were below 75％ of Korean RDA. Surprisingly, vitamin A and riboflavin intakes of the elderly were below 50％ of Korean RDA. Energy intakes of the elderly males and females were 58.7% and 59.6% of Korean RDA respectively. Unbalanced energy ratios of carbohydrate, protein and fat were noted in both genders. Nutrient intakes of females' were lower than those of males'. Thus, there was a significant gender difference in nutrient intakes. It might be further suggested that an appropriate nutritional program should be developed and implemented to improve the Poor nutritional status of the low income elderly living in cities.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈C:초등수학교육
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.31-41
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• 2003

Representation has been main topic in teaching and learning mathematics for a long time. Moreover, teachers' deficiency of representation about fraction results in teaching algorithms without conceptual understanding. So, this paper was conducted to investigate and analysize the elementary preservice mathematics teachers' representation about fraction. 38 elementary preservice mathematics teachers participated in this study. This study results showed that, the only model of a fraction that was familiar to the preservice teachers was the part of whole one. And research showed that, they solved the problems about fraction well using algorithms but seldom express the sentence which illustrates the meaning of the operation by a fraction. Specially, the division aspect of a fraction was not familiar nor readily accepted. It menas that preservice teachers are used to using algorithms without a conceptual understanding of the meaning of the operation by a fraction. This results give us some implications. Most of all, teaching programs in preservice mathematics teachers education have to devise to form a network among the concepts in relation to fraction. And we must emphasize how to teach and what to teach in preservice mathematics teachers education course. Finally, we have to invent the various materials which can be used to educate both preservice teachers and elementary school students. If we want to improve the mathematical ability of students, we will concentrate preservice teachers education.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.289-291
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• 1988

The ratio of trivalent to divalent copper has been determined by the redox titration for two superconducting phases of $YBa_2Cu^{3+}_{2x}Cu^{2+}_{3-2x}O_{6.5+x}$ with the onset temp. of 60K (x = 0.23 ${\pm}$ 0.01) and 90K (x = 0.35 ${\pm}$ 0.02), and for the insulating one (x ${\cong}$ 0) which was kept in an ambient atmosphere for 72 hrs. It is found that $T_c$, and the ratio of $Cu^{3+}/Cu^{2+}$ depend strongly on the annealing temperature and time. A typical orthorhombic phase can easily be obtained by a slow cooling or stepwise cooling at $PO_2$ = 1 atm, and shows a high Tc (ca. 90K) superconductivity.

• 약학회지
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• 제56권2호
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• pp.136-143
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• 2012

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Diabetes is often initially managed by increasing exercise and dietary modification. As the condition progresses, medications may be needed such as oral sulfonylurea or others. Recently, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP- 4) Inhibitor is new drug which can control blood glucose by increasing the active levels of incretin hormone in the body. However, researches have been carried out for mostly Caucasian and Japanese, not for Koreans at all. Therefore, this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of DPP-4 inhibitor (Sitagliptin, Vildagliptin) in patients with T2DM in Koreans. This study was carried out retrospectively with reviewing of medical records from the 141 patients who received sitagliptin or vildagliptin over 24 week periods from January 2009, to December 2009. Information including demographics, concomitant medication, disease duration, and exercise was evaluated. $HbA_{1c}$, random blood glucose, post prandial 2 hour glucose, blood pressure, AST, ALT, serum creatinine, total cholesterol, triglyceride levels were also collected at baseline and endpoint (at 24 weeks). In each post-treatment group, $HbA_{1c}$, random blood glucose and post prandial 2 hour glucose levels were decreased significantly from baseline in the sitagliptin group (-0.82%, -28.76 mg/dl, -46.65 mg/dl) and vildagliptin group(-1.22%, -27.96 mg/dl, -67.2 mg/dl). Greater $HbA_{1c}$ mean reductions from baseline to 24 weeks were seen in patients with higher baseline values (>7.0%), with shorter disease durations (${\leq}1$ year) compared with those with lower baseline values (<7.0%), with longer disease durations (>1 year) in both sitagliptin and vildagliptin groups. The incidences of hypoglycemia, headache and upper respiratory infection were 0%, 8.7%, 5.8% in sitagliptin group and 2.8%, 8.3%, 6.9% in vildagliptin group. In conclusion, our results showed DPP-4 inhibitor provided similar efficacy compared with sulfonylurea after 24 weeks of treatment and were safer than sulfonylurea in hypoglycemia for Korean T2DM. Also vildagliptin was associated with significant improvement in $HbA_{1c}$ reduction in Korean patient with subgroup (body mass index<25 $kg/m^2$, metformin dose${\geq}$1000 mg, p<0.05) compared to sitagliptin. Therefore, even though DPP-4 inhibitor use for Korean needs to be studied more consistently in the future, DPP-4 inhibitor is a safe and effective drug for Korean T2DM based on our result.