• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.35-39
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• 2004

Two new nickel vanadium borophosphate cluster compounds, $(NH_4)_{10}[Ni(H_2O)_5]_4[V_2P_2BO_{12}]_6{\cdot}nH_2O$ (1) and $(NH_4)_{3.5}(C_3H_{12}N_2)_{3.5}[Ni(H_2O)_6]_{1.25}{[Ni(H_2O)_5]_2[V_2P_2BO_{12}]_6{\cdot}nH_2O$ (2) have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Inter-diffusion methods were employed to prepare the compounds. The cluster anion $[(NH_4)\;{\supset}\;V_2P_2BO_{12}]_6$ is used as a building unit in the synthesis of new compounds containing $Ni(H_2O){^{2+}_5}$ in the presence of pyrazine and 1,3-diaminopropane. Compounds contain isolated cluster anions with general composition ${[Ni(H_2O)_5]_n[(NH_4)\;{\supset}\;V_2P_2BO_{12}]_6}^{-(17-2n)}$ (n = 2, 4). Crystal data: $(NH_4)_{10}[Ni(H_2O)_5]_4[V_2P_2BO_{12}]_6{\cdot}nH_2O$, monoclinic, space group C2/m (no. 12), a = 27.538(2) ${\AA}$, b = 20.366(2) ${\AA}$, c = 11.9614(9) ${\AA}$, ${\beta}$ = 112.131(1)$^{\circ}$, Z = 8; $(NH_4)_{3.5}(C_3H_{12}N_2)_b[Ni(H_2O)_6]_{3.5}{[Ni(H_2O)_5]_2[V_2P_2BO_{12}]_6{\cdot}nH_2O$, triclinic, space group P-1 (no. 2), a = 17.7668(9) ${\AA}$, b = 17.881(1) ${\AA}$, c = 20.668(1) ${\AA}$, ${\alpha}$ = 86.729(1)$^{\circ}$, ${\beta}$ \ 65.77(1)$^{\circ}$, ${\gamma}$ = 80.388(1)$^{\circ}$, Z = 2.

• Proceedings of the Korean Radioactive Waste Society Conference
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• 2004.06a
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• pp.147-157
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• 2004

The production of $^{14}C$ occurs in the Moderator(MOD), Primary Heat Transport System (PHTS), Annulus Gas System(AGS) and Fuel in the CANDU reactor. Among the four systems, The MOD system is the largest contributor to $^{14}C$ production(approximately 94.8%). $^{14}C$ is distributed of $^{14}CO_2$, $H_2^{14}CO_3$, $H^{14}{CO_3}^-$ and $^{14}{CO_3}^{2-}$ species as a function of the pH of water. Of these species, $H_2^{14}CO_3$ and $H^{14}{CO_3}^-$ form are predominant because the pH of MOD system is ＞ 5. In this paper, adsorption-desorption characteristics of bicarbonate ion (${HCO_3}^-$) by IRN 150 resin was investigated. ${HCO_3}^-$ ion existed in neutral condition(app. pH 7)was reacted with ion exchange resin (IRN-150) and saturated with it. Then $NaNO_3$ and $Na_3PO_4$ solutions selected as extraction materials were used to make an investigation into feasibility of ${HCO_3}^-$ extraction from resin saturated with ${HCO_3}^-$. Desorption of $CO^{2+}$ and $Cs^+$ ion by $Na^+$ ion was not occurred, and desorption of ${HCO_3}^-$ ion by ${NO_3}^-$ and ${PO_4}^{3-}$ was occurred slowly. Also, the status of ion exchange which is used in Wolsong NPPs and generation of spent resin yearly were surveyed.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.355-359
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• 1991

Effects of temperature and pH on thermal degradation of monosodium glutamate(MSG) were investigated during heating of 2% MSG solution at $100{\sim}200^{\circ}C\;and\;pH\;4{\sim}9$. The results showed that the degradation of MSG was very significantly affected by heating temperature and pH. Three hours of heating at $pH\;4\;and\;120^{\circ}C$ resulted appr. 73% MSG degradation while 3 hours at $100^{\circ}C$ decreased only 12%. The comparison study of initial rate of MSG degradation and degradation rate constants showed the highest degradation rate and rate constant and low values in the range of $pH\;6{\sim}8{\sim}$. The values of activation energy calculated from linear relationship of rate constants and 1/T were 18.3 and 9.2 kcal/mole for pH 4 and 5, respectively.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.233-243
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• 1998

Purpose : To evaluate the effects of X-irradiation on prenatal deaths, i.e., preimplantation deaths, embryonic deaths and fetal deaths, and on external malformations in precompacted preimplantation ddy mice Materials and Methods : Pregnant mice (n=85) obtained by limiting the mating time to from 6 to 9 A.M., were segregated into 11 groups. The first five groups (n=26) were irradiated with X-ray doses of 0.1 0.5, 0.75, 1.5, and 3 Gy, respectively, at 24 h post conception (p.c.) of the preimplantation Period. The second five (n=27) groups were irradiated at the same X-ray doses, respectively, but at 48 h p.c. of the preimplantation period. The last group (n=32) was the control group. The uterine contents were examined on the 18th day of gestation for prenatal deaths and external malformations. Results : 1) A statistically significant increase in preimplantation deaths with increasing dose was observed in the experimental groups irradiated at 24 h p.c. and in the groups irradiated at 48 h p.c., as compared to the control group. The threshold dose was close to 0.05 Gy and 0.075 Gy for the irradiations at 24 h p.c. and 48 h p.c. respectively. 2) A statistically significant increase in embryonic deaths with increasing dose was observed in all irradiation groups, except the group irradiated with a dose of 0.1 Gy at 48 h p.c.. 3) No fetal deaths were found in any experimental group. 4) In the experimental groups irradiated at 24 h p.c. anomalies increased with statistical significance, as compared with the control group : 2 exencephalies, 2 open eyelids, 3 anophthalmias, 2 cleft Palates, 2 gastroschisis, 1 abdominal wall defect. 1 leg defect, and 2 short tail anomalies: the threshold dose for external malformations was close to 0.2 Gy at 24 h p.c.. In the groups irradiated at 48 h p.c., 1 open eyelid and 2 short tail anomalies were observed, but there was no statistical significance in those malformations. Conclusion : The results of this study reveal that X-irradiation of precompacted preimplantation ddy mice causes not only preimplantation deaths and embryonic deaths but also external malformations. In addition, external malformations were observed in our experiments at diagnostic doses, including 0.1 and 0.5 Gy. For this reason, we recommend that irradiation should be avoided during the preimplantation period by applying Rugh's 10-day rule.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2000.02a
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• pp.91-91
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• 2000

a-C:H 혹은 a-SiC:H 박막은 광전소자 및 태양전지 등의 개발에 있어서 중요한 물질이다. 우리는 a-C:H 및 a-SiC:H 박막을 PECVD (plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition) 방법으로 증착시키고, 박막의 가열에 따른 스핀밀도의 변화를 ESR (electron spin resonance) 측정을 통하여 조사하였다. PECVD 증착가스는 Ch4, SiH4 가스를 사용하였고, 기판은 Corning 1737glass를 사용하였으며, 기판 온도는 300-40$0^{\circ}C$, 증착 압력은 0.1-0.3 Torr, r.f. 전력은 3-36W 사이에서 변화되었다. ESR 측정은 상온 X-band 영역에서 수행되었고, modulation amplitude는 2.5G, modulation frequency는 100kHz 이었다. a-C:H 혹은 a-SiC:H 박막은 진공상태의 reactor, 혹은 공기중의 furnace 안에서 300-50$0^{\circ}C$ 영역에서 3-8시간 정도 가열되거나, 혹은 상온에서 약 50$0^{\circ}C$ 정도까지 단계적으로 가열되었다. 증착된 a-C:H 박막의 초기 구조는 Raman 측정으로부터 polymer-like Carbon으로 추정되었으며, 300-35$0^{\circ}C$ 가열시 초기 1시간 정도 사이에는 스핀밀도가 증가되었으나, 그 후 8시간 정도까지의 가열의 경우에도 대체로 동일하게 나타났다. 또한 상온으로부터 약 50$0^{\circ}C$까지 단계적으로 온도를 높여주며, 각 단계마다 1시간씩 가열했을 때도 30$0^{\circ}C$ 정도까지는 스핀밀도가 증가하다가 더 높은 온도로 가면서 다시 스핀밀도가 감소함을 볼 수 있었다. 이러한 스핀밀도의 초기 증가 및 감소를 일으키는 메카니즘에 대해서 논의해 볼 것이다.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.491-496
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• 2008

To develop a freshness indicator of Chonggak-kimchi for marketing purposes, Chonggak-kimchi was prepared and pH, total acidity, total aerobic bacterial load, lactic acid bacterial levels, and reducing sugar content were measured. Sensory evaluation tests on product stored at $4^{\circ}C,\;10^{\circ}C,\;and\;20^{\circ}C$, were performed. The pH increased slightly early in storage, and then decreased to pH 4.2-4.3 for all samples. The rate of decrease of pH rose with increasing storage temperature. Total acidity values rapidly increased after 1, 5, and 7 days of storage at $20^{\circ}C,\;10^{\circ}C,\;and\;4^{\circ}C$, respectively. Populations of total aerobic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria increased slightly until 4 days, 10 days, and 30 days of storage at $20^{\circ}C,\;10^{\circ}C,\;and\;4^{\circ}C$, respectively, and then decreased drastically. Sensory evaluation data showed that Chonggak-kimchi was edible until 4 days(pH 4.5), 10 days(pH 4.4), and 30 days(pH 4.3) of storage at $20^{\circ}C,\;10^{\circ}C,\;and\;4^{\circ}C$, respectively. These results clearly suggest that the shelf-life of Chonggak-kimchi depends on storage temperature, and the pH limit for marketing is 4.3; this is a freshness indicator for Chonggak-kimchi.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.894-898
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• 2011

The first example of lead compound from $Pb(NO_3)_2$ and $H_3L$ N-heterocyclic ligand $(H_3L\;=\;(HO_2C)_2(C_3N_2)(C_3H_7)CH_2(C_6H_4)(C_6H_3)CO_2H)$, $[Pb_4(L')_4]{\cdot}5H_2O$ 1 (L' = OOC$(C_3H_7)(C_3N_2)CH_2(C_6H_4)(C_6H_3)COO)$, has been obtained under hydrothermal condition by decarboxylation, and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, TGDTA, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 possesses a rare two-dimensional upper-lower offset terrace-like layer structure. In 1, crystallographic distinct Pb(II) ion adopts five-coordination geometry, and two lattice water molecules occupy the voids between 2-D layers. Results of solid state fluorescence measurement indicate that the emission band 458 nm may be assigned to $\pi^*-n$ and $\pi^*-\pi$ electronic transitions within the aromatic systems of the ligand L', however, the emission bands centred at 555 nm, 600 nm and 719 nm may be derived from phosphorescent emission ($\lambda_{excitation}$ = 390 nm).

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.382-388
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• 2000

Hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) films were fabricated by electron cyclotron resonance plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The bonding structure of carbon and hydrogen in the a-C:H films has been investigated by varying the deposition conditions such as ECR power, gas composition of methane and hydrogen, deposition time, and negative DC self bias voltage. The bonding characteristics of the a-C:H thin film were analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy. The IR absorption peaks of the film were observed in the range of $2800\sim3000 \textrm{cm}^{-1}$. The atomic bonding structure of a-C:H film consisted of $sp^3$ and $sp^2$ bonding, most of which is composed of $sp^3$ bonding. The structure of the a-C:H films changed from $CH_3$ bonding to $CH_2$ or CH bonding as deposition time increased. We also found that the amount of dehydrogenation in a-C:H films was increased as the bias voltage increased.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.487-493
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• 1997

Ti/sic(4H) Schottky barrier diodes were fabricated. The donor concentration and the built-in potential obtained by capacitance-voltage(C-V) measurement was about $2.0{\times}10^{15}{\textrm}{cm}^{-3}$ and 0.65 V, respectively. The ideality factor of 1.07 was obtained from the slope of current-voltage(I-V) characteristics at low current density. The breakdown field under the reverse bias voltage was about $1.7{\times}10^3V/{\textrm}{cm}$ and was very high. The barrier height of Ti for SiC(4H) was 0.91 V, which was determined by the analysis of the saturation current-temperature and the C-V characteristics.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.73-78
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• 1993

We have mapped the $C_3H_2\;2_{12}-1_{01}$ transition line toward the Sgr A molecular cloud on a 1' grid spacing and derived $C_3H_2$ column densities of $3\~7\times10^{14}\;cm^{-2}$ for molecular clouds of Sgr A. The fractional abundances of $C_3H_2$ relative to $H_2$ are obtained to be $3\~6\times10^{-9}$, which are slightly lower than that for the cold dark cloud TMC-1 but are enhanced by factors of 5-60 compared to those for Sgr B2 and the Orion extended ridge. We also estimate from the $C_3H_2$ column densities total masses of $\~10^6\; M_\bigodot$ for two clouds (M - 0.13 - 0.08 and M - 0.02 - 0.07), which are thought to be close to the virial equilibrium. We suggest that the large abundance of $C_3H_2$ in Sgr A may be partly due to the activities of the Galactic center.