• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.285-290
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• 2007

This study was conducted to introduce phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) gene, resistant to basta which was non-selective herbicide, into balloon flower (Platycodon grandiflorum A. De. candolle). Seeds were germinated on MS medium, and 10-day-old immature cotyledon explants and 30-day-old leaf explants were cocultured with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain MP 90 (pBinSyn) on 1/10 MS medium for 48 hours in the dark at $25^{\circ}C$. The cultures were transferred for selection of kanamycin-resistant shoots to the MS medium supplemented with 0.2 $mg/{\ell}$ NAA, 1.0 $mg/{\ell}$ BA, 3% sucrose, 100 $mg/{\ell}$ kanamycin, 500 $mg/{\ell}$ carbenicillin. Shoots were obtained from 10-day-old immature cotyledon explants after 4 weeks of culture. The shoots were subcultured twice every 4 weeks on the same medium for growth of transgenic shoots. Successful transformation was confirmed by histochemical GUS assay, PCR analysis, RT-PCR analysis, 10 $mg/{\ell}$ phosphinothricin treatment and 0.3% basta spray. The basta-resistant transgenic plants flowered normally.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1983

In order to improve the quality of canned oyster, canned oyster in oil as control, canned smoked oyster in oil and canned liquid smoked oyster in oil were prepared, and the masking effect of green meat and the stability of their qualities during storage were examined. Three kinds of canned oyster products showed little change in pH, VBN and TBA during 4 months storage in room temperature. In texture of the products, however, hardness and toughness of all the products decreased slightly after 3 months storage, while elasticity and cohesiveness did not change largely up to 4 months storage. Green meat appeared on the surface of canned oyster in oil as control after 30 days storage. And the masking of green meat could be achieved more effectively by dipping treatment of meat for 30 seconds in smoke flavor(Smoke-EZ, Alpha Foods Co., Ltd.) solution than conventional smoking process.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.144-150
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• 2009

Gradient centrifugal partition chromatography (GCPC) method was developed and applied to isolate 3,5-dimethoxyphenanthrene-2,7-diol (DMP) and batatasin-I (BA-I) from the dichloromethane soluble extract of Dioscorea opposita. In this method, the lower phase of n-hexane-methanol-water system (HMW, 10 : 9 : 1, v/v) was used as a mobile phase A (MpA) and water was used as a mobile phase B (MpB). This gradient CPC method is comparable to that of reversed-phase HPLC method in that the stationary upper-phase of HMW (10 : 9 : 1 v/v) works as if it were reversed-phase silica gel due to its hydrophobic property, while the lower phase (MpA) and water (MpB) functioned as hydrophilic mobile phases. The initial condition of the mobile phase was 20% MpA/80% MpB and maintained for 150 min to obtain DMP (1.2 mg), and then MpA was increased up to 50% to elute BA-I (1.7 mg). The purities of DMP and BA-I were 94.1% and 98.3% with the recovery yields of 83% and 86%, respectively. Similar results were obtained by linear-gradient CPC. The CPC peak fractions were identified by comparing their retention time to those of authentic samples of DMP and BA-I and their spectroscopic data ($^1$H NMR and $^{13}$C NMR) to those of literature values.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.188-199
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• 1996

The native ecological environment and aromatic constituents of Korean wild Codonopsis lanceolata and one Japanese strain were investigated to find Codonopsis lanceolata strains showing high aromatics, and to know regional differences among these strains. The results were as follows : There were no remarkable differences among the Korean wild C. lanceolata strains in ecological environments. Recovery yield of essential oils was highest in Togyusan strain with 0.009%. Difference in protein band patterns among these strains was not recognized, and peroxidase and esterase pattern changes were appeared in different collected regions at the leaf and root tissues. Major aromatic constituents were 11 kinds of aliphatic alcohols such as trans-2-hexenal, 1-hexanol, cis-3-hexanol, and trans-2-hexanol. And Togyusan strain, Sobaeksan strain, and Kayasan strain have the highest aliphatic alcohols of plant essential oils. In particular, BHT(butylated hydroxytoluene), one of the antioxidants, was detected in Chirisan strains.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.52-60
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• 1992

There was no significant difference in the final germination percentages(Experiment 1-3) as affected by sunflower root exudates between the control and the treated for the test species. In general(Experiment 1), however, germination onset was delayed the treated bottles. Germination rate was, also, reduced for both radish(Raphanus sativus L.) and rice(Oryza sativa L.). Therefore, the germination index was low in the treated bottles but germination gradually increased with time in the greated bottles in all test species so that the final germination percentages were similar between treatments. The root exudates of sunflower had significant inhibitory effects(Experiment 1-3) on the lengths of the shoots and roots of all the test species. Fresh weight was also significantly reduced in all test species. Sunflower seedlings(Experiment 3) in the treated(with the XAD-4 resin column) were larger and healthier than those in the control (without XAD-4 resin column) because of the removal of allelochemicals. The fresh weight of sunflower seedlings was markedly inhibited by sunflower root exudates. These mean that sunflower probably is an autotoxic crop.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.795-806
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• 2016

This study was conducted to improve the continuous techniques for international competitiveness of ginseng industry to Korea-China FTA negotiation and conclusion, and provide the basic information for ginseng industry development of Korea. It was carried out the visiting of the northeastern three provinces (Jilin, Liaoling and Heilongjang) in China for 3-year from 2014 to 2016 and observed the farmers' fields of ginseng cultivation with soil environmental status. The types of ginseng cultivation could be observed in small scales of 0.5~3.0 ha, in middle scales of 4.0~10.0 ha and in large scales of 30~700 ha with the kinds of imhasam, Chinese ginseng, Korean ginseng and western ginseng. Also ginseng was cultivated in newly reclaimed land of forest in two types of direct seeding and transplanting of ginseng seedlings. The field beds of ginseng growing were covered with vinyl films in arch design of 100~130 cm height and vinyl was painted in spraying with blue, green and yellow colours for shading. It was investigated in status of the physico-chemical properties of soils. The physical information on the field soils were silt loam, loam and sandy loam in soil textures, and some plain in low slope, some alluvial fan or local valley in forest of land topography. Soil pH ranged within 5.0~5.2, soil EC was $0.93{\sim}3.78dS\;m^{-1}$, organic matter was $37{\sim}35g\;kg^{-1}$, nitrate nitrogen $63{\sim}490mg\;kg^{-1}$, available $P_2O_5$ $55{\sim}163mg\;kg^{-1}$, and in exchangeable cations, K was 0.30~0.98, Ca was 6.5~14.0, Mg was $1.1{\sim}5.3cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ in ranges. Farmers used the fertilizer for ginseng cultivation in 10~11 t of compost, $200{\sim}400kg\;ha^{-1}$ of complex fertilizer and $750kg\;ha^{-1}$ of oil cakes. The northeastern three provinces of China can use the newly lands with large areas of ginseng cultivation in soil sickness by continuous cropping. and the soil basic fertility is batter than that of Korean in standard guide of ginseng cultivation soil.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.311-319
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• 2003

치주조직재생을 도모하기 위한 전통적인 시술방법으로는 여러 가지 골이식재를 이용한 골이식술이 오래 전부터 이용되고 있다. 이번 실험의 목적은 장,단기간의 신생골의 형성과 CPP의 흡수를 비교하여 골이식재로서 Calcium Polyphosphate(CPP)를 평가하는 것이다. 이번 실험에 사용된 CPP는 무수 $Ca(H_2PO_4)$를 condensation하여 무결정의 $Ca(PO_3)_2$를 얻고 이를 용융하고 냉각시킨후 분쇄하여 얻은 것으로 키토산이나 $Na_2O$를 첨가한 후 3세된 비글견에 이식하여 관찰하였다. 양성 대조군으로 동결탈회건조골을 이용하였다. 조직학적으로 3개월 소견과 같이 섬유조직의 게재없이 신생골의 형성이 관찰되었다. 12개월 후의 신생골의 형성은 3개월 결과에 비해서 동결탈회건조골이나 키토산, $Na_2O$를 넣은 CPP 과립에서 더 많은 비율로 나타났다. 음성 대조군과 이식재를 넣은 군간에는 유의성이 있는 것으로 나타났고(p<0.05), 또한 키토산을 첨가한 CPP 과립과 $Na_2O$를 첨가한 CPP 과립 사이에는 신생골의 형성에 유의성이 없었다. 이식한 CPP 과립의 경우 흡수소견이 3개월 결과에 비해 크게 증가하지 않았다. 이번 실험에서는 첨가물에 상관없이 CPP 과립은 골유도성과 생체적합성을 보였다. 그러나 흡수속도가 매우 느려 신생골로 대체되는 여부를 알 수 없었다. 향후 연구에서는 흡수속도를 증가시킬 수 있는 적당한 CPP 형태와 첨가물을 밝혀내어야 할 것이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1725-1733
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• 2016

Recent findings have shown that microbial nitrogen flow and digestible energy of diets are increased when urea is combined with a slow-release urea (SRU) in diets with a starch to acid detergent fibre ratio (S:F) 4:1. This affect is attributable to enhanced synchrony between ruminal N availability for microbial growth and carbohydrate degradation. To verify the magnitude of this effects on lamb performance, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of combining urea and a SRU in diets containing S:F ratios of 3:1, 4:1, or 5:1 on performance, dietary energetics and carcass characteristics of finishing lambs. For that, 40 Pelibuey${\times}$Katahdin lambs ($36.65{\pm}3kg$) were assigned to one of five weight groupings in 20 pens (5 repetition/treatments). The S:F ratio in the diet was manipulated by partially replacing the corn grain and dried distiller's grain with solubles by forage (wheat straw) and soybean meal to reach S:F ratios of 3:1, 4:1 or 5:1. An additional treatment of 4:1 S:F ratio with 0.8% urea as the sole source of non-protein nitrogen was used as a reference for comparing the effect of urea combination vs. conventional urea at the same S:F ratio. There were no treatment effects on dry matter intake (DMI). Compared the urea combination vs urea at the same S:F ratio, urea combination increased (p<0.01) average daily gain (ADG, 18.3%), gain for feed (G:F, 9.5%), and apparent energy retention per unit DMI (8.2%). Irrespective of the S:F ratio, the urea combination improved the observed-to-expected dietary ratio and apparent retention per unit DMI was maximal (quadratic effect, $p{\leq}0.03$) at an S:F ratio of 4:1, while the conventional urea treatment did not modify the observed-to-expected net energy ratio nor the apparent retention per unit DMI at 4:1 S:F ratio. Urea combination group tended (3.8%, p = 0.08) to have heavier carcasses with no effects on the rest of carcass characteristics. As S:F ratio increased, ADG, G:F, dietary net energy, carcass weight, dressing percentage and longissimus thoracis (LM) area increased linearly ($p{\leq}0.02$). Combining urea and a slow-release urea product results in positive effects on growth performance and dietary energetics, but the best responses are apparently observed when there is a certain proportion (S:F ratio = 4:1) of starch to acid detergent fibre in the diet.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.123-130
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• 2003

Metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance (MEm) of Hanwoo bulls were estimated in twelves metabolism trials using three different feeds at four stages of body weight(100, 200, 300 and 400kg). Three feeds were composed of 1) concentrates and rice straw, 2) concentrates and mixed grass hay, 3) concentrates and corn silage, respectively. Three energy levels were 1) maintenance (M) requirement, 2) 1.5 ${\times}$ M, and 3) 2.0 ${\times}$ M. All bulls were received 60% of their energy from concentrates and 40% form roughages. Three cattle for each trials fed different energy level were housed in metabolism stalls during the 5days of collection period, a total collection of feces and urine. Thereafter, during the 2days of respiration period the heat production was measured by indirect calorimetry using respiratory chamber. MEm were 99.80, 94.48, 94.80, and 97.68 kcal/W0.75 at 100, 200, 300 and 400kg. Mean value of MEm and efficiency of utilization ME for retained energy(Kg) were 95.80 kcal/W0.75 and 0.44.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.139-150
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• 1993

This experiment was carried out to investigate the difference of seed vigor according to seed size, and the physiological aspects and physico-chemical phenomena related with seed vigor in soybean cultivars. Portion of seed coat and radicle to entire seed was much higher in cultivars with small seed than with large. Seed coat rate ranged 7.9% to 9.9%, and radicle 2.5% to 3.3% in small seed group, Whereas in large seed, seed coat rate did 5.5-6.4% and radicle, 1.5 to 2.1%. After accelerated aging treatment, there are significant difference in germination ability between seed size. The germination rate after aging ranged 47 to 80% in cultivars with small seed, but in large seed, only 14 to 24%. After seed was carried out dehydration in incubator at 25 after soaking for 6 hours, the moisture content of seed in drying for 12 hour was 25.5% in small seed, while it was 51% in large seed. Electrical conductivity, leaching soluble nitrogen and sugar content were higher in large seed cultivars. Besides, cotyledon damage after soaking was occurred frequently in large seed cultivars, and seed vigor within same cultivars was higher in small seed than large.