• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.491-500
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• 2007

Two experiments were used to determine the effects of environment-friendly diets on growth performance, fecal excretion, nitrogen excretion and emission gases in manure for growing pigs. In experiment 1, ninety six crossed pigs(Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc) were allocated into four treatments. Treatments were AME(adequate ME diet, 3,265 kcal/kg), LME(lower ME diet, 3,100 kcal/kg), LME 0.05(lower ME diet+α- galactosidase & β-mannanase 0.05%) and LME 0.10(lower ME diet+α-galactosidase & β-mannanase 0.10%). Pigs fed AME diet had lower ADFI(Average Daily Feed Intake) than pigs fed other diets(p<0.05). DM(Dry Matter) digestibility in pigs fed AME and LME 0.10 diets had greater than pigs fed LME diet(p<0.05). Energy digestibility is higher in pigs fed AME and LME 0.10 diets than other treatments(p<0.05). In experiment 2, twenty four crossbred pigs(33.71 kg average BW) were used in a 14-d metabolism experiment. The pigs were housed in individual cages equipped with plastic bed flooring. Treatments were CP(Crude protein) 18% without Bacillus sp., CP 18% diet+Bacillus sp. 0.05%, CP 14% without Bacillus sp. and CP 14% diet+Bacillus sp. 0.05%. Nitrogen intake was higher for CP 18% diets than CP 14% diets(p<0.05). DM, N(Nitrogen) and energy digestibility were affected by probiotics(p<0.05). With the high CP in diets, Energy and N digestibility, urine N percent, urine N excretion and total N excretion were increased significantly compared to low CP in diets(p<0.05). Among the treatments, DM and N digestibilities, feces N excretion, N absorption were decreased significantly(p<0.05), however, feces excretion, feces N, urine N percent, urine N excretion and total N excretion were increased significantly(p<0.05) when pigs fed without probiotics diets compare to pigs fed with probiotics diets. DM and N digestibility, feces excretion, feces N excretion, urine N percent, urine N excretion, total N excretion, N absorption and N adsorption ratio were CP×probiotic interactions in p<0.05. Ammonia(p<0.01) and H2S(p<0.05) in manure were lower in CP 14% diets than CP 18% diets. Also, ammonia and H2S in manure were CP×probiotic interactions in p<0.05. In conclusion, low energy and reduction of CP dietary added enzyme and probiotics improved nutrient digestibility and reduced odors emission in manure for growing pigs.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.1
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• pp.115-198
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• 1987

The present studies were undertaken to elucidate the influence of auxins, auxin-like substance-ethychlozate ("Figaron"),and pH and sort of rooting media on rooted propagation of certainornamental woody plant cuttings, and to see possible changes in internal compositions characterizing after root-promoting treatment as the cutting stage proceeded. The experimental check-up srevealed and summarized as seen in the following;I. Effect of three different auxin treatments on rooting cuttings: 1) Promotive influence of auxin varied according to different concentration levels, hours of dipping treatment of the auxins, and kind of plants. The greatest effect was obtained for Forsythia ksreana with NAA and IBA, for Ligustrurn obtusifolium var. variegatum with NAA and ethychlozate, for Hydrangea macrophylla, Magnolia kobus, and Magnolia liliflora with NAA, lBA and ethychlozate also. The most effective level of the promotive agents was found 200mg/l for NAA, 1000mg/l for IBA, and 200mg/l for ethychlozate. For Weigela florida and Gardenia jasminoides, range of the most effective level was shown relatively wide spread. 2) NAA was more effective at its optimal level of the rooting agent than ethychiozate for Weigela florida, Viburnum awabuki, Forsythia koreana, Acer palmatum 'Nomura', Bouga invillea glabra, Elaeagnus umbellata, Prunus tomentosa, Ligustrum obtusifolium, Pyracantha coccinea, Cestrum noctu rnum, Hydrangea macrophylla, Codiaeum variegatum, Rhododen dron lateritium, and Ilex crenata var. macrophylla, and yet ethychlozate was found either as equally as effective or more so than NAA for Zebrina pendula, Hibiscus syriacus, Fatshedera lizei, Schefflera arboricola, Campsis grandiflo ra, Ixora chinensis, Euonymus japonica, and Magnolia liliflora. On the contrary, no the auxin effect was noted with Lagerstroemia indica, Trachelospermum asiaticum, and Syringa vulgaris. This probably indicates that these species are genetically different for the auxin response.II. Effect of different pH and sorts of cutting media on rooting cuttings: 1) Bougainvillea showed best in rooting for the number and dry weight at pH 6.5, more with ethychlozate than NAA, while Ligustrum did at pH 5.0 more with NAA than ethychlozate. pH 4.0 medium resulted in the best rooting for Rhododendron with NAA, more than ethychlozate. 2) Use of cutting medium with peat: perlite: vermiculite = 1:1:1 showed to give the greatest rooting percent and dry weight, apart from considering the number of roots. This apparently meant the fact that cutting medium has more to do with root growth than root differentiation. Rhododendron yet showed results with cutting media that use of peat: perlite = 2:1 mixed is more effective on rooting than using peat alone.III. Effect of auxinic treatments on rooting cuttings and change in some cutting compositions: 1) Under the climatic conditions of July having temperature $26.3\pm$$2.4^{\circ}C$for cutting bed, new roots of Magnolia started to show up generally 20 days after the cutting was made, whereas Cestrum did much earlier than that, namely 14 days after. 2) Although total carbohydrate content of Magnolia cuttings showed no marked change without auxin treatment, it did so with the treatment, especially 30 days after the start of cutting. Cestrum cuttings demonstrated a gradual in crease in total carbohydrate content as rooting took place, and the content became reduced more with auxin than with out, just about when rooting proceeded to 14 days after the start of cutting. 3) Magnolia generally showed an increase in total nitrogen content as rooting proceeded more, and Cestrum showed a decrease in total nitrogen of cuttings. The auxin treatment exhibited no pertinent relation with change in plant nitro gen when rooting is promoted with auxin treatment. 4) An abrupt drop of total sugar and reducing sugar was noticed as Magnolia rooting started, and this reduction was parti cularly outstanding with auxin treatment. Starch content also was decreased in the later stage of cutting with auxin treatment, and was rather increased without auxin. Although sugar content soon increased as cutting started with auxin treatment in the case of Cestrum, it became reduced after rooting took place. 5) Total phenol content increased with rooting, and this was especially true when rooting started. This increase was reversed somehow regardless of auxin treatment. A decrease in phenol of Magnolia was found more striking with auxin than without in the later stage of the cutting period. 6)Avena coleoptile test for auxin-like substances presented the physiologically active factor is more in easy-to-root Magnolia liliflora than hard-to-root Magnolia kobus, and the activity of auxin-like substances was much increased with auxin treatment. The increase in the growth promoting substances was markedly pronounced when rooting just started. The active growth substances decreased in the later stage of cutting, and certain inhibitory substances started appearing. Cestrum also showed physiologically similar growth promoting substances accompanying auxin-like active substances if auxin is treated, and some strong inhibitory substances seemed to appear in the later stage of cutting. 7) Mung-bean-rooting test indicated biologically that endogenous growth substances in Magnolia all promoted mung-bean rooting, and activity of the growth substances apparently stimulated mung-bean rooting with auxin more than without. Here auxin treatment seemed to give a rise to an increased activity of endogenous growth substances in cuttings. This activity was found much greater with either NAA or IBA than ethychlozate, and showed its peak of the activity when rooting first started taking place. Certain inhibitory substances for Avena coleoptile growth strongly promoted mung-bean rooting, and it was also much like in the case of Cestrum.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.143-151
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• 2008

This study was conducted to identify the correlation of bacterial phytase ($Transphos^{(R)}$) to the calcium level in feed. Of all 21-week-old 720 HyLine brown laying hens, 2 birds of similar weight were placed on each individual cage. The experiment was conducted by $3{\times}2{\times}3$ factorial design with including 3 different levels of phytase (0, 300, and 1,000 DPU/kg), 2 different levels of calcium (3.5% and 4.0%), and 3 different levels of no NPP addition 0% (0.095 NPP), 0.5% (0.185% NPP), and 1.0% (0.275% NPP). The feeding trial maintained the ME level of 2,800 kcal/kg and 16% for crude protein. The diet was fed ad libitum and 17 hours of lighting was provided throughout the experimental period. Egg production seemed to increase, in the 300 DPU of bacterial phytase added group and the cracked egg tended to reduce in Transphos added group. The egg productivity between treatment groups did not show significant difference by dietary calcium level, whereas non NPP added group (0.095% NPP) was found to be low compared to NPP added groups (P<0.05). The highest mean egg weight and the highest daily egg mass were detected in 300 DPU phytase added group. Although the mean egg weight was significantly higher in treatment groups fed with 3.5% calcium containing feeds (P<0.05), daily egg mass was no among treatment groups. The mean egg weight and daily egg mass were the lowest in non NPP added group (0.095% NPP) compared to other treatment groups (P<0.05). The feed intake showed similar pattern regardless of the bacterial phytase and calcium levels in the diet. However, the treatment groups fed diets containing NPP level of 0.275% and 0.165% showed significantly higher feed intake than the group fed with 0.095% NPP (P<0.05). Although the feed conversion was not affected by calcium and NPP levels in the diet, the most improved result was obtained from 300 DPU phytase added group (P<0.05). The eggshell breaking strength and thickness increased as dietary calcium level increase the level of calcium increases in diet. The treatment groups fed diet containing 0.275% and 0.165% NPP revealed to show improvement in eggshell breaking strength and yolk color index compared to the NPP non added (0.095% NPP) treatment group. The result of the present study suggests that the appropriate level of microbial phytase is 300 DPU and at this level, tricalciumphosphate supplementation in feed can be reduced to 40% of NRC recommendation. Higher calcium level in feed fail to show synergistic effect by adding microbial phytase.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.1150-1154
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• 2015

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of palm kernel expellers on productive performance, nutrient digestibility, and changes in white blood cells (WBC) of lactating sows. A total of 14 sows ($200{\pm}12kg$ of average body weight [BW]; 2.5 of average parity) were used and moved from gestation room to farrowing room on d 109 of gestation. Sows were randomly assigned to 2 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. The treatments were a diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) and CON added with 20% of palm kernel expellers (PKE). Sows were fed the treatments for 28 days (weaning) after farrowing. Blood was collected from each sow and 4 randomly selected piglets from each sow before farrowing or on d 3, 7, or 14 of lactation. Sows were fed respective treatments containing 0.2% chromic oxide from d 15 to 21 of lactation. Fecal samples were collected daily for the last 3 days after the 4-d adjustment period. Measurements were performances and WBC changes of sows and litter, nutrient digestibility of sows, and daily diarrhea of litter. Sows fed PKE had greater average daily feed intake (7.38 vs 7.10 kg/d; p<0.05) and lost less BW (-6.85 vs -8.54 kg; p<0.05) and backfat depth (-0.42 vs -0.71 mm; p<0.05) than those fed CON. However, there were no differences on digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, and energy and weaning to estrus interval of sows fed either CON or PKE. Piglets from sows fed PKE gained more BW (203 vs 181 g/d; p = 0.08) and had less frequency of diarrhea (6.80 vs 8.56%; p = 0.07) than those from sows fed CON. On the other hand, no difference was found on preweaning mortality of piglets from sows fed either CON or PKE. Sows fed PKE had lower number of WBC (9.57 vs $11.82{\times}10^3/{\mu}L$; p = 0.09) before farrowing than those fed CON, but no difference on d 3 and 7. Similarly, piglets from sows fed PKE had also lower number of WBC (7.86 vs $9.80{\times}10^3/{\mu}L$; p<0.05) on d 14 of lactation than those from sows fed CON, but no difference on d 3 and 7. In conclusion, addition of 20% palm kernel expellers to lactation diet based on corn and soybean meal had no negative effects on productive performance, nutrient digestibility, and WBC changes of lactating sows.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.22 no.4 s.94
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• pp.535-544
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• 2006

Kimchi is well Down for its taste and health function. However, recently Kimchi consumption has been falling because of its salty taste, spice flavor and pungency. This study was aimed to prepare a less salty and more mildly flavored Kimchi with the addition of tomato which contains a red color similar to that of the hot pepper used in traditional kimchi preparation has functionality. The pH, total acidity, color, texture, microbes, sugar, salt, Na and K content of the tomato kimchi were measured. The total amount of phenolic compounds of the tomato kimchi was five times higher than that of traditional kimchi without tomato. A sensory evaluation of the tomato kimchi demonstrated its higher acceptability in overall color, fresh flavor and hot taste but no difference in acidity compared to the traditional kimchi.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.679-688
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• 2003

The leptin receptor gene(LEPR) produces a high affinity receptor that mediates the regulation of the leptin gene. Leptin secreted from adipose tissue plays an important role in regulating feed intake and energy balance. In this study, a microsatellite marker within LEPR was selected and genotyped for the F2 population composed of 354 individuals from an intercross between Korean Native boars and Landrace sows. Totally, six alleles (255, 259, 261, 263, 265 and 267bp) and nineteen genotypes were detected in the population, of which the CE (261/265), CC (261/261) and EE (265/265) types were observed by 20.0%, 10.1% and 9.6%, respectively. Relationships between their genotypes and economic traits were analyzed. We found specific genotypes associated with economic traits such as body weight at 12 weeks of age/body fat including abdominal and trimmed fat/shear force (P〈0.001), body weight of 30 weeks of age (P〈0.01) and body weight of 3 weeks of age/back fat thickness (P〈0.05). The DD (263/263) and DF (263/267) types were associated with body weight at 3, 5, 12 and 30 weeks of age. The DF (263/267) type showed a highly significant effect on back fat thickness and body fat including abdominal and trimmed fat. The DF (263/267) type showed positive effect on shear force, whereas the BB (259/259) and DD (263/263) types negatively affected on tenderness.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.104-110
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• 2013

This study assessed hazards at the harvest stage of strawberry farms which may cause risk to humans. A total of 216 samples were collected from 6 strawberry farms (soil culture farms: A, B, C; nutriculture farms: D, E, F) located in Western Gyeongnam. The collected samples were subjected for sanitary indicator bacteria (aerobic plate count, coliforms and Escherichia coli), major foodborne pathogens (E. coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus), and fungi. The levels of APC and coliform in the soil culture farms were 1.0-6.9 and 0.4-4.6 log CFU/g (leaf, mL, hand or 100 $cm^2$), respectively. The samples obtained from the nutriculture farms were contaminated with the levels of 0.8-4.9, and 0.2-2.6 log CFU/g (leaf, mL, hand or 100 $cm^2$) of APC and coliform. However, E. coli was not detected in any samples. In major foodborne pathogens, S. aureus was detected at the level of ${\leq}$3.3 log CFU/hand in workers' hand samples and B. cereus was detected at the levels of 0.4-4.1 log CFU/g (hand or 100 $cm^2$) in soil, plants and workers' hygiene. L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. were not detected. Fungi were detected at the levels of 1.0-5.2 and 0.2-4.4 log CFU/g (leaf, mL, hand or 100 $cm^2$) in soil culture and nutriculture farms, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.612-617
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• 1999

The quality characteristics of 15 kinds of the commercial northern sand lance, Ammodytes Personatus sauce (CNS) of korean traditional salt-fermented fish sauces were evaluated comparing to the traditional northern sand lance, Ammodytes Personatus sauce (TNS). The ranges of chemical compositions of the CNSs were $66.5\~71.0\%$ moisture, $19.3\~24.6\%$ ash, $4.7\~12.0\%$ crude protein, and the pH and salinity were $5.56\~6.47\%,\;24.0\~32.9\%$, respectively. Total nitrogen, amino nitrogen, total free amino acid and total ATP related compounds (sum of ATP$\~$IMP, HxR, Hx and uric acid) were in the ranges of 0.781$\~$ 1,918 g, 445.9$\~$1037.9 mg, 3,258.9$\~$6:562.6mg in 100 ml CNSs, and 4.766$\~$8.989 $\mu$mol in 1 ml CNSs. The CNSs were higher in content of moisture, TMAO, TMA and pH, but lower in content of crude protein, salinity, total nitrogen, amino nitrogen, total ATP related compounds, absorbance at 453 nm and total free amino acid than the TNSs, Both CNS and TNS samples were rich in free amino acids, such as glutamic acid, lysine, alanine, leucine, valine, aspartic acid and isoleucine in the order.

• ALGAE
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 2004

This study was performed to obtain basic information on the ecology of Zostcra marina and to promote efficient conservation of this species which has been decline in Gamak Bay, Yeosu, Korea. Whater column characteristics and eelgrass morphology at Anpori, Jangsuri and Wonpori were investigated every month from December 1999 to November 2000. The water temperature, salinity and pH at the three sites were 10.0-27.0${\circ}C$,29.4-34.7% and 8.1-8.5, respectively. The water temperature at Anpori tended to be slightly lower than that at the other locations; the salinity at Wonpori from July to November was a little lower than that of the other locations. The concentrations of $NO_2$-N, $NO_3$_N, $NH_4$-N, $PO_4$-P and $Si(OH)_4$-Si at the three sites were 0.9-1.3, 2.0-6.2, 7.8-9.0, 3.0-3.6 and 22.2-30.2 uM, respectively. The concentration of $NO_3$-N at Wonpori from June to November was somewhat lower than that at the other locations; that of NH4-N at Jansuri was somewhat lower than the others. The mean shoot height and leaf width of the Anpori, Jangsuri and Wonpori populations were 80.6 cm and 0.9 mm, 90.0 cm and 1.0 mm, and 95.3 cm and 1.0 mm, respectively. The mean total shoot weight of the Anpori, Jangsuri and Wonpori ones was 24.5,31.0 and 29.7 & respectively. The mean leaf and branch numbers of the Anpori, Jangsuri and Wonpori populations were 16.5 and 2.6, 16.1 and 2.4 and 15.4 and 2.6 individuals, respectively. The correlation coefficients between shoot height and water temperature, leaf width and total shoot weight, leaf number and branch number, and $Si(OH)_4$-Si and $NO_3$-N were 0.726, 0.692, 0.862, and 0.693, respectively. The coefficients between shoot height and $NO_3$-N, total shoot weight and NO_3$-N, water temperature and $Si(OH)_4$-Si, water temperature and salinity, and water temperature and $NO_3$-N were -0.716, -0.536, -0.775, -0.685 and -0.685, respectively. The first four principal components explain 71.1% of the total sample variance. For axis 1, shoot height and water temperature tended to correlate with the population of Jansuri, followed by the Wonpori population, and $Si(OH)_4$-Si and $NO_3$-N tended to correlated strongly with the Anpori population. For axis 2, total weight, leaf width, leaf number and branch number showed a tendency to correlate with the Anpori and Jangsuri populations. For axis 3, the Anpori population tended to be influenced by $NO_2$-N and $PO_4$-P. For axis 4, the Wonpori and Jangsuri populations tended to be affected by salinity. The tendency, however, differed according to season.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.1011-1017
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• 2010

A novel dioscin-glycosidase that specifically hydrolyzes multi-glycosides, such as 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\to}4$)-rhamnoside, 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\to}2$)-rhamnoside, 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\to}4$)-arabinoside, and ${\beta}$-D-glucoside, on diosgenin was isolated from the Absidia sp.d38 strain, purified, and characterized. The molecular mass of the new dioscin-glycosidase is about 55 kDa based on SDS-PAGE. The dioscin-glycosidase gradually hydrolyzes either 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\to}4$)-Rha or 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\to}2$)-Rha from dioscin into 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-Rha-${\beta}$-D-Glc-diosgenin, further rapidly hydrolyzes the other ${\alpha}$-L-Rha from 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-Rha-${\beta}$-D-Glc-diosgenin into the main intermediate products of 3-O-${\beta}$-D-Glc-diosgenin, and subsequently hydrolyzes these intermediate products into aglycone as the final product. The enzyme also gradually hydrolyzes 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\to}4$)-arabinoside, 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\to}2$)-rhamnoside, and ${\beta}$-D-glucoside from [3-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\to}4$)-Ara, 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\to}4$)-Rha]-${\beta}$-D-Glc-diosgenin into diosgenin as the final product, exhibiting significant differences from previously reported glycosidases. The optimal temperature and pH for the new dioscin-glycosidase is $40^{\circ}C$ and 5.0, respectively. Whereas the activity of the new dioscin-glycosidase was not affected by $Na^+$, $K^+$, and $Mg^{2+}$ ions, it was significantly inhibited by $Cu^{2+}$ and $Hg^{2+}$ ions, and slightly affected by $Ca^{2+}$ ions.