• Applied Microscopy
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.1-13
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• 1986

The purpose of this study was to investigate the morphology and intercellular junctions of the odontoblast of dental pulp in the rat incisor by means of the freeze fracture electron microscopy. Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing $150{\sim}200g$ were used. After being anesthetized by an intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 ml sodium pentobarbital per kg in body weight(60 mg/ml) the animals were perfused with 2.5% glutaraldehyde-2% paraformaldehyde fixative in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.2 through the ascending aorta for one hour. The incisors were carefully extracted from the jaws and demineralized by suspending them in 0.1 M EDTA in 3% glutaraldehyde (pH 7.2) for two weeks. After demineralization, the specimens were obtained from the portion divided into five equal parts. For freeze-fracture replication, demineralized tissues were infiltrated for several hours with 10%, 25% glycerol in 0.1M cacodylate buffer as a cryoprotectant and then frozen in liquid Freon 22 and stored in liquid nitrogen. Fracturing and replication were done in Balzers BAF 400D high-vacuum freeze-fracture apparatus at $-120^{\circ}C$ under routine $5X10^{-7}$ Torr vacuum. The tissue was immediately replicated with platinum unidirectionally at $45^{\circ}$ angle and reinforced with carbon at $90^{\circ}$ angle unidirectionally or by using a rotary stage. The replication process was monitored by a quartz-crystal device. The replicas were immersed in 100% methanol overnight. The tissue was then digested from the replica by clorox (laundry bleach), placed into 5% EDTA, and washed repeatedly with distilled water. The replicas were picked up on 0.3% formvar-coated 75 mesh grids and examined in the JEOL 100B electron microscope. The results were as follows; 1. Both in thin sections and freeze-fracture replicas, three types of intercellular junctions were recognizable in the plasma membrane of odontoblast: gap junction, tight junction and desmosome-like junction. 2. The nuclear pores were evenly distributed over the nuclear envelope. The pore complex formed a ring about 70 nm in diameter. 3. Gap junctions were found between odontoblasts as well as odontoblasts and neighbouring pulp cells (fibroblast, subodontoblastic cell process, nerve-like fibre). Gap junctions, which were round, ellipsoid and pear-shaped and 600 nm in diameter, were observed in the odontoblast. 4. Numerous round and ellipsoid gap junctions could be frequently seen on the plasma membranes in cell body and apical part of the odontoblasts. On the P face, the junctions were recognized as a cluster of closely packed particles, measuring about 9 nm in diameter, and on the E face, the junctions were recognized as a shallow grooves.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.225-240
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• 1976

This study deals with the flow of bed rock ground water of Banyaweol Formation, which is presently cleared up as a laminar flow. The result obtained may be summarized as the following. 1) The Banyaweol Formation consists mainly of thin-bedded, green to blackish green shale, mudstone, and marl. The marl and mudstone alternatively occur with shale. The marl and mudstone form a aquifer of Banyaweol Formation. In this study, a group of aquifer is in convenience named as a aquifer zone. The aquifer occurs in lenticular form. The aquifer seems to be a type of artesian aquifer because it is covered with aquicludes, but it actually forms a unconfined aquifer because its piezometric surface stays under the lower aquiclude. The lowering of piezometric level is formed because of leakage of the ground water to the lower aquifer undersaturated. 2) The coefficient of permeability of Banyaweol Formation's ground water body (K) is derived by using Dupuit's equation as the following ${\log}K=\frac{CK^2-dK+f}{aK-b}\;\(M=1.365(2H-s)s\\M={\log}1.956s{\sqrt{H}}r\)$ here, $$a=\sum_{1}M_iG_i$$ $$b={\frac{1}{2}log{\sum_{i}}Q_i{^2}$$ $$c=2{\sum_{i}}M_i{^2}$$ $$d=loge{\sum_{i}}M_{i}Q_{i}+2{{\sum_{i}}N_{i}Q_{i}$$ $$f=loge{\sum_{i}}Q_i{^2}N_i$$ If the measured values substituted for the above equation, the coefficient of permeability of the aquifer is 4.1m/day. The coefficient of storge of the aquifer is $2.8{\times}10^{-4}$ if the measured values substituted for Theis's equation. Using the above constants, the filtration velocity of the aquifer is $2.1{\times}1O^{-1}m/day$and the daily flow quantity of the ground water is $847.38m^{3}/day$. 3) In order to understand the time necessary for a circulation of ground water body, the contents of tritum contained in the ground water are measured as 2.3 T.U. at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute. Before 1952, the average concentration of tritium per year in groundwater was reported as 10T. u., taking it as the standard, the groundwater of the present study 26.25 years old. Therofore, the groundwater of the Banyaweol Formation is judged as an relatively old groundwater. It is characteristic that the ground water of Banyawol Formation is laminar flow as well as unconfined aquifer and ground water flow of relatively long time. 4) The nature, means of flow, and circulation of Banyaweol Formation's ground water body make it possible set up this ground water body as a ground water system.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.5653-5657
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• 2012

Objectives: To investigate the effect of glycopeptide-preferring polypeptide GalNAc transferase 1 (ppGalNAc T1 ) targeted RNA interference (RNAi) on the growth and migration of human bladder carcinoma EJ cells in vitro and in vivo. Methods: DNA microarray assays were performed to determine ppGalNAc Ts(ppGalNAc T1-9) expression in human bladder cancer and normal bladder tissues. We transfected the EJ bladder cancer cell line with well-designed ppGalNAc T1 siRNA. Boyden chamber and Wound healing assays were used to investigate changes of shppGalNAc T1-EJ cell migration. Proliferation of shppGalNAc T1-EJ cells in vitro was assessed using [3H]-thymidine incorporation assay and soft agar colony formation assays. Subcutaneous bladder tumors in BALB/c nude mice were induced by inoculation of shppGalNAc T1-EJ cells and after inoculation diameters of tumors were measured every 5 days to determine gross tumor volumes. Results: ppGalNAc T1 mRNA in bladder cancer tissues was 11.2-fold higher than in normal bladder tissues. When ppGalNAc T1 expression in EJ cells was knocked down through transfection by pSUPER-shppGalNAc T1 vector, markedly reduced incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into DNA of EJ cells was observed at all time points compared with the empty vector transfected control cells. However, ppGalNAc T1 knockdown did not significantly inhibited cell migration (only 12.3%). Silenced ppGalNAc T1 expression significantly inhibited subcutaneous tumor growth compared with the control groups injected with empty vector transfected control cells. At the end of observation course (40 days), the inhibitory rate of cancerous growth for ppGalNAc T1 knockdown was 52.5%. Conclusion: ppGalNAc T1 might be a potential novel marker for human bladder cancer. Although ppGalNAc T1 knockdown caused no remarkable change in cell migration, silenced expression significantly inhibited proliferation and tumor growth of the bladder cancer EJ cell line.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.204-219
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• 1997

The use of fluoride is one of the most effective methods for caries prevention. Fluoridation of public water supply has been recognized, for many years, as an effective way to reduce dental caries. The fluoride supplement has been recommended when the natural fluoride was unavailable or below the optimal range. However the mechanism of caries prevention by fluoride has not yet been clarified and it is well known that an overdose of fluoride results inacute and chronic toxicity, especially dental fluorosis. Fluoride mouthrinsing solution is widely used in dentistry due to its effectiveness in carrying anticariogenic action. Understanding the effects of fluoride mouthrinsing solution on human gingival fibroblasts will provide the safety rationale for its use during the caries preventive therapy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of fluoride mouthrinsing solution on the human gingival fibroblast in vitro. The human gingival fibroblasts were cultured from healthy gingiva on the extracted deciduous teeth of children. Cells were inoculated into a 24-well plate with $1{\times}10^4cells/well$ of medium at $37^{\circ}C$, 100% humidity, 5% $CO_2$ incubator for 24 hours. And the cells were counted by using the hemocytometer at each designed study. Human gingival fibroblasts were cultured in growth medium after one minute application range of 0.02%-0.2% NaF solution and 0.1% $SnF_2$ solution. The cells used in this study were between fifth to eighth passage number. The cell morphology was examined by inverted microscope and cell proliferation was measured by incorporating $[^3H]$-thymidine into DNA. DNA synthesis by human gingival fibroblasts was assessed by $[^3H]$-thymidine uptake assays while the cell activity was measured by MTT assay. Each concentrated fluoride mouthrinsing solution was estimated for its biocompatability with fibroblasts by the tissue culture technique. The results of this study were as follows : 1. It was observed that at 0.05%, 0.2% NaF mouthrinsing solution the cytoplasmic processes became globular. When 0.1% $SnF_2$ mouthrinsing solution was applied, the cytoplasmic process and cell morphology were disappeared. 2. DNA synthetic activity was reduced regardless of the concentration of the fluoride mouthrinsing solution. However, the result is statistically insignificant except 0.1% $SnF_2$ mouthrinsing solution(p<0.05). 3. Our results indicate that 0.02%, 0.05% concentrations of NaF mouthrinsing solution caused minimal cytotoxicity. But 0.2% NaF and 0.1% $SnF_2$ concentration were a significant difference between the cell activity in the experimental group and control group (p<0.05). 4. After appling 0.05% & 0.02% NaF fluoride mouthrinsing solution, cell activity was restored to the control groups level according to incubating time. The results suggest that direct exposure to fluoride solution inhibits gingival fibroblast activity. Therefore, for the most effective use of fluoride use, lowering the concentration of fluoride mouthrinsing is advisable because it maintains biocompatability and free ion in the oral fluid.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.270-278
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• 1991

Carboxymethyl chitin(CM-chitin) was prepared by the reaction of alkali chitin with monochloroacetic acid in isopropyl alcohol. According to the pH variation, the adsorptivity of this chelating polymer to the alkali-earth metal ions such as $Ca^{2+},\;Mg^{2+}$, $Sr^{2+}$, $Ba^{2+}$ ions was determined by batch method. The adsorption tendency of this chelating polymer to most metal ions was increased with the increase of pH. The highest degree of adsorption was observed toward $Ca^{2+}$ ion among the alkali-earth metal ions. The selectivity adsorption property toward $Ca^{2+}$ ion was examined in the solution of $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ ions, and it was observed that CM-chitin showed excellent selectivity to $Ca^{2+}$ ion than $Mg^{2+}$ ion. $Mg^{2+}$ ion bound to CM-chitin molecule in the presence of $Ca^{2+}$ ion owing to low equilibrium constant. In the adsorption experiment of $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ ions to the CM-chitin under coexistence of $Na^+$ and $K^+$ ions, it observed that adsorptivity of only $Ca^{2+}$ ions was not affected by these monovalent cations.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.32-41
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• 2012

Objectives: Rehmannia glutinosa pharmacopuncture solution (RGPS) was investigated to determine both its anti-allergic inflammatory effects on mast cells and its detailed mechanism of actions. Methods: We investigated whether RGPS suppress cytokines, enzymes, $Fc{\varepsilon}RI$ expression and $Fc{\varepsilon}RI$-mediated signaling in RBL-2H3 cells stimulated with anti-DNP IgE/DNP-HSA. The suppressive effects of RGPS on the levels of cytokines such as IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 and GM-CSF were measured using emzyme-linked immunospecific assay (ELISA). The mRNA expression levels of cytokines, enzymes (HDC2, COX-1, COX-2 and 5LO) and $Fc{\varepsilon}RI$ ${\alpha}{\beta}{\gamma}$ subunits were measured using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. The activation of $Fc{\varepsilon}RI$-mediated signaling was examined using Western blot analyses. Results: RGPS suppressed production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and GM-CSF) in stimulated RBL-2H3 cells significantly (p < 0.05). RGPS also suppressed mRNA expression of inflammatory enzymes (HDC2, COX-1, COX-2, 5LO). In addition, mRNA expression levels of $Fc{\varepsilon}RI{\alpha}$, $Fc{\varepsilon}RI{\beta}$and $Fc{\varepsilon}RI{\gamma}$ were lowered by treatment with RGPS. Finally, RGPS prevented phosphrylation of Lyn, Syk, LAT, Gab2, PLC ${\gamma}1/2$, PI3K, Akt, cPLA2 and $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$. Conclusions: RGPS effectively suppresses mast cell activations such as degranulation and inflammatory response via down-regulation of the $Fc{\varepsilon}RI$-mediated signaling pathways in IgE/Ag-stimulated mast cells.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.135-142
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• 1975

Total body perfusion using Sarns Heart-Lung-Machine, five head pump motor system with Travenol disposable bubble oxygenator was attempted in the dogs by the hemodilution method with total prime of buffered Hartman`s solution under moderate hypothermia. The first of all, the functions of Sarns Heart-Lung-Machine and effects of the hemodilution perfusion by buffered Hartman`s solution was studied. At the same time the changes of pressure of artery and vein, gas contents of the blood, and influence on the blood pictures were observed before, during, and after perfusion in 1-2 days. Hemodilution rates were the ranges of 85.0ml/kg to 97.3ml/kg and perfusion flow rates were maintained with the average 80. 5ml/kg/min [the ranges of 73.3ml/kg/min to 92.8ml/kg/min]. Hypothermia was employed between $35^{\circ}C$ and $31^{\circ} of the esophageal temperature. The total body perfusion was continued for 50-60 minutes. In the total cardiopulmonary bypass, atriotomy, ventriculotomy, and atrioventriculotomy were performed respectively. Arterial pressure was ranged approximately between 50 mmHg and 140 mmHg, but generally, it was maintained over 75 mmHg. Venous pressure was measured between 3.8 cm$H_2O$ and 16.0 cm$H_2O$. Optimum oxygenation could be achieved when oxygen flow into the oxygenator was maintained approximately at 5. 5L/min. In this way, the $pO_2$, $pCO_2$, and oxygen saturation were measured before, during, and afterperfusion in 1-2 days. The $pCO_2$ ranged approximately between 26.0 mmHg and 38.5 mmHg, but generally, it was maintained in the average 30.9-32.5mmHg. The $pO_2$ was ranged between 73.0mmHg and 332.2 mmHg, but it was maintained in the average 103.0-219.0 mmHg. Oxygen saturation was measured over 95. 0% during and after extracorporeal circulation respectively. Erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and leucocyte count were decreased to 49.2%, 49.0%, 49.4%, and 21. 1% of the preoperative value during extracorporeal circulation respectively and these reductions were not recovered until 1-2 days after perfusion. These. resulted from relatively high degree of hemodilution rate and operative bleeding during these experimental studies. The platelets count was also decreased about to 71% during perfusion, on the contrary, it was increased progressively after perfusion and in 1-21 days after perfusion, the value was returned to preoperative contro1 level. Three dogs were all recovered after extracorporeal circulation.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.155-165
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• 2012

This study was performed to offer the data for design of the seedling bed transfer equipment to make the automation of working process in a plant factory. The seedling bed transfer equipment pushing the seedling bed with bearing wheels on the rail for interconnecting each working process by a pneumatic cylinder was made and examined. The examined transfer force to push the seedling bed with a weight of 178.9 N by the pneumatic cylinder with length of 60 cm and section area of 5 $cm^2$ was measured by experiments. The examined transfer forces was compared with theoretical ones calculated by the theoretical formula derived from dynamic system analysis according to the number of the seedling bed and pushing speed of the pneumatic cylinder head at no load. The transfer function of the equipment with the input variable as the pushing speed $V_{h0}$(m/s) and the output variable as the transfer force f(t)(N) was represented as $F(s)=(V_{h0}/k)(s+B/M)/(s(s^2+Bs/M+1/(kM))$ where M(kg), k(m/N) and B(Ns/m) are the mass of the bed, the compression coefficient of the pneumatic cylinder and the dynamic friction coefficient between the seedling bed and the rail, respectively. The examined transfer force curves and the theoretical ones were represented similar wave forms as to use the theoretical formular to design the device for the seedling bed transfer. The condition of no vibration of the transfer force curve was $kB^2>4M$. The condition of transferring the bed by the repeatable impact and vibration force according to difference of transfer distance of the pneumatic cylinder head from that of the bed was as $Ce^{-\frac{3{\pi}D}{2\omega}}<-1$, where ${\omega}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{kM}-\frac{B^2}{4M^2}}$, $C=\{\frac{\frac{B}{2M}-\frac{1}{kB}}{\omega}\}$, $D=\frac{B}{2M}$. The examined mean peak transfer force represented 4 times of the stead state transfer force. Therefore it seemed that the transfer force of the pneumatic cylinder required for design of the push device was 4Bv where v is the pushing speed.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.73-82
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• 1995

large scale production of cloned embryos requires the technology of multiple generation nuclear transplantation(NT) using NT embryos as the subsequent donor nuclei. The purposes of this study were producing the second generation cloned rabbit embryos, and also to determine the electrofusion rate and in vitro developmental potential comparatively in the cloned embryos of the first and second NT generation. The embryos of 16-cell stage were collected from the mated does by flushing oviducts with Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline(D-PBS) containing 10% fetal calf serum(FCS) at 47 hours after hCG injection In the first generation NT, the nuclear donor embryos were synchronized in the phase of Gi /S transition of 32-cell stage. The first generation NT embryos which were developed to 8-cell were synchronized in Gi /S transition phase of the following 16-cell stage and used as donor nuclei for second generation Synchronization of the cell cycle of blastomeres was induced, first, using an inhibitor of microtuble polymerization, colcemid for 10 hours to arrest blastomeres in M phase, and secondly, using a DNA synthesis inhibitor, aphidicolin for 1.5 to 2 hours to arrest them in Gi /S transition boundary. The recipient cytoplasms were obtained by removing the nucleus and the first polar body from the oocytes collected at 14 hours after hCG injection. The separated donor blastomeres were injected into the enucleated recipient oocytes by micromanipulation and were electrofused by electrical stimulation of three pulses for 60 $\mu$sec at 1.25 kV /cm in 0.28 M rnannitol solution The fused oocytes were co-cultured with a monolayer of rabbit oviductal epithelial cells in M-199 solution containing 10% FCS for 120 hours at 39$^{\circ}C$ in a 5% $CO_2$ incubator. Following in vitro culture of the first and second generation cloned embryos to blastocyst stage, they were stained with Hoechst 33342 dye for counting the number of blastomeres by fluorescence microscopy. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The electrofusion rate was found to be similar as 79.4 and 91.5% in the first and second generation NT rabbit embryos, respectively. 2. The in vitro developmental potential to blastocyst stage of the second generation NT embryos (23.3%) was found significantly(p<0.05) lower, compared with that of the first generation NT embryos (56.8%). 3. The mean blastomeres counts of embryos developed to blastosyst stage following in vitro culture for 120 hours and also their daily cell cycles during the culture period were decreased significantly (p<0.05) to 104.3 cells and 1.33 cylces in the second NT generation, compoared with 210.4 cells and 1.54 cycles in the first NT generation, respectively.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.385-390
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• 2005

In this study, nano sized colloidal Ag was made by using a seed sol method. Colloidal Ag solution was spouted on the surface of the inorganic pigment using the hybridizer system and spray nozzle. Then, the surface of the inorganic pigment was modified by $TiO_2$ to obtain the antibacterial ability. In the manufacturing process of nano sized colloidal Ag, it was confirmed that the size of particles increased by addition of $AgNO_3$ and increased the reaction time. The antibacterial measurement of the inorganic pigment showed that the growth of fungus decreased as the reaction time was increased. After the antibacterial ability appeared, in 5~7 h of the antibacterial inoculation experiment, it was measured that the antibacterial activity was excellent at a fixed time frame. The photodecomposition of benzene using $TiO_2$ as the photocatalyst showed 60~70% efficiency in about 80 min. reaction time. It was shown that more than 90% of this efficiency was achieved in the reaction time of about 30 min.