• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.28 no.6
• /
• pp.903-910
• /
• 2015

To maintain a predominantly pasture-based system, the large herd milked by automatic milking rotary would be required to walk significant distances. Walking distances of greater than 1-km are associated with an increased incidence of undesirably long milking intervals and reduced milk yield. Complementary forages can be incorporated into pasture-based systems to lift total home grown feed in a given area, thus potentially 'concentrating' feed closer to the dairy. The aim of this modelling study was to investigate the total land area required and associated walking distance for large automatic milking system (AMS) herds when incorporating complementary forage rotations (CFR) into the system. Thirty-six scenarios consisting of 3 AMS herds (400, 600, 800 cows), 2 levels of pasture utilisation (current AMS utilisation of 15.0 t dry matter [DM]/ha, termed as moderate; optimum pasture utilisation of 19.7 t DM/ha, termed as high) and 6 rates of replacement of each of these pastures by grazeable CFR (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%) were investigated. Results showed that AMS cows were required to walk greater than 1-km when the farm area was greater than 86 ha. Insufficient pasture could be produced within a 1 km distance (i.e. 86 ha land) with home-grown feed (HGF) providing 43%, 29%, and 22% of the metabolisable energy (ME) required by 400, 600, and 800 cows, respectively from pastures. Introduction of pasture (moderate): CFR in AMS at a ratio of 80:20 can feed a 400 cow AMS herd, and can supply 42% and 31% of the ME requirements for 600 and 800 cows, respectively with pasture (moderate): CFR at 50:50 levels. In contrast to moderate pasture, 400 cows can be managed on high pasture utilisation (provided 57% of the total ME requirements). However, similar to the scenarios conducted with moderate pasture, there was insufficient feed produced within 1-km distance of the dairy for 600 or 800 cows. An 800 cow herd required 140 and 130 ha on moderate and high pasture-based AMS system, respectively with the introduction of pasture: CFR at a ratio of 50:50. Given the impact of increasing land area past 86 ha on walking distance, cow numbers could be increased by purchasing feed from off the milking platform and/or using the land outside 1-km distance for conserved feed. However, this warrants further investigations into risk analyses of different management options including development of an innovative system to manage large herds in an AMS farming system.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
• /
• v.43 no.3
• /
• pp.210-213
• /
• 2011

A dark pink semi-double freesia (Freesia hybrida Hort.) 'Happy Birthday' was bred from a cross between 'Pink Jewel', F1 progeny of 'Michelle' and 'Rossini' as a female and 'White Lace' as a male parent. Test for the growth vigor and flowering characteristic were conducted from 2002 to 2007. A new variety 'Happy Birthday' has semi-double flower type with dark pink color (RHS color chart #RP66C). It has multiple flowers, distinctive flower shape, upright leaves and also stalks. The average yield of this variety 'Happy Birthday' counted over 6.7 stems per plant per season in the standard greenhouse cultivation method. It has also good production of cormlets, vigorous growth. A new variety 'Happy Birthday' is suitable for the greenhouse conditions during winter season in Korea.

• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.194-202
• /
• 2006

In this work, extraction and purification of the possible whitening agents from the Chinese plants; Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat (xizang cai ju hua), Rhodiola sachalinensis, and Terminalia chebula Retzius have been described. The chopped leaves of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat and Terminalia chebula Retzius were added to water and ethyl ether, respectively. Components were separated on a GS310 column ($21.5{\times}500mm$ i.d., $10-15{\mu}m$) and concentrated into four or three portions. The chopped leaves of Rhodiola salientness were added to methanol and separated and concentrated on a column ($C_{18}$ column, $3.9^{\circ}$�F8;300 mm i.d., $15{\mu}m$) into two parts. The whitening effects of extracts were examined by in-vitro melanin production assay, in melana and B16 cells at a concentration of $10{\mu}g/ml$. The ethyl acetate layer of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat showed 92% melanin inhibitory at $200{\mu}g/ml$, the extract of Rhodiola sachalinensis showed a whitening effect of about 60% melanin inhibitory, which was more efficient than the whitening effect of arbutin (45.6%). The methanol extract of Terminalia chebula Retzius inhibited melanin expression by 90% at $100{\mu}g/ml$; however, it was toxic to B16 melanoma cells.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.17 no.7
• /
• pp.677-686
• /
• 2016

A thermal power plant is the first CFBC (Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion) power plant consisting of 2 boilers-1 turbine. The optimal height of a stack needs to be approximately 156 meters in the case of this thermal power plant; however, the thermal power plant sites satisfy a function and reduce the construction cost by using mountains in the sites after cutting the ground and locating an integrated office and chimney at an altitude of 70 meters thereby lowering the height of the stack to 86 meters. In addition, the integrated office, which has a combined stack style with a unique design, is constructed by connecting with 2 stacks and disposing the office and an observatory in the space between them. Therefore, this study examined the design concept that fulfils the structural, functional, and aesthetic factors, harmoniously by joining the integrated office and the stack, which are disparate, and investigated special construction methods (Slip Form, Steel Inner Flue & Lift-up) through which heterogeneous architectures are structurally, functionally, and aesthetically constructed.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 1975

Various enzymes produced by the Basidiomycetes, i.e. Pleurotus ostreatus, Pholiota nameko and Flammulina velutipes have been analysed. The purpose of the analyses is to produce a nutritious fertilizer from saw dust, sweet potato stems, corn stems and barley stems which are known as the farm product waste materials. The results of the analyses are as follows: 1. In order for P. ostreatus, Pho. nameko and F. velutipes to grow properly, the saw dust of broad-leaved trees, poplar and chestnut were mixed with sweet-potato stems, corn stems and barley straws at the ratio of $42{\sim}49\;:\;30$, and then to this mixture was added rice bran at the ratio of $18{\sim}35\;:\;30$ The following proved to be optimum conditions for the growth in this test: the parcentage of water content $60{\sim}70%$, $24{\sim}26^{\circ}C$ degrees of temperature. 2. We analyzed the fiber contained in the above materials after 20 days growth in various media. We found out that the fiber was decomposed up to $47{\sim}50%$ and polysaccharified. Lignin was decomposed up to $20{\sim}25%$ and about three times as much protein was contained in the product as in the original materials. 3. Our analyses revealed the possibility of producing concentrated feed from the crude fiber.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.1-19
• /
• 1967

The effects of X-ray irradiation and the thyroid gland on the erythropoietic system were studied in the white male rabbits. The total body irradiation was done in doses of 250 r and 500 r to each of 5 rabbits for 10days. The factors were 220KV, 10mA, FLI/4 Cu+1 mmAI(HVL:2.0 mm Cu) 50 cm F.S.D. The thyroid dysfunction was experimentally induced, by giving 2mg of thyroid tablets per kg body weight for 15 days in 5 rabbits for hyperthyroidism and by giving 1.5 mC of $^{131}I$ per kg body weight in another 5 rabbits for hypothyroidism. Fourteen healthy rabbits were used as control. The hematologic changes and ferrokinetic data obtained from $^{59}Fe$ and apparent half survival of the red blood cells obtained from $^{51}Cr$ were compared. Following were the results: A. X-ray irradiated group; 1. There were no significant changes in hematologic findings except for leucopenia. A slight decrease of red blood cells was observed in 500 r irradiated animals. 2. The decreases in the iron turnover rates of the plasma and red blood cells as well as in the red cell renewal rate were found in both groups. A :significant decrease of the red cell iron utilization rate was observed in the 500 r irradiated animals. 3. The apparent half survival times of the red blood cells were slightly, in the 250 r ($12.1{\pm}0.80$ days), and markedly shortened in the 500 r irradiated animals ($9.8{\pm}1.38$ days), the normal being $14.0{\pm}1.6$ days. 4. It appears, therefore, that the anemia caused by X-ray irradiation is due to the inhibition of hemopoietic function and the excess destruction of the red blood cells. B. Thyroid dysfunction group; 1. The slight increases of the red blood cell count and circulating blood volume with the normal serum iron level were observed in the hyperthyroid group, while the decreases of the red and white blood cell counts, hemoglobin and hematocrit values with a marked decrease of the serum iron level in the hypothyroid group. 2. A marked decrease of the plasma iron disappearance rate with increases of plasma iron turnover, red cell iron utilization and red cell iron turnover were observed in the hyperthyroid group, while the marked delay and decreases in the hypothyroid group. 3. The apparent half survival times of the red blood cells were almost the same with the control in the hyperthyroid group, ($14.0{\pm}1.58$ while a marked shortening in the hypothyroid group $10.6{\pm}0.30$. 4. It was reconfirmed that the thyroid hormones bear a close relationship with the erythropoietic system, namely, the latter is stimulated by the former. The lack of the thyroid hormones thus induces the bone marrow depression leading to anemia the major cause of which, therefore, is not hemolysis.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.56 no.7
• /
• pp.286-290
• /
• 2013

Purpose: Although chronic and recurrent rhinosinusitis is prevalent in children, little is known about its causes. Here, we investigated the humoral immunity in children with chronic or recurrent rhinosinusitis. Methods: We examined 16 children attending the outpatient clinic at the CHA Bundang Medical Center including 11 boys and 5 girls, aged 3-11 years (mean age, 5.6 years), who had rhinosinusitis for >3 months or >3 times per year. The complete blood count with differential and total serum concentrations of Immunoglobulin (Ig) E, IgA, IgD, IgM, IgG, and IgG subclasses ($IgG_1$, $IgG_2$, $IgG_3$, and $IgG_4$) of all children were measured. All subjects received 23-polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccination (PPV), and the levels of antibodies to 5 serologic types (4, 6B, 14, 18C, and 23F) of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide antigens were measured before and after vaccination. Post-PPV antibody titers ${\geq}0.35{\mu}g/mL$ or with a ${\geq}4$-fold increase were considered as positive responses. Results: The titers of IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgM were within normal range in all 16 children, whereas the total IgE concentration was higher than normal in 2 children. $IgG_1$ deficiency was observed in 1 patient and $IgG_3$ deficiency in 3. After PPV, 1 patient failed to respond to all 5 serologic types, 2 failed to respond to 4 serologic types, and 2 failed to respond to 3 serologic types. Conclusion: Clinicians should consider the evaluation of humoral immune functions in children with chronic or recurrent rhinosinusitis who do not respond to prolonged antibiotic treatment.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.69-84
• /
• 2003

The study was carried out to investigate the flora and community classfication of forest vegetation in Mt. Yumyeong from March. 2002 to October. 2003. As a result of that. the vascular plants were 98 families, 331 genera, 570 species, 1 subspecies, 81 varieties, 4 formae, 2 hybrid, 658 taxa in all. Korean endemic plants were 10 families, 14 genera, 13 species, 2 variaties, 1 hybrid, 16 taxa in all; rare and endangered plants were 9 families, 10 genera, 11 species, 11 taxa in all: naturalized plants were 12 families, 22 genera, 28 species, 28 taxa in all. The forest vegetation was classified into 1 order, 1 alliance, 6 communities; Rhododendro - Quercetalia mongolicae (Kim, 1990) Lindero - Quercion mongolicae (Kim, 1990) A. Carex humiljs var. nana - Pinus densiflora Community B. Oplismenus undulatifoljus - Pinus koraiensis Community C. Fraxinius rhynchophylla - Quercus mongolica Community D. Cornus controversa - Quercus mongolica Community E. Quercus variabilis - Quercus mongolica Commnuty F. Lespedeza bicolor - Quercus mongolica Community.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.15 no.8
• /
• pp.1128-1133
• /
• 2002

The whole plant of crop maize was chopped and ensiled in airtight 1-L capacity glass jars to determine the influence of residual sugar on anaerobic yeast growth and on the fermentation of lactic acid by L. buchneri in whole crop maize silage. There were a total of six treatments used in this experiment as follow: added 25 g de-mineralised water per kg chopped maize serving as control (con), 37.5 g glucose solution containing 12.5 g glucose ($g_1$), 75 g glucose solution containing 25 g glucose ($g_2$), 25 g L. buchneri suspension intended for $10^6$ cfu $g^{-1}$ (L.b.), $g_1+L.b.$ and $g_2+L.b.$ All silos were stored in the dark at $20^{\circ}C$ until end of experiment. Jars were opened on duplicates at day 2, 7, 14, 28, 56 or triplicates at day 91 after ensiling for measuring the pH, microbiological enumeration and fermentative products. Results indicated that acidification rates for all silages were very fast, no difference occurred among treatments before day 28. After day 28 the pH values for silages inoculated by L. buchneri. with or without sugar tended to increase especially for treated only with L. buchneri, resulting in higher (p<0.01) finial pH than uninoculated silages. Compared with control silage, the added sugar significantly (p<0.01) increased dry matter (DM) loss, L. buchneri enhanced (p<0.01) DM loss further at different sugar existence. Silages inoculated by L. buchneri only or in combination with sugar addition contained less (p<0.01) lactic acid than the correspondent silages without inoculation with L. buchneri. In comparison with control, ethanol production is about 3 or 6 fold higher due to addition 12.5 or 25 g glucose per kg chopped maize at ensiling. The added sugar resulted in less acetic acid concentration (p<0.01) than control, but inoculation with L. buchneri increased (p<0.01) acetic acid than correspondent uninoculated silages at different sugar levels. No butyric acid and propionic acid were found in uninoculted silages, silages inoculated with L. buchneri. produced more propionic acid, 1-propanol and butyric acid. Lactobacilli counts were not influenced by added sugar, but increased (p<0.01) with inoculation of L. buchneri. The added sugar increased significantly (p<0.01) the yeast count, whereas L. buchneri showed the contrary effect. No differences were found in the aerobic stability among all treatments. In conclusions, 1) the added sugars encourage the growth of yeast and yeasts convert extra sugar into ethanol in maize silages. 2) The added sugars and L. buchneri do not influence the aerobic stability of silages stored in anaerobic silos.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.401-410
• /
• 1997

An acute pain is the common experience following surgery. Pain is a most miserable experience in person and most preoperative patients have fear o! postoperative pain. In nursing, it is very important to understand and relieve the pain of post oprative patients as much as possible. This study was designed to compare the descriptive patterns of pain between group of Patient Controlled Analgesia and group of traditional Muscular Injection in surgcal patients. This information can be utilited as data of understanding nursing care and treatment planning for pain in surgical patients. The subjects in this study were 45 post-hysterectomy patients in Gynecology ward in C. N. U. H., in Taejon. Data was collected from May 12 to June 27. 1996. The instrumants used for this study were subjective Visual Analog Scale, Objedive nonverbal pain scale composed of Facial Apperance. Vocal Sound Change, and Sweating score. and the Melzack's Mcgill pain Qusetionaire. nine Items of Developmental Pain Intensity Scale by Lee En Ok. Analysis of data was done by using S. P. S. S. percentage, t-test, x²-test. ANOVA, and Repeated measure ANOVA. Results were obtained as follows. 1. Hypothesis 1 : There was very highly statistically significant difference in subjective self-report pain score(Visual Analog Scale) between PCA Group and IM Group(P=0.0001). 2. Hypothesis 2 : There was very highly statistically significant difference in muscle strength score (Visual Analog Scale) between PCA Group and IM group(P0.0001). 3. Hypothesis 3 : There was very highly statistically significant difference in facial appearance score between PCA Group and IM group(P=0.0001). 4. Hypothesis 4 : There was very highly statistically significance difference in vocal sound change score between PCA Group and IM group(P=0.0001). 5. Hypothesis 5 : There was no statistically significant difference sweating scores between PCA group and IM group(F=2.50, P=0.1220). But, postoperation time of 12, 24 was statistically difference between two groups(P=0.0001). So, it was partially supported. 6. Hypothesis 6 : There was very highly statistically significant difference in vocabulary pain score between PCA Group and IM group. 7. Hypothesis 7 : There was very highly statistically significant difference in amounts of total analgesic between PCA Group and IM group. There was very highly statistically significant difference in Visual Analog Pain Score, Facial Appearance Score, Vocal Sound Change Score, Vocabulary Score, amounts of total analgesic between PCA group and IM group. So, It is verified to asses of postoperative pain with VAS, Checklist of facia appearance, vocal sound change, and sweating, and Vocabulary Scale.