• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.123-131
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• 1987

The possible inolvement of central opiate system in the control of cardiovascular function and in the antihypertensive action of clonidine has been examined in unanesthetized rats with shamoperated or 2-kidney, 1-clip (2K1C) renal hypertension. In both groups of rats, intraventricular clonidine $(3-30\;{\mu}g/kg)$ produced hypotension and bradycardia. Hypotensive action of clonidine was more potent in the hypertensive rats than in the normotensive sham-operated rats. Yohimbine $(30\;{\mu}g/kg,\;i.v.t.)$ inhibited the hypotension and bradycardia produced by clonidine. Naloxone ($50\;{\mu}g/kg$, i.v.t.) inhibited the action of clonidine in 2K1C hypertensive rats but not influenced in the sham-operated rats. Intraventricular morphine $(10-100\;{\mu}g/kg)$ also reduced rats. Intraventricular morphine $(10-100\;{\mu}g/kg)$ also reduced blood pressure and heart rate in both groups of rats. But these effects were not affected by yohimbine, but antagonized by naloxone ($50\;{\mu}g/kg$, i.v.t.). Chronic treatment of 2K1C rats with clonidine ($3{\times}20\;{\mu}g/kg$, p.o.,) for 14 days from 1 day after 2K1C operation) suppressed the development of hypertension and maintained the blood pressure in normal level and this errect of clonidine was abolished by naloxone (2 mg/kg, i. p.). In the 2K1C hypertensive rats, immunoreactive ${\beta}-endorphin$ content was significantly decreased, but maximum binding (Bmax) of $(^3H)-naloxone$ was significantly increased in brain of 2K1C hypertensive rats. However, Kd value was not changed. These results suggest that the opioidergic component might be involved in the antihypertensive action of clonidine only in hypertensive and that central opiate system might play important roles in pathophysiology of development and maintenance of hypertension.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.45-46
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• 2015

Clubroot disease of crucifers has occurred since 1957. It has spread to the whole China, especially in the southwest and nourtheast where it causes 30-80% loss in some fields. The disease has being expanded in the recent years as seeds are imported and the floating seedling system practices. For its effective control, the Ministry of Agriculture of China set up a program in 2010 and a research team led by Dr. Yueqiu HE, Yunnan Agricultural University. The team includes 20 main reseachers of 11 universities and 5 institutions. After 5 years, the team has made a lot of progresses in disease occurrence regulation, resources collection, resistance identification and breeding, biological agent exploration, formulation, chemicals evaluation, and control strategy. About 1200 collections of local and commercial crucifers were identified in the field and by artificiall inoculation in the laboratories, 10 resistant cultivars were breeded including 7 Chinese cabbages and 3 cabbages. More than 800 antagostic strains were isolated including bacteria, stretomyces and fungi. Around 100 chemicals were evaluated in the field and greenhouse based on its control effect, among them, 6 showed high control effect, especially fluazinam and cyazofamid could control about 80% the disease. However, fluzinam has negative effect on soil microbes. Clubroot disease could not be controlled by bioagents and chemicals once when the pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae infected its hosts and set up the parasitic relationship. We found the earlier the pathogent infected its host, the severer the disease was. Therefore, early control was the most effective. For Chinese cabbage, all controlling measures should be taken in the early 30 days because the new infection could not cause severe symptom after 30 days of seeding. For example, a biocontrol agent, Bacillus subtilis Strain XF-1 could control the disease 70%-85% averagely when it mixed with seedling substrate and was drenching 3 times after transplanting, i.e. immediately, 7 days, 14 days. XF-1 has been deeply researched in control mechanisms, its genome, and development and application of biocontrol formulate. It could produce antagonistic protein, enzyme, antibiotics and IAA, which promoted rhizogenesis and growth. Its The genome was sequenced by Illumina/Solexa Genome Analyzer to assembled into 20 scaffolds then the gaps between scaffolds were filled by long fragment PCR amplification to obtain complet genmone with 4,061,186 bp in size. The whole genome was found to have 43.8% GC, 108 tandem repeats with an average of 2.65 copies and 84 transposons. The CDSs were predicted as 3,853 in which 112 CDSs were predicted to secondary metabolite biosynthesis, transport and catabolism. Among those, five NRPS/PKS giant gene clusters being responsible for the biosynthesis of polyketide (pksABCDEFHJLMNRS in size 72.9 kb), surfactin(srfABCD, 26.148 kb, bacilysin(bacABCDE 5.903 kb), bacillibactin(dhbABCEF, 11.774 kb) and fengycin(ppsABCDE, 37.799 kb) have high homolgous to fuction confirmed biosynthesis gene in other strain. Moreover, there are many of key regulatory genes for secondary metabolites from XF-1, such as comABPQKX Z, degQ, sfp, yczE, degU, ycxABCD and ywfG. were also predicted. Therefore, XF-1 has potential of biosynthesis for secondary metabolites surfactin, fengycin, bacillibactin, bacilysin and Bacillaene. Thirty two compounds were detected from cell extracts of XF-1 by MALDI-TOF-MS, including one Macrolactin (m/z 441.06), two fusaricidin (m/z 850.493 and 968.515), one circulocin (m/z 852.509), nine surfactin (m/z 1044.656~1102.652), five iturin (m/z 1096.631~1150.57) and forty fengycin (m/z 1449.79~1543.805). The top three compositions types (contening 56.67% of total extract) are surfactin, iturin and fengycin, in which the most abundant is the surfactin type composition 30.37% of total extract and in second place is the fengycin with 23.28% content with rich diversity of chemical structure, and the smallest one is the iturin with 3.02% content. Moreover, the same main compositions were detected in Bacillus sp.355 which is also a good effects biocontol bacterial for controlling the clubroot of crucifer. Wherefore those compounds surfactin, iturin and fengycin maybe the main active compositions of XF-1 against P. brassicae. Twenty one fengycin type compounds were evaluate by LC-ESI-MS/MS with antifungal activities, including fengycin A $C_{16{\sim}C19}$, fengycin B $C_{14{\sim}C17}$, fengycin C $C_{15{\sim}C18}$, fengycin D $C_{15{\sim}C18}$ and fengycin S $C_{15{\sim}C18}$. Furthermore, one novel compound was identified as Dehydroxyfengycin $C_{17}$ according its MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectral data, which molecular weight is 1488.8480 Da and formula $C_{75}H_{116}N_{12}O_{19}$. The fengycin type compounds (FTCPs $250{\mu}g/mL$) were used to treat the resting spores of P. brassicae ($10^7/mL$) by detecting leakage of the cytoplasm components and cell destruction. After 12 h treatment, the absorbencies at 260 nm (A260) and at 280 nm (A280) increased gradually to approaching the maximum of absorbance, accompanying the collapse of P. brassicae resting spores, and nearly no complete cells were observed at 24 h treatment. The results suggested that the cells could be lyzed by the FTCPs of XF-1, and the diversity of FTCPs was mainly attributed to a mechanism of clubroot disease biocontrol. In the five selected medium MOLP, PSA, LB, Landy and LD, the most suitable for growth of strain medium is MOLP, and the least for strains longevity is the Landy sucrose medium. However, the lipopeptide highest yield is in Landy sucrose medium. The lipopeptides in five medium were analyzed with HPLC, and the results showed that lipopeptides component were same, while their contents from B. subtilis XF-1 fermented in five medium were different. We found that it is the lipopeptides content but ingredients of XF-1 could be impacted by medium and lacking of nutrition seems promoting lipopeptides secretion from XF-1. The volatile components with inhibition fungal Cylindrocarpon spp. activity which were collect in sealed vesel were detected with metheds of HS-SPME-GC-MS in eight biocontrol Bacillus species and four positive mutant strains of XF-1 mutagenized with chemical mutagens, respectively. They have same main volatile components including pyrazine, aldehydes, oxazolidinone and sulfide which are composed of 91.62% in XF-1, in which, the most abundant is the pyrazine type composition with 47.03%, and in second place is the aldehydes with 23.84%, and the third place is oxazolidinone with 15.68%, and the smallest ones is the sulfide with 5.07%.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.339-351
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• 2000

Optimal environmental conditions, that sustained fastest growth, lowest mortality and abnormality of the scallop Patinopecten yessoensis, were identified from field experiments undertaken at Chumunjin during 1991-1998. Temperature within the water column 10~30 m depth ranged between 5 and 23$^{\circ}C$; high temperature and daily fluctuation resulted in growth retardation and heavy mortality of the scallop. Optimal salinity range was between 31.5 and 34.5%0 and water transparency 6.0 and 18.1 m, which was significantly affected by phytoplankton density. Chlorophyll concentration ranged between 0.04 and 3.51 f.lgfL. Low temperature and high chlorophyll concentration appear to support faster growth of the scallop. Optimal periods of transplantation for intermediate culture were between mid July and early November: cultured under high density during July-August as a first step and under low density during mid September through early November as a second step. Optimal stocking density in square net cage (<35${\times}$35 em) for intermediate culture was 30-40 individuals per cage for main culture using lantern net and 80 -100 individuals of the size of 1.5 ~ 3.0 em shell height per cage for sowing culture. During the intermediate culture, the highest growth was realized, when the cage was held at water depth between 10 and 15 m. Water depth below 25 m, however, was best to avoid mass mortality during the periods of abnormally high water temperature and high variation of water temperature. The daily growth rate during the intermediate culture was between 0.019~0.381 mm; low in January and February but high in March and April. It is suggested that the main culture is commenced before June under low stocking density to avoid the possibility of mass mortality during summer by high water temperature.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.237-245
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• 2017

This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted to determine the health conditions and health behaviors of merchants at traditional markets and compare them with members of the general population[ED highlight - do you mean "members of the general population"?]. The data were collected from 307 merchants at N traditional market in C City from 1-20 June 2015 at D Health Center of C City after physical measurement and blood collection and then analyzed using SPSS WIN 21.0. The male, female, and overall smoking rates of merchants at the traditional market were 34.2%, 3.5% and 11.1%, the annual drinking rates were 68.4%, 38.5%, and 45.9%, and the rates of subjects under stress and the rates of experiencing depression were 23.7%, 28.5%, and 27.4% and 5.3%, 6.1%, and 5.9%, respectively, which were all relatively lower than members of the general population[ED highlight - please ensure that my changes here are in keeping with your intended meaning.]. The male, female and overall rates of medium-level physical activities and walking were 32.9%, 19.9%, and 23.1% and 85.5%, 79.2%, and 80.8%, respectively, to have relatively good health behaviors, and the mental health is relatively fine than members of the general population[ED highlight - please clarify this, I cannot infer your intended meaning.]. However, test group[ED highlight - the test group? Please specify.] had high prevalence rates of hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and metabolic syndrome. Moreover, as the duration of work increased, the abdominal circumference as well as the prevalence rates of low HDL-cholesterol, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and arthritis increased. Therefore, the specific causes of these shall be determined, and the long-term daily life improvement program shall be prepared and applied continuously for merchants at traditional markets.[ED highlight - please specify what these refer to; however, the entire sentence can probably be deleted.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.328-333
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• 2000

This study was carried out to changes in chemical and microbiological properties of spring waters in Tongyeoung area. In this paper, ninety spring water samples were collected from 9 station for 11 month to evaluated chemical and bacteriological water quality. Range and mean values of constituents of the samples are as followed; water temperature 5.2~25.8$^{\circ}C$, 16.3$^{\circ}C$, pH 6.0~7.2, 6.7, total residue 33.6~210 mg/1, 90.6 mg/1, turbidity 0.35~5.48, 1.45NTU, KMnO4 consumed 0.51~4.21 mg/1, 1.39 mg/1, chloride ion 6.23~42.5, 16.7 mg/l, phosphate-phosphorus ND-0.04, 0.02 mg/1, nitrite-nitrogen ND~0.02, 0.01 mg/1, nitrate-nitrogen ND~3.56, 1.42 mg/1, ammonia-nitrogen ND~0.20, 0.14 mg/1, dissolved total nitrogen ND~3.78, 1.57 mg/1, iron 0.04~0.28, 0.13ppm, zinc 0.03~0.66, 0.20ppm, mangan ND~0.01, allumium 0.14~0.58, 0.39ppm, copper ND~0.01, 0.01, lead ND~0.01, 0.01ppm, Arsenic ND~0.01, 0.01ppm, mercury ND~0.02, chrome not detected, cadmium not detetced respectively. The viable cell counts of the spring waters ranged 5.0~760/m1(means 130/m1). Range and mean value of total coliform and focal coliform MPN's of the spring waters were 0~2,400MPN/100 ml, 73MPN/100 ml and 0~540MPN/100 ml, 21MPN/100 ml. Spring water quality was usually poor with viable cell counts exceeding 130 CFU/liter and the coliform counts in spring waters of 73 MPN/liter. Composition of coliform by IMViC reaction was 33.3% E. coli, 15.6% Citrobacter freundii, 35.6% Klebsiella aerogenes and others.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.437-444
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• 2009

${\gamma}-Aminobutyric$ acid (GABA) producing lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus acidophilus RMK567 was cultivated in 50 L of sterilized MRS broth using a fermenter at $40^{\circ}C$ for 24 h. The cell number was increased to $10.04{\pm}0.13$ Log CFU/mL with a growth rate constant (k) of 0.454 generation/h and a generation time (g) of 2.303 h after a lapse of a lag phase (L) of 5.16 h. A total of 487 g of cell paste with 40.5% moisture was harvested with viable cell number of 12.48 Log CFU/g cell paste. The cell pastes after preparation with glycerol, glucose, and polydextrose as cryo-protectants were lyophilized under a vacuum of 84 m torr. A total of 408 g of freeze dried (FD) cell powders were mixed with a commercial strain of Streptococcus thermophilus to prepare of three types FD starter cultures with the viable cell numbers of 12.42 (FDA-GY), 12.60 (FDBGG) and 12.91 (FDC-GP) Log CFU/g. During preservation the FD cultures at -$18^{\circ}C$, the cell viability of the FD starter cultures were rapidly dropped to below 3.24% of the day of storage. No significant difference was found in the cell viabilities among three types of FD starters cultures, but significant difference (p<0.01) was found in storage periods. Yoghurts fermented through FD starter culture of L. acidophilus RMK567 were determined to contain $155.16{\pm}8.53$ ppm, $243.82{\pm}4.27$ ppm, and $198.64{\pm}23.46$ ppm of GABA, respectively. This study shows that GABA production activity of L. acidophilus RMK567 is not affected during the freeze drying process and would be available for commercial production of yoghurt containing high GABA content.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.72-86
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of mulching of easily-decomposable organic materials including rice powder and corn starch on rice paddy fields. The treatments were including seven mulching materials each consisted of rice powder [Rice], starch with black color [Starch-B] and transparent [Starch-T] and stone powder [Stone], and conventional vinyl [Conventional], no-mulching without herbicide [Control-O] and no-mulching with herbicide [Control-C]. Rice growth and yield were different among the treatments; the highest yields were observed for [Rice] ($6.51ton\;ha^{-1}$) and [Conventional] ($6.47ton\;ha^{-1}$) followed by [Starch-T] ($6.25ton\;ha^{-1}$) and [Stone] ($6.20ton\;ha^{-1}$) which is comparable to the [Control-C] ($6.15ton\;ha^{-1}$). However, [Starch-B] showed lower rice yield ($4.93ton\;ha^{-1}$) than the [Conventional] or [Control-C]. Mean soil temperature ranged form 23.6 to $24.1^{\circ}C$ with the highest temperature for [Rice] treatment, and cumulative soil temperature was also significantly higher in the [Rice] treatment. Among the soil parameters, electrical conductivity, organic matter content, and phosphorus concentration were also different among the treatments. The amount of earthworm casting was higher for [Rice] treatment ($17.7kg\;m^{-2}$) compared to the others ($5.5{\sim}9.8kg\;m^{-2}$). It was suggested that mulching of rice fields with organic materials containing rice powder is better than others in respected to rice yield and earthworm activity.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.412-420
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• 1995

Oxygen consumption (OC), ammonia nitrogen (AN ) excretion and body composition were measured to study the effects of energy/protein ratio (EPR) on the utilization of protein and energy in juvenile rockfish, Sebastes schiegeli. Juvenile rockfish were divided into three groups that they fed three isocaloric diets (3,5kcal/g) containing 30 (I), 40 (II) or $50\%$ crude protein (III). EPR of the three experimental diets were 11.5 (I), 8.7 (II) and 7.0kcal/g III), respectively. Juvenile rockfish (wet wt. 2.9-3.1g) were cultured in 501 aquaria with the constant environmental condition of $20-24^{\circ}C$ water temperature and $34\%o$ salinity. For 24 hr after feeding the diets, juvenile rockfish fed diet III had a higher OC than did the fish from groups fed diets I and II, and average OC of the fish fed diets I, II and III were $0,93\pm0.02^a,\;0.92\pm0.02^a\;and\;1.03\pm0.03^bml\;O_2/g/h$, respectively. AN responses of juvenile rockfish to increasing levels of dietary protein (decreasing dietary EPR) were significantly different among three groups in which dietary protein at elevated levels increased the excretion of AN for 24 hr after feeding the diets. Average AN excretion of the fish fed diets I, II and III were $9.14\pm0.39^a,\;12.41\pm 0.53^a\;and\;14.89\pm0.55^c\;{\mu}g\;N/g/h$ respectively. The body protein content of the fish fed diet II for 59 days was significantly higher than that of the fish fed the other diets. But, there were no significant differences between three groups in body lipid, carbohydrate and ash contents. These results indicate that EPR of 9.7kcal/g (diet II) could be a optimum EPR in juvenile rockfish diet.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of re-establish the amount and major compositions of slurry from swine farms. The results obtained in this study was summarized as follow; The quantity of wastewater produced from the average volume of pig slurry was $4.64{\ell}$ /head/day and $4.68{\ell}$ in spring, $4.70{\ell}$ in summer, $4.70{\ell}$ in autumn, and $4.49{\ell}$ in winter. The average moisture content of slurry was 95.5%. And the composition of pig slurry contents of N, $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$, were 0.27, 0.20 and 0.17% in slurry, respectively. The water pollutant concentration in slurry of swine farms, $BOD_5,\;COD_{MN}$, SS, T-N and T-P, was $21,856mg/{\ell},\;33,883mg/{\ell},\;41,253mg/{\ell},\;2,869mg/{\ell}$ and $565mg/{\ell}$, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.726-732
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of maintenance system as well as the effect of Se, Zn, and vitamin E supplementation of ram-lambs on the slaughter value and concentration of mineral elements in the loin muscle of lambs. The experiment was conducted on 72 Polish Merino ram-lambs divided into three groups: group C, indoor with no supplement, 19 lambs; S, indoor with supplement, 23 lambs; G, outdoor with no supplement, 30 lambs. From birth all the lambs were maintained indoor with their dams and then weaned at the age of 8 weeks. The rams from group C and S were placed in individual straw-bedded pens and fattened individually with concentrate mixture offered ad libitum until the age of 16 weeks. The lambs from group G were grazed every day from May to July (2 months). During the fattening period each lamb from the supplemented group S was administered per os 1 mL 0.1% $Na_2SeO_4$ (Se, 0.42 mg), 3 mL 10% $ZnSO_4$ (Zn, 68 mg), and 1 mL premix protect vitamin E (0.1 g ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, 5 mg lysine, 5 mg methionine) daily. A comparison of half carcasses across the groups has shown no difference between the control group and the one with supplements, while the weight of half carcasses in the grazing group was smaller in comparison with groups C and S (p<0.001). The meat content in the pelvic limb showed no differences across all groups under study. The pelvic limb of grazing lambs contained less fat compared to the control and supplemented groups (p<0.001). The concentrations of Se and Zn in the blood plasma of ram-lambs from the supplemented group were significantly higher than for the control and grazing lambs. Inorganic Se and Zn supplementation with vitamin E to the diet of lambs increased Se and Zn levels in loin muscle (p<0.001) to $0.46{\mu}g/g$ and $32.9{\mu}g/g$ in fresh tissue, respectively.