• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.350-355
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• 2009

In this research, fatty acid composition and trans fatty acids of 22 selected meat products produced by Turkish companies were analyzed by capillary gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Total fat contents of the meat products ranged from 11.60-42.50%. Salami had the lowest fat content 11.60% and sucuk (soudjuk) the highest 42.50%. Major fatty acids were C$_{16:0}$, C$_{18:0}$, trans C$_{18:1}$, cis C$_{18:1}$, and C$_{18:2}$ in the samples. Total unsaturated fatty acid contents have changed from 38.73 to 70.71% of total fatty acids, and sausage had the highest percentage among the samples. The majority of samples contain trans fatty acids and the level ranged from 2.28 to 7.95% of the total fatty acids. The highest amount of total trans fatty acids was determined in kavurma (Cavurmas) (7.95%), and total trans fatty acids of meat products such as pastrami contained more than 5% of the total fatty acids.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권7호
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• pp.960-965
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• 2001

The effects of different feeding ratios of concentrate (C) and roughage (R) on balance of long chain fatty acids and microbial fatty acids in the rumen of sheep were investigated. The diets were divided into 8:2 (concentrate feeding), 4:6 (middle mixture) and 0:10 (roughage feeding) ratios (C:R). Duodenal digesta was collected through 24 hours after feeding. Biohydrogenation rate, total duodenal flow of fatty acids and microbial fatty acids were measured. Total duodenal flow of fatty acids was significantly (p<0.05) increased with increasing concentrate. Total duodenal flow of fatty acid was greater than intake of fatty acid in all diets. In comparison with intake of each fatty acid, duodenal flow of stearic acid ($C_{18:0}$) remarkably increased in all diets. Biohydrogenation rate for total C18 unsaturated fatty acids in the rumen tended to increase (p<0.10) when sheep were fed the middle mixture. In particular, biohydrogenation rate of linoleic acid ($C_{18:2}$) and linolenic acid ($C_{18:3}$) with the middle mixture were highest (p<0.05) compared with other diets. Duodenal flow of protozoal fatty acids was significantly (p<0.05) increased with the increased supply of concentrate. That of bacterial fatty acids was significantly (p<0.05) increased with both concentrate diets compared with the roughage feeding diet. $C_{18:0}$ occupied the greater part of both protozoal and bacterial fatty acids in all treatments. Results indicated that biohydrogenation of free unsaturated fatty acids was actively carried out when the middle mixture diet was supplied, and that microbial uptake and synthesis of fatty acids were accelerated by adding the supply of concentrate.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.219-225
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• 1978

남해안 해태 주산지인 목포, 완도, 하동, 등지에서 양식되고 제품화된 건해태의 지질의 지방산을 GLC로 분석한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 각 산지별 건해태의 지질함량은, 목포, 완도 하동 및 장림산 중에서 하동산이 $1.80\%$ 로서 가장 높았다. 2) 각 산지별 건해태 지질의 지방산조직에서 특징은 목포산에는 $C_{16:0},\;C_{20:5},\;C_{18:1}\;and\;C_{16:1}$산, 완도산에는 $C_{16:0},\;C_{18:1},\;C_{16:1}\;and\;C_{17:0}$산, 하동산에는 $C_{16:0},\;C_{20:5},\;C_{18:0}\;and\;C_{20:1}$산 그리고 장림산에는 $C_{20:5},\;C_{16:0},\;C_{18:1}\;and\;C_{18:0}$산의 순으로 그 함량이 높았다. 3) 조성지방산의 탄소수-$C_{14},\;C_{15},\;C_{16},\;C_{17},\;C_{18},\;C_{20}$-의 분포를 보면, 목포, 하동, 장림산 건해태 지질은 $C_{16},\;C_{18},\;C_{20}$산을, 완도산 건해태 지질은 $C_{16},\;C_{18},\;C_{17}$산을 각각 주성분으로 하고 있다. 4) 각 산지별 건해태 중에서 장림산 건해태 지질에는 특히 $C_{20:5}$산의 함량이 매우 높았다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제6권3호통권12호
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• pp.25-32
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• 1990

In this study, the cis to trans isomerization of unsaturated fatty acids were investigated about Soybean oil (SBO), Corn germ oil (CGO), Cottonseed oil (CSO), Margarine (MG), Shortening (ST) incubated at $40{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ for 35 days and heated at $185{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. The contents and kinds of trans fatty acids in each sample were determined by GLC after seperating by HPLC. The results were obtained as follows; 1. When samples were incubated at $40{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ for 35 days, the contents of total trans fatty acids were increased from $0.5{\sim}12.3%$ to $0.8{\sim}20.5%$. The kinds of trans fatty acids found were $t-C_{18:1},\;t,c-C_{18:2},\;t,t-C_{18:2},\;t,c,c-C_{18:3}$ in $SBO,\;t-C_{18:1},\;t,c-C_{18:2}$ in $CGO,\;t-C_{16:1},\;t-C_{18:1},\;t,c-C_{18:2},\;t,t-C_{18:2}$ in CSO. Processed oil such as MG and ST showed more complicated composition of trans fatty acids than SBO, CGO and CSO. $t-C_{18:1},\;t,c-C_{18:2},\;t,t-C_{18:2},\;t,c,t-C_{18:3},\;t-C_{20:1}$ were detected in ST. 2. In the case of heating at $185{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours, the contents of total trans fatty acid were $1.6{\sim}37%$. 2% in all samples. Heating made more remarkable isomerization than incubation $(40{\pm}2^{\circ}C)$. Specially, $c,c,t-C_{18:3}$ in $SBO,\;t,t,t-C_{18:3}$ in $MG,\;t,c,t-C_{18:3},\;t,t,t-C_{18:3}$ in ST were detected. 3. The total contents of trans fatty acids of processed oil were higher than vegetable oils. During incubation, trans fatty acids increased in the order of MG>ST>CGO>SBO>CSO, and during heat treatment, MG>ST>SBO>CGO>CSO.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.60-64
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• 1998

The different developmental stage embryos and oviductal and uterine fluids of rabbit were analyzed by gas chromatography. Myristic (C 14:0), palmitic (C 16:0), palmitoleic (C 16:1), stearic (C 18:0), oleic (C 18:1), linoleic (C 18:2), linolenic (C 18:3), arachidic (C 20:0), arachidonic (C 20:4), docosahexaenoic (C 22:6) and lignoceric (C 24:0) acids were the common fatty acid constituents with little exception. In most of the samples palmitic, oleic, linoleic and arachidonic acids were observed in high concentration. Moreover, linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acids were the three poly-unsaturated fatty acids in both type sample except day-1 oviductal fluids. Similarly, in both day-1 and day-2 oviductal and uterine fluids myristic, palmitoleic, stearic, linolenic, arachidic and docosahexaenoic acids were in less composition or undetected.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.67-77
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• 2001

In search for several fatty acid with unusual structure in vegetable oils, we have found that unknown peaks were shown on GLC in the analysis of fatty acids of the lipids from the pulp of ripened jujube (Zizypus jujuba var. inermis) fruits. These fatty acids were identified as a series of cis-monoenoic acids with ${\omega}-5$ double bond system such as $C_{14:1{\omega}5}$, $C_{16:1{\omega}5}$ and $C_{18:1{\omega}5}$, including ${\omega}-7$ fatty acid as $C_{16:1{\omega}7}$ and $C_{18:1{\omega}7}$, by GLC, solid-phase extraction silver ion-column chromatographic, GLC-mass spectrometric and IR techniques. First of all, total fatty acid methyl esters were resolved into saturated and branched fatty acid, monoenoic acid, dienoic acid, and trienoic acid fraction, respectively, with 100% dichloromethane (DCM), DCM/acetone (9:1, v/v) 100% acetone, and acetone/ acetonitrile (97:3, v/v) solvent system. Unknown fatty acids were included in the monoenoic fraction and were confirmed to have cis-configuration by IR. Picolinyl esters of monoenoic fatty acids gave distinct molecular ion peak and dominant diagnostic peaks, for example, m/z 317, 220 and 260 fragment for $cis-C_{14:1{\omega}5}$, m/z 345, m/z 248 and 288 fragment for $cis-C_{16:1{\omega}5}$ and m/z 373, m/z 276 and 316 fragment for $cis-C_{18:1{\omega}5}$. In this way the occurrence of $cis-C_{16:1{\omega}7}$ and $cis-C_{18:1{\omega}7}$ could be deduced from the appearance of prominent fragments as m/z 345, 220 and 260, and m/z 373, 248 and 280. Level of total ${\omega}-5$ fatty acids amounted to about 30% in the fatty acid composition with the predominance of $C_{16:1{\omega}5}$ $ (18.7{\sim}25.0%)$, in the semi-ripened and/or ripened samples collected in September 14 ($C_{16:1{\omega}5}$ ; 18.7%, $C_{14:1{\omega}5}$ ; 3.6% and $C_{18:1{\omega}5}$ ; 3.0%), September 22 ($C_{16:1{\omega}5}$ ; 25.0%, $C_{14:1{\omega}5}$ ; 1.4% and $C_{18:1{\omega}5}$ ; 2.6%), and October $7 (C_{16:1{\omega}5}$ ; 24.7%, $C_{14:1{\omega}5}$ ; 7.7% and $C_{18:1{\omega}5}$ ; 2.5%). However, the lipids extracted from unripened jujube in July and August contain these unusual fatty acids as low as negligible. It could be observed that the level of ${\omega}-5$ fatty acids in the pulps increased sharply with an elapse of ripening time of jujube fruits. Other monoenoic fatty acids with ${\omega}-7$ series, $C_{16:1{\omega}7}$ (palmitoleic acid) and $C_{18:1{\omega}7}$ (cis-vaccenic acid) could be detected. And in the lipids of the kernel and leaf of jujube, none of ${\omega}-5$ fatty acids could be detected.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.523-527
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• 1997

The fatty acid compositions of oocytes, follicular, oviductal and uterine fluids of pig and cow were analyzed using gas chromatography. Myristic (C 14: 0), palmitic (C 16: 0), palmitoleic (C 16: 1), stearic (C 18 : 0), oleic (C 18: 1), linoleic (C 18: 2), linolenic (C 18: 3) and arachidonic (C 20: 4) acids were identified as the common fatty acid constituents with little exception. Oleic acid composition was the highest (21.90 to 36.24%) in both pig and cow followed by palmitic (18.61 to 31.90%) and stearic (10.34 to 20.39%) acid. The three polyunsaturated fatty acids like linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acids were detected in both pig and cow reproductive fluid samples. Myristic acid was not detected in pig oviductal fluid. Similarly, in cow oocytes myristic, palmitoleic and linolenic acids were not detected. Moreover, palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acid comprised about 80% (73.74 to 88.00%) of the total fatty acids in the different samples analyzed in both animals.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.72-75
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• 2000

Candida cylindracea 유래의 효소 Lipase-OF 360,000을 사용하여 물고기 기름을 구성하고 있는 각 지방산의 가수분해 특성을 규명하여 보았다. 물고기 기름을 구성하고 있는 다양한 지방산중 $C_{14.0}$, $C_{16.0}$ 및 $C_{18.0}$의 포화지방산과 이중결합이 하나인 $C_{16.1}$, $C_{18.1}$(n-7), $C_{18.1}$(n-9), $C_{20.1}$ 및 $C_{22.1}$의 불포화 지방산은 $\omega$-3 다중불포화지방산에 비하여 쉽게 가수분해되었다. $\omega$-3다중불포화지방산중 탄소수는 동일하나 불포화도가 상이할 경우 불포화도가 낮은 지방산이 불포화도가 높은 지방산보다 쉽게 가수분해되는 특성을 나타내었으며 불포화도는 동일하나 탄소수가 다른 경우 탄소수가 적은 지방산이 탄소수가 많은 지방산보다 쉽게 가수분해되었다. $\omega$-3 다중불포화지방산중 가수분해 반응 후 모노-, 디- 및 트리-클리세라이드 혼합물에 가장 많이 농축되는 지방산은 DHA로 물고기 기름을 구성하는 총 $\omega$-3 지방산의 31.87%에서 가수분해반응 120시간 후에는 글리세라이드 혼합물을 구성하는 총 $\omega$-3 지방산의 51.89%까지 증가하였다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.199-203
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• 1986

The Lipids content of sea mussels was studied and the composition of neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids were analyzed for the sea mussels obtained from Pusan area in Korea. Fatty acids were found in roder of neutral lipid, phospholipid and glycolipid. total lipids and fatty acids were appeared higher in Mytilus edulis then Mytilus cosuscus. The neutral lipids showed to be approximately 50% of 새심 lipids in Mytilus coruscus and mytilus edulis. The phospholipids showed no significant differences between male and female of Mytilus edulis. The major fatty acids were consisted of C 16 : 0, C16 : 1, C18 ; 1 and C22: 6 in order. The level of C16 :0 with saturated acid was highest in lipids. The level of C18 :1 . C18 :2, C22 : 6 were higher in Mutilus edulis than Mytilus coruscus. $\omega$$_3$ High unsaturated fatty acid essential fatty acids C20 : 5, C22 ; 6 were higher in Mytilus edulis than Mytilus coruscus.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.512-515
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• 2005

An in vitro study was conducted to determine the effect of C18-polyunsaturated fatty acid on direct incorporation into the rumen bacteria, bio-hydrogenation and production of CLA in vitro. Sixty milligrams of linoleic acid ($C_{18:2}$) or linolenic acid ($C_{18:3}$) were absorbed into the 0.5 g cellulose powder was added to the 150 ml culture solution consisting of 120 ml McDougall's buffer and 30 ml strained rumen fluid. Four uCi of 1-$^{14}C_{18:2}$ or 1-$^{14}C_{18:3}$ (1 uCi/15 mg each fatty acid) were also added to the corresponding fatty acids to estimate the direct incorporation into the bacterial lipids. The culture solution was then incubated anaerobically in a culture jar with stirrer at 39$^{\circ}C$ for 12 h. Ammonia concentration and pH of the culture solution were slightly influenced by the fatty acids. Amount of fatty acid incorporated into the bacteria was 1.20 mg and 0.43 mg/30 ml rumen fluid for $C_{18:2}$ and $C_{18:3}$, respectively during 12 h incubation. Slightly increased CLA (sum of cis-9, trans-11 and cis-10, trans-12 $C_{18:2}$) was obtained from the $C_{18:3}$ addition compared to that from $C_{18:2}$ after 12 h incubation in vitro.