• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.1308-1314
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• 1999

The effects of modified atmosphere(MA) packaging and coating on the quality of mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) were investigated. Whole mushrooms(100 g) were packed with polyvinyl chloride(PVC) film wrap, PD941 and PD961 film bags and were stored in a chamber at $12^{\circ}C$ and 80% RH for 6 days. Gas composition of packages, respiration rate, weight loss, color and maturity index of MA packaged mushrooms were examined. The wrap packaged mushrooms showed different level of internal $CO_2$ concentrations among water washed, chitosan coated and $CaCl_2$ coated subgroups significantly at 5% level. The maximum $CO_2$ concentration of PD941 and PD961 packages for all coated showed $4.1{\sim}4.7%$ and $10.4{\sim}11.7%$, respectively, for the first day. PD961 package showed the lowest $O_2$ concentration compared to other groups. There were no significant respiration rate differences between wrap packed and PD941 packaged. Respiration rate of water washed. chitosan coated and $CaCl_2$ coated in PD961 packaged was 192 mg, 226 mg and 245 mg, respectively. Maturity index of PD961 packaged were not significantly different among the water washed, chitosan and $CaCl_2$ coated packages. Chitosan coating showed a negative effect on color change of mushrooms. The weight loss of 961 packaged was lower $(7.0{\sim}8.0%)$ that those of wrap packaged and PD941 packaged.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.535-542
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• 2018

The current study investigated the beneficial effects of 15 essential oils isolated from tree branches, leaves, and flowers. Among these oils, clove bud and Illicium anisatum oils showed the most potent anti-oxidant effects on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'azinbis-(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activities. Next, we evaluated the antibacterial effects of 15 essential oils on Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, and Streptococcus mutans. Clove bud significantly decreased growth of 5 bacterial strains. In addition, clove bud, Magnolia kobus, Picea abies and Chamaecyparis obtuse significantly reduced growth of the fungi, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus ochraceus, Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum. Additionally, clove bud also remarkably reduced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible NO synthase in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW264.7 cells. These results indicate that essential oils isolated from trees, which exhibit antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties, may be potentially useful in the development of cosmetic ingredients.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.22 no.1 s.38
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• pp.34-44
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• 1986

In our previous studies, we had clarified many pharmacological effects of majarine: the bacteriostatic effect in vitro; the potentiation of hypnotic action of alcohol; hypotensive effect in rats and hypothermic effect in mice. This study was undertaken to search for a new antihypertensive drug. Red crystalline was obtained from majarine (which was extracted from Berberis koreana Palibin) by chemical methods. And this crystalline was identified as $C_{19}H＿{16}NO＿4$ contained one hydroxy group instead of methoxy group of majarine in isoquinoline ring and named 'Majarol' (5,6-Dihydro-9-hydroxy, 10-methoxybenzo-[g]-1,3-benzodioxolo [5,6-a] quinolizinium). We examined the effects of majarol on blood pressure and heart rate in urethane ancsthetized rats and the rate and amplitude of contraction of isolated frog heart. Several drugs: atropine sulfate, diphenhydramine chloride, hexamethonium bromide, phentolamine, epinephrine, propranolol and isoproterenol were used to clarify the mechanism of the hypotensive action of majarol. The results of experimints were as follows; 1. In low dose (0.5-2mg/kg, i.v.), majarol showed a typical transient hypotensive effect and slight decrease in heart rate. In high dose (5-10 mg/kg, i.v.), majarol showed a typical transient and a subsequent prolonged hypotensive effect and a significant prolonged decrease in heart rate was followed. 2. The hypotensive effects of majarol was not abolished by the pretreatments with atropine sulfate, hexamethonium bromide and diphenhydramine. The pretreatment with phentolamine inhibited significantly the hypotensive effects of majarol and the pretreatment wtih majarol blocked markedly the hypertensive effect of epinephrine. The positive chronotropic effect of isoproterenol was not blocked by the pretreatment with majarol. 3. In low dose, majarol increased the amplitude and decreased rate of contraction, but in high dose, majarol inhibited the amplitude and rate of contraction of isolated frog heart.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.219-222
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• 1970

Riboflavin in the various materials which used for Takju brewing was determined and its quantitative changes in the Takju mashes which were mashed with polished rice and wheat flour respectively using Nuruk only for enzyme source, and with wheat flour and corn powder respectively using Nuruk and Koji, were checked at 24 hours intervals during the whole brewing period. The results obtained were as follows. a) The riboflavin contents in 100 grams of each materials were: Polished rice $46.9{\gamma}$ Wheat flour $67.3{\gamma}$ Corn powder $73.9{\gamma}$ Nuruk $169.0{\gamma}$ Koji of wheat flour $87.1{\gamma}$ Koji of corn powder $84.4{\gamma}$ b) About 30 to 40 percent of riboflavin in the polished rice, wheat flour and corn powder were losed by steaming at 10 pounds for 50 minutes. c) Riboflavin content in the plots used Nuruk only was decreased during 3 days after mashing and then increased markedly after 5 days and, more or less, decreased after 6 days. Quantitative changes of riboflavin in the plots used Nuruk and Koji showed a rugged curve without decreasing in early stages, and its content was also increased markedly 5 days after mashing and then decreased a little after 6 days. d) Approximately $82{\gamma}$ of riboflavin was determined in 100ml. of the ripened mash of the rice plot and $72{\gamma}$ in the wheat flour plot in the case of using Nuruk only. $88.6{\gamma}$ of riboflavin were determined in 100ml. of the ripened mash of the wheat flour plot and $83.6{\gamma}$ in the corn powder plot in the case of using Nuruk and Koji. e) It was assumed that $28.8{\gamma}$ to $41{\gamma}$ of riboflavin were contained in 100 ml. of finished Takju of the two plots used Nuruk only and 33.6 to 44.5${\gamma}$ in the both two plots used Nuruk and Koji. f) About $47.3{\gamma}$ of riboflavin were determined in 100 grams of Takju cake of the rice plot and $66.2{\gamma}$ in the wheat flour plot used Nuruk only, and $62.9{\gamma}$ in the corn powder plot and $64.5{\gamma}$ in the wheat flour plot used Nuruk and Koji.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.143-153
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• 2006

Microarray which enables us to obtain hundreds and thousands of expression of gene or genotype at once is an epoch-making technology in comparative analysis of genes. First of all, we have to measure the intensity of each gene in an microarray image from the experiment to gain the expression level of each gene. But it is difficult to analyze the microarray image in manual because it has a lot of genes. Meta-gridding method and various auto-gridding methods have been proposed for this, but thew still have some problems. For example, meta-gridding requires manual-work due to some variations in spite of experiment in same microarray, and auto-gridding nay not carried out fully or correctly when an image has a lot of noises or is lowly expressed. In this article, we propose Hierarchical Grid Alignment algorithm for new methodology combining meta-gridding method with auto-gridding method. In our methodology, we necd a meta-grid as an input, and then align it with the microarray image automatically. Experimental results show that the proposed method serves more robust and reliable gridding result than the previous methods. It is also possible for user to do more reliable batch analysis by using our algorithm.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 1998

This experiment was conducted to increase aromatics in roots of Condonopsis lanceolata by applications of organic matters. Fresh root wt. was increased by conifer/moss application to 79.1g per plant. Crude protein content was also higher at rice straw application than native soil application and crude saponin content was increased by conifer/moss application, but contents of crude fat, fiber and ash were not different in all treatments. Although contents of K, Ca, and Mg were increased by rice straw application, Fe, Mn, Zn, Na and Cu were not significantly different in all treatments, The highest free amino acid was arginine, it was increased by the application of fallen leaves and the highest yield (0,008%) of essential oils was obtained by conifer/moss application. As a result, to produce C. lanceolata plant showing higher quality and aromatic essential oils, it was considered that the most effective organic matter showing high yield and higher aromatic constituents was conifer/moss application of over 3M/T per 10a.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.125-133
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• 2005

Morphometric changes in testicular Sertoli and Leydig cells from hatching to adulthood were studied using Korean native chickens of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 21, 24, 28, 32, 44, 52 and 64 weeks (n=13 chickens per group) of age. The objective of this study was to understand the developmental phase of the Sertoli and Leydig cells with age. Testis of chickens was fixed by whole body perfusion using a fixative containing $2.5\%$ glutaraldehyde in cacodylate buffer, processed and embedded in Epon-araldite. Using 1 Um sections stained with methylene blue-azure II, qualitative and quantitative (stereological) morphological studies were performed. The average volume of a testis of 1 week old Korean native chickens was determined as $0.148\;cm^3$ and the parameter increased linearly from 1 week to 21 weeks days $(28.86\;cm^3)$, and did not change from 21 weeks to 64 weeks. The volume density of the seminiferous tubules increased with age from $32.6\%$ at week 1 to $92.89\%$ at week 64. The volume density of the interstitium represents $67.4\%$ of the testicular parenchyma at week 1. This proportion progressively diminished during development to reach a value of $7.11\%$ at week 64. The volume density of the Leydig cells decreased almost linearly from 1 week $(4.9\%)$ to 14 weeks $(1.7\%)$ and remained unchanged thereafter. In contrast, the Sertoli cells occupied a volume density of $3.4\%$ at week 1, increased progressively up to 18 weeks of age $(10.79\%)$ and remained unchanged thereafter. The absolute volume of the Leydig and Sertoli cells per testis increased significantly from week 1 to week 21 but did not change significantly from week 24 to week 64. The number of Leydig cells per testis increased almost linearly from 1 week to 21 weeks, remained high and unchanged with advancing age. The number of Sertoli cells per testis increased gradually with age from 1 week to 14 weeks and remained unchanged thereafter.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.1163-1167
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• 2011

Excessive alcohol consumption causes various degenerative brain diseases including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Absorbed ethanol is metabolized to acetaldehyde and acetic acid by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). Acetaldehyde is well known as a toxicant through generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, ALDH2 activity may play important roles in the pathogenesis of alcohol-induced brain diseases. In this study, we demonstrated the effects of ALDH2 enzyme activity on lipid peroxidation in brain tissues and urine of mice exposed to ethanol for 8 weeks. Five male, 8-week old Aldh2 (+/+) and Aldh2 (-/-) mice (C57BL/6J strain) in each group were exposed to ethanol for 8 weeks (2 g/kg wt./day) using gavage, and those in the control group received 0.9% saline alone. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level, a marker for lipid peroxidation, was measured in whole brain tissue and urine by high performance liquid chromatography. As a result, chronic ethanol treatment did not show any statistical change on the TBARS level of brain tissue in both Aldh2 (+/+) mice and in Aldh2 (-/-) mice. However, following ethanol exposure for 8 weeks in Aldh2 (-/-) mice, the urinary TBARS levels were significantly increased to more than double compared to the pretreatment group. This result was not observed in Aldh2 (+/+) mice. These results suggest that although ALDH2 enzyme activity plays a role in the generation of ROS in the whole body, it does not seem to be important in the pathogenesis of alcohol induced degenerative brain diseases.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.327-334
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• 1997

This study was conducted with Israeli strain of common carp to determine apparent protein, lipid and gross energy digestibility coefficients and apparent calcium and phosphorus availabilities of the following feedstuffs : steam-dried white fish meal (WFM-S), flame-dried white fish meal (WFM-F), brown fish meal (BFM), soybean meal (SBM), corn gluten meal (CGM), sesame meal (SSM), wheat flour (WFL), brewer's yeast (BY) and monocalcium phosphate (MCP). Test diets consisting of a 70:30 mixture of refoernce diet to test ingredient were utilized with chromic oxide as an external indicator. Fecal collection was made during 10 days before the end of feeding trial lasted for 27 days. The best weight gain and feed utilization were found in fish fed MCP containing test diet. Protein digestibility was high for most ingredients, ranging from 81.2% for BY to 91.9% for SBM, with the exception of SSM which was 77.6%. Lipid digestibility coefficients ranged 74% for CGM to 85.8% for two kinds of white fish meal. Digestible energy coefficients were generally high for fish meals, ranging from 77.4% for WFM-S to 81.3% for WFM-F, whereas those for plant feedstuffs were significantly (P<0.05) lower, from 64.5% for CGM to 70.6% for BY. Phosphorus availability from fish meals was variable with a low of 6.6% for WFM-F and a high of 13.6% for WFM-S. Phosphorus availability from SBM and BY was 7.3% and 57.2%, respectively. Calcium and phosphorus availabilities from MCP were 84.6% and 80.6%, respectively. These results provide more precise information concerning nutrients and energy utilization of Israeli strain of common carp and will allow ingredient substitutions in practical diet formulations based on levels of availabile protein and phosphorus.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.105-109
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• 1970

Thiamin in the various materials which used for Takja braving was determined and its quantitative changes in the Takju mashes which were mashed with polished rice and wheat flour respectively using Nuruk only for the enzyme source, and with wheat flour and corn powder respectively using Nuruk and Koji, were checked at 24 hours intervals during the whole brewing period. The results obtained were as follows. a) The thiamin contents in 100 grams of each materials were: Polished rice 107.8${\gamma}$ Wheat Pour 185.0${\gamma}$ Corn powder 410.2${\gamma}$ Nuruk 347.4${\gamma}$ Koji of wheat flour 170.1${\gamma}$ Koji of corn powder 257.3${\gamma}$ b) About 40 to 50 percent of thiamin in the polished rice, wheat flour and, corn powder were losed by steaming at 10 wounds for 50 minutes. c) The quantitative changes of thiamin in the Takju meshes showed a similar tendency. Thiamin contents were decreased markedly during 2 days after mashing but thereafter, almost unchanged till the mashes were ripened. Its decreasing rates in tile two plots uses Nuruk and Koji wereless thaw those in the two plots used Nuruk only. d) Approximately 6${\gamma}$ of thiamin was determined in 100 ml. of the ripened mash of the rice plot and 7.5${\gamma}$ in tire whet flour plot in the case of using Nuruk only. 12.4${\gamma}$ of thiamin was determined in 100 ml. of the ripened mash of the wheat flour plot and 15.4${\gamma}$in the corn powder plot in the case of using Nuruk and Koji. e) It was assumed that 2.4 to 3.5${\gamma}$ of thiamin were contained in 100 ml. of finished Takju of the two plots used Nuruk only and 5 to 7${\gamma}$ in the two plots used Nuruk and Koji. f) About 43.7${\gamma}$ of thiamin were determined in 100 grams of Takju cake of the rice plot and 56.1${\gamma}$ in the wheat flour plat used Nuruk only, and 81.4${\gamma}$ in the corn powder plot and 57.7${\gamma}$ in the wheat flour plot used Nuruk and Koji.