• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.2260-2266
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• 2011

4-Chlorotetrazolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline (III) was synthesized by azide (2+3) cycloaddition of 2,3-dichloroquinoxaline (II). Compound (III) on further refluxing with hydrazine hydrate furnished 4-hydrazinotetrazolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline (IV). Further refluxing of (IV) with different aromatic aldehydes in methanol yielded corresponding Schiff's bases V(a-j). Various 4-aminotetrazolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline based azetidinones VII(a-j) were synthesized by stirring the compounds V(a-j), at low temperature, with equimolar mixture of chloroacetylchloride & triethylamine in dry benzene, while 4-aminotetrazolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline based thiazolidinones VIII(a-j) were synthesized by refluxing Schiff's bases V(a-j) with thioglycolic acid in oil-bath. The structures of all the compounds were confirmed on the basis of $^1H$-NMR & FT-IR spectral data. All the newly synthesized compounds were screened for in-vitro antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae & P. aeruginosa & antifungal activity against C. albicans. Few of them have exhibited the promising activity.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.494-499
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• 2010

We have been focussing on discovery of natural compounds that have immunoregulatory activities for many years. In the present study, we investigated if chlorogenic acid (CRA), a polyphenolic compound, has an immunoadjuvant activity. Prior to examining the immunoadjuvant activity, effect of CRA on proliferation of T- or B-lymphocyte was determined. Results showed that CRA enhanced the proliferation of those lymphocytes in dose-dependant manner (P<0.05), and the proliferation enhancement by CRA was appeared to be more effective to B-cells than to T-cells. Based on these observations, it was tested with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and Candida albicans cell wall (CACW) as antigenic sources if CRA has an immunoadjuvant activity. In experiments, BSA alone or a mixture of BSA plus CRA was injected intraperitoneally to mice (BALB/c strain). For a negative control, mice were given only diluent (DPBS) by the same route. In other experiment, CACW was tested by the same way as did with BSA. Three weeks after the first immunization these animals were boosted. Antisera collected from the mice one week after the booster were analyzed by ELISA. Results displayed that the induction of anti-BSA antibody was increased in mice that received the mixture of BSA and CRA as compared to anti-BSA induction in BSA only-given mice groups (P<0.05). In case of CACW, a similar observation as did with BSA was made, resulting in that there was app. 40% increased production of the anti-CACW antiserum from the combination (CACW plus CRA)-received mice as compared to antiserum induction from CACW alone-given animals. Taken all together, these data indicate that CRA has an ability of enhancing antibody production regardless of nature of antigenic sources. Presumably, activation of B-cell proliferation by CRA may plays an important role in the immunoadjuvant activity of the polyphenolic compound.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.19 no.3 s.31
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• pp.34-54
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• 2006

The effects of four extracts of medicinal herbs, Rubus coreanum, Acorus calamus, Morus alba and Rehmannia glutinosa on hair growth activity and acnes control were investigated. In the course of screening natural extracts for hair growth, we found that the extract of dried root of Rubus coreanum has the hair growth promoting effect. After topical application of these extracts to the back of C57BL/6 mice, the earlier conversion of telogen-to-anagen phase was induced. The growth of dermal papilla cells and mouse vibrissae hair follicle cultured in vitro, however, was not affected by treatment of these extracts. Furthermore these extracts do not possesspotent inhibitory effect on $5{\alpha}-reductase$ I and II activity and anti-bacterial effect on Escherichia coli , Propionibacterium acnes, Pityrosporum ovale, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidemidis, and Candida albicans. RT-PCR analysis showed that these extracts did notinduce mRNA levels of growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor-I, keratinocyte growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor in dermal papilla cells. These results suggest that Rubus coreanum has hair growth promoting effect. However, the effects of these materials on the hair growth promotion are not mediated through inhibition of $5{\alpha}-reductase$ I and II activity, stimulation of hair follicle cells and expression of growth factors in the dermal papilla cells.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.145-152
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• 2000

In order to select an effective antibiotic substance against oral resident bacteria, we were isolated from soil and texonomically analyzed. Seven hundred and eighteen strains were isolated on humic acid- vitamin agar(HV agar) and 220 strains were on methanol medium from three each paddy forest, field and riverside soil samples. So, during the screening of antibiotics from soil, we isolated microorganisms showing powerful antagonistic activity against oral resident bacteria. Microorganism was tested against 25 strains of bacteria, yeast and fungi. Among them, No. 248 strain exhibited the most strongly growth inhibition. So, the taxonomical analysis the isolated strain was found to be unknown Actinomyces sp. and was named No 248. A production of the antibiotics from No. 248 begins at the early exponential phase developed at the 72th hour under the optinum conditions. The property of No. 248 antimicrobial compound was very stable under acid(pH 3.0) and alkali(pH 10.0) treatment, but it was instable in heat treatment at $120^{\circ}C$. For the improvement of antibiotic activity, two mutants were isolated from strain No. 248 by the treatment of mutagenic agents, NTG and hydroxylamine. As a result, the mutant strains excreted the potent antibiotics to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.478-483
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• 2011

An antimicrobial material was purified from the acidified whole body extract of the jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai by using C18 reversed phase and cation-exchange high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Whole body extract and the purified compound (JAP-1) showed potent antimicrobial activities against a wide range of microorganisms including Escherichia coli D31, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus iniae and Candida albicans, without significant hemolytic activity. Treatment of JAP-1 with trypsin completely abolished all antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, suggesting that JAP-1 is likely to be a proteinaceous antibiotic. The molecular weight of JAP-1 was determined to be 680.10 Da by MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.185-192
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• 2009

Chungkookjang fermenting Bacillus subtilis 028-1 strain suppressed the growth of Staphylococcus sp. LS2, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Candida albicans. B. subtilis 028-1 strain produced antibiotic effectively in the medium of 2% soybean meal and 1% maltose as a disaccharide, when the shaking was continued 15~18 h and the pH of culture medium was maintained under 6.5. The antibiotic activity was optimized when the initial pH of the culture medium of test strain was adjusted with weak alkali, was remained after 20 min of boiling and for more than 1 month in room temperature, and was weakened slowly by the digestion of chymotrypsin and papain. The molecular weight of the antibiotic was identified between 500 and 1,000 dalton by dialysis, and antibiotic substance was considered as not surfactin but a member of iturin family because of the absence of fibrinolytic activity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.494-500
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• 2010

Bacterial blight, an important and potentially destructive bacterial disease in rice, is caused by Xanthomonas oryzae. Recently, this organism has developed resistance to available antibiotics, prompting scientists to find a suitable alternative. This study focused on secondary metabolites of Phomopsis longicolla to target X. oryzae. Five bioactive compounds were isolated by activity-guided fractionation from ethyl acetate extracts of mycelia and were identified by LC/MS and NMR spectroscopy as dicerandrol A, dicerandrol B, dicerandrol C, deacetylphomoxanthone B, and fusaristatin A. This is the first time fusaristatin A has been isolated from Phomopsis sp. Deacetylphomoxanthone B showed a higher antibacterial effect against X. oryzae KACC 10331 than the positive control (2,4-diacetyphloroglucinol). Dicerandrol A also showed high antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and yeast (Candida albicans). In addition, high production yields of these compounds were obtained at the stationary and death phases.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.62-70
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• 2015

Background: Animal skin provides an ideal medium for the propagation of microorganisms and it is used like raw material in the tannery and footware industry. The aim of this study was to evaluate and identify the microbial load in oropharyngeal mucosa of tannery employees. Methods: The health risk was estimated based on the identification of microorganisms found in the oropharyngeal mucosa samples. The study was conducted in a tanners group and a control group. Samples were taken from oropharyngeal mucosa and inoculated on plates with selective medium. In the samples, bacteria were identified by 16S ribosomal DNA analysis and the yeasts through a presumptive method. In addition, the sensitivity of these microorganisms to antibiotics/antifungals was evaluated. Results: The identified bacteria belonged to the families Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Neisseriaceae, Alcaligenaceae, Moraxellaceae, and Xanthomonadaceae, of which some species are considered as pathogenic or opportunistic microorganisms; these bacteria were not present in the control group. Forty-two percent of bacteria identified in the tanners group are correlated with respiratory diseases. Yeasts were also identified, including the following species: Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, Candida albicans, and Candida krusei. Regarding the sensitivity test of bacteria identified in the tanners group, 90% showed sensitivity to piperacillin/tazobactam, 87% showed sensitivity to ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, 74% showed sensitivity to ampicillin/sulbactam, and 58% showed sensitivity to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Conclusion: Several of the bacteria and yeast identified in the oropharyngeal mucosa of tanners have been correlated with infections in humans and have already been reported as airborne microorganisms in this working environment, representing a health risk for workers.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.320-324
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• 2017

Eruca sativa is a rocket plant and a member of the Brassicaceae, which is considered to be an important chemo-preventive plant family. Although Eruca sativa has positive biological effects, the effect of Eruca sativa extract (ES) on improvement of skin barrier function has not been reported. In this study, we investigated the applicability of functional materials by examining a variety of physiological activities of Eruca sativa extract. ES showed anti-microbial activities against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. In particular, antimicrobial activities of ES against B. subtilis was the highest. Additionally, immunohistochemical analysis of protein marker related to keratinocyte differentiation was determined. The treatment by ES (50 mg/L) showed a significant increase of involucrin expression compared with treatment by 0.1% DMSO as a control in skin equivalents, the ES-treated group showed similar level in the expression of involucrin compared to the group treated with the same concentration of WY14643 in $EpiDerm^{TM}$, a three-dimensional model of skin equivalents. These results indicate that ES promotes the expression of protein related to barrier properties of the skin. Therefore, ES may be an effective ingredient for skin barrier improvement.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.67-78
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• 2012

Volatile odor substance originating from drying and making dry peel of tangerine from the fruit skin were collected through modern equipment. The anti-microbial activity of the substance against various skin-residing bacteria including acne, dandruff, athelete's foot, and gingivitis inducing microorganisms were tested. Anti-microbial activity was observed in purified oil, where 87 to 92% was D-limonene. Against P. acnes, 103$cfu/m{\ell}$ of P. acnes were suppressed at 0.1% Unshiu oil, and the MIC was measured to be 0.3%. Against P. ovale, a dandruff inducing bacteria, 104$cfu/m{\ell}$were suppressed at 0.1% Unshiu oil, and the MIC was measured to be 0.1%. Against T. rubrum and T. Mentagrophytes, both of which are athelete's foot inducing microorganisms, 83% of T. Mentagrophytes and 99.9% of T. rubrum were suppressed at 0.1% Unshiu oil, and the MIC were 0.3% and 0.05% respectively. Against S. aureus, a skin infection inducing bacteria, 103$cfu/m{\ell}$ of the bacteria were suppressed at 0.1% Unshiu Oil. Against B. subtilis, a non-pathogenic sporulating bacteria, 104$cfu/m{\ell}$ of the bacteria were suppressed at 0.1% Unshiu Oil. Against C. albicans, found in mucous membranes, 104$cfu/m{\ell}$ of the bacteria were suppressed at 0.1% Unshiu Oil. Against Aspergillus niger, an otomycosis inducing microorganism, 99.9% were suppressed at 0.1% Unshiu Oil. The results above indicate that low concentration of purified oil extracted from tangerine had strong antimicrobial activities against bacteria and fungi residing on the skin, and that it may be developed into skin disorder treating products in the future.