• 대한전기학회논문지:전기물성ㆍ응용부문C
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• 제55권4호
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• pp.199-203
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• 2006

This paper presents an ASER (Accelerated Soft Error Rate) integral model. The model is based on the facts that the generated EHP/s(electron hole pairs) are diminished after some residual range of the incident alpha particle, where residual range is a function of the incident angle and the capping layer thickness over the semiconductor junction. The ASER is influenced by the flux of the alpha particles, the junction area ratio, the alpha particle incident angle when the critical charge is same as the collected charge, and the sizes of the alpha source and the chip. The model was examined with 8M static RAM samples. The measured ASER data showed good agreement with the calculated values using the model. The ASER decreased exponentially with respect to the operational voltage. As the capping layer thickness increases up to $16{\mu}m$, the ASER increases, and after that thickness, the ASER decreases. The ASER increased as the depth of BNW increased from $0{\mu}m\;to\;4{\mu}m$. and then saturated. The ASER decreased as the node capacitance increased from 2fF to 5fF.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제61권3호
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• pp.348-355
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• 2023

마그네슘 이차전지는 기존에 사용되고 있는 리튬이온전지를 대체할 수 있는 가능성으로 인해 많은 주목을 받고 있다. 마그네슘 이차전지용 양극활물질인 Mo₆S₈을 MSS (Molten Salt Synthesis)법으로 합성하였고, Mo₆S₈의 전기화학적 특성을 향상시키기 위하여 탄소소재인 PVC (Poly Vinyl Chloride)를 첨가하여 탄화시켰다. 물질의 결정 구조와 크기, 표면 상태는 XRD (X-ray Diffraction), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope)으로 분석하였다. 전기화학적 특성은 배터리충방전기를 이용하여 충·방전 프로파일과 출력 특성 등을 측정하였다. PVC를 2.81 wt% 첨가한 물질의 경우, 0.125 C-rate에서 85.8 mAh/g, 0.5 C-rate에서 69.2 mAh/g, 1 C-rate에서 60.5 mAh/g의 용량을 나타내어 우수한 출력특성을 보여주었다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.88-93
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• 1989

In order to obtain some informations about the effect of molecular weight on the release rate of drug from drug carrier, two types of poly-L-glutamic acid (PLGA)-cytarabine (ara-C) conjugates, PLGA-ara-C:I and PLGA-ara-C:II, were synthesized using two types of PLGA having different average molecular weight, 43,000 and 77,800, respectively. The PLGA-ara-C conjugates were synthesized by mixed anhydride method and found to be covalently linked. Both types of conjugates charged negatively at biological pH. The pH-dependent release rate of ara-C was observed in both cases, and the release rate was accelerated in basic, acidic conditions (the k values were 0.015 $day^{-1}$ at pH 7.0, 0.024 $day^{-1}$ at pH 5.0, and 0.059 $day^{-1}$ at pH 9.0 in the case of PLGA-ara-C:I) and in the presence of pretense. The time required for the release of 16.5% of ara-C from PLGA-ara-C:I were 8 hr and 144 hr in the presence and absence of protease, respectively. Although both types of conjugates showed similar drug substitution ratio, they showed different release rates. Between the two types of conjugates, PLGA-ara-C:II showed the faster release rate (0.030 vs 0.042 $day^{-1}$ in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer solution at $37^{\circ}C$) and the smaller activation energy for the release of drug (12.5 vs 7.7 Kcal/mol) than PLGA-ara-C:I. The characteristic effect of molecular weight on the release rates of PLGA-ara-C conjugates suggests that the drug release rate might be effectively controlled over a prolonged period of time by the combined use of the different types of PLGA-ara-C conjugates having different molecular weights.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.231-238
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• 2001

Electrocatalytic activity of palladium for hydrogen oxidation and reduction was studied using AC impedance method. The system under study was arranged in electrolytic mode consisting of Pd electrode under study, Pt counter electrode and Nafion electrolyte between them. Two types of Pd electrodes were used - carbon-supported Pd (Pd/C) and Pd foil electrode. Pd/C anode contacting pure hydrogen showed a steady decrease of charge transfer resistance with the increase of anodic overpotential, which is an opposite trend to that found with Pd foil anode. But Pd foil cathode also exhibited a decrease of the resistance with the increase of cathodic overpotential. The relationship between imposition of overpotential and subsequent change of the charge transfer resistance is determined by the ratio of the rate of faradaic process to the rate of mass transportation; if mass transfer limitation holds, increase of overpotential accompanies the increase of charge transfer resistance. Regardless of the physical type of Pd electrode, the anode contacting hydrogen/oxygen gas mixture did not reveal any independent arc originated from local anodic oxygen reduction.

• 전기화학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.32-37
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• 2004

리튬 이차전지의 음극재료로서 천연흑연의 충방전 속도에 따른 용량특성을 조사하였다 정전류 조건에서 $0.0-2.0V(vs. Li/Li^+)$의 범위에서 충방전 하였을 때, 충전전류가 증가할수록 충전반응의 과전압이 증가하여 $Li^+$이온이 충분히 삽입되지 못한 상태에서 컷오프 전압(0.0 V)에 도달하기 때문에 충전용량은 충전전류의 크기가 클수록 감소하였다. 한편, 방전전류가 증가함에 따라 방전반응의 과전압도 증가하여 0.0-0.3V범위에서 방전반응이 일어나나 방전 컷오프 전압(2.0 V)과는 격차가 커서 $Li^+$이온이 탈리되지 못한 상태에서 방전 컷오프에 도달하는 현상은 없기 때문에 방전용량이 방전전류의 크기에 영향을 받지 않았다. 충전전류가 증가함에 따라 부반응인 리튬 전착반응의 과전압도 증가하므로 충전 컷오프 전압을 0.0V 이하로 낮출 수 있었다. 그러나 $Li^+$이온의 삽입반응에 비해 전착반응의 저항이 적어 충전전류에 따른 전착반응의 과전압 증가에는 한계가 있었다. 1C조건에서 -0.04V까지 충전 z컷오프 전압을 낮추었을 때 리튬의 전착반응은 없었고, 이로부터 약 $11\%$의 방전용량을 증가시킬 수 있었다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.367-372
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• 2009

The performance of a $CO_2$ heat pump water heater was measured with a variation of operating conditions such as refrigerant charge amount, outdoor temperature, compressor frequency, EEV opening, and water mass flow rate. The optimum refrigerant charge amount of the $CO_2$ system was 1800 g. At water mass flow rates of 75, 85, and 95 kg/h, the water heating temperatures were 74, 67, and $62^{\circ}C$ and COPs were 2.6, 2.8, and 3.0, respectively. Besides, the compressor frequency and water mass flow rate were adjusted to maintain the water heating temperature at $60^{\circ}C$ with the decrease of outdoor temperature. As the outdoor temperature decreased by $5^{\circ}C$, the compressor frequency increased beyond 60 Hz and the water mass flow rate decreased by 16.7%.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2005년도 추계학술대회 논문집 Vol.18
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• pp.350-351
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• 2005

The electrochemical behavior of Si-C material synthesized by heating the mixture of silicon and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). Coin cells of the type 2025 were made using the synthesized material and the electrochemical studies were performed. Si-C/Li cells were made by using the developed Si-C material. Charge/discharge test was performed at 0.1C hour rate. Initial charge and discharge capacities at Si-C material derived from 20 wt.% of PVDF was found to be 1,830 and 526 mAh/g respectively. Initial charge/discharge characteristics of the electrode were analyzed. The level of reversible specific capacity was about 216 mAh/g at Si-C material derived from 20 wt.% of PVDF, IIE, intercalation efficiency at initial charge/discharge, was 68 %. Surface irreversible specific capacity was 31 mAh/g, and average specific resistance was 2.6 ohm*g.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.201-204
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• 2002

The rates of the aminolysis of S-phenyl substituted-acetate series $(RC(=O)SC_6H_4Z$, with R=Me, Et, i-Pr, t-Bu and Bn) with benzylamines $(XC_6H_4CH_2NH_2)$ are not correlated simply with the Taft's polar $({\sigma}^{\ast})$ and/or steric effect constants $(E_s)$ of the substituents due to abnormally enhanced rate of the substrate with R=Et. Furthermore, the cross-interaction constant, ${\rho}x_z$ , is the largest with R=Et. These anomalous behaviors can only be explained by invoking the vicinal bond $({\sigma})$-antibond $({\sigma}^{\ast})$ charge transfer interaction between C-$C{\alpha}$ and C-S bonds. In the tetrahedral zwitterionic intermediate, $T^{\pm}$ , formed with R=Et the vicinal ${\sigma}_{c-c}-{\sigma}^{\ast}_{c-s}$ delocalization is the strongest with an optimum antiperiplanar arrangement and a narrow energy gap, ${\Delta}{\varepsilon}={\varepsilon}_{{\sigma}^{\ast}}-{\varepsilon}_{\sigma}$. Due to this charge transfer interaction, the stability of the intermediate increases (with the concomitant increase in the equilibrium constant K (= $k_a/k_{-a}$)) and also the leaving ability of the thiophenolate leaving group increases (and hence $k_b$ increases) so that the overall rate, $k_n\;=\;Kk_b$, is strongly enhanced. Theoretical support is provided by the natural bond orbital (NBO) analyses at the B3LYP/6-31+$G^{\ast}$ level. The anomaly exhibited by R=Et attests to the stepwise reaction mechanism in which the leaving group departure is rate limiting.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.1646-1654
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• 2002

A two-phase closed thermosyphon was one of the most effective devices in the removing heat because of its simple structure, thermal diode characteristics, wide operating temperature range and so on. In this study, a two-phase closed thermosyphon(working fluid PFC(C6F14), container copper(inner grooved surface)) was fabricated with a reservoir which can change the fill charge ratio. The experiments were performed in the range of 50~600W heat flow rate and 10~70% fill charge ratio. The results were compared with some correlations that were presented by Rohsenow and Immura et al. in the evaporator, by Nusselt, Gross and Uehara et al. in the condenser and by Cohen and Bayley, Wallis, Kutateladze and Faghri et al. in heat transfer limitation etc.. The heat transfer coefficient at the evaporator increased with the input power. However the effect of the fill charge ratio was nearly negligible. At the condenser, it showed an opposite trend to the evaporator and with increase of the fill charge ratio, showed some enhancement of heat transfer. The heat transport limitation was occurred by the dry-out limitation for small fill charge ratio(10%) and presented about 100W. For the case of large fill charge ratio(Ψ$\geq$40%), it was occurred by the flooding limitation at about 500W.

• 전력전자학회논문지
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.360-368
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• 2008

하이브리드 전기자동차용 리튬이온 배터리 시스템의 모델링 및 모델기반 상태 관측기 설계에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. 배터리의 동적 특성을 모사하기 위한 모델은 전기적 등가회로로 단순화하여 제안하였다. 모델 파라미터는 최소 자승 이론에 의거 다양한 운전조건에 따라 추정하였고, 실험 검증하였다. 검증된 모델을 기반으로 하는 비례-적분(PI) 제어의 상태 관측기를 구성하였고, 제어 이득 선정방법을 제안하였다. 제안된 상태 관측기의 강인성은 시뮬레이션 및 실험에 의거 다양한 운전조건 변동에 따른 민감도를 분석하여 검증하였다.