• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.821-828
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• 2005

To investigate the role of RH and temperature on the transport of chloride in the concrete, two groups of specimens were configured. For both groups, mix design was based on w/c=0.45, $400kg/m^3$ cement, $794kg/m^3$ fine aggregate and $858kg/m^3$ coarse aggregate. After specimen fabrication these were exposed to four different RH (35, 55, 75 and $95\%$ RH) and temperature (0, 20, 30 and $40^{\circ}C$) conditions. After 3 and 6 months $15\%$ NaCl exposure 5mm cores were taken. These cores were sliced and individual cores were ground to powder. In addition, to evaluate the effect of temperature on the chloride binding some powder samples were leached in the each of four temperature chambers. Chloride titration fur these was performed using FDOT acid titration method. Based upon the resultant data conclusions were reached regarding that 1) effective diffusion coefficient, $D_e$, increased with increasing exposure RH, suggesting that the size and number of water paths increased with elevated moisture content in the specimens, 2) $D_e$ increased with increasing temperature in the range of 0 to $40^{\circ}C$ possibly by elevated thermal activation of chloride ions and reduced chloride binding at higher temperature, 3) water soluble chloride concentration, $[Cl^-]_s$, increased with increasing temperature, and 4) chloride concentration profile for initially dry concrete specimens was higher than for the initially wet ones indicating pronounced capillary suction (sorption) occurred for the dry concrete specimens.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• 제14C권2호
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• pp.171-178
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• 2007

In mobile ad hoc networks, an application scenario requires mostly group mobility behavior in the mix of group moving nodes and individually moving nodes. The nodes of those applications tend to belong to the movement group with similar movement behavior. Group mobility is one of the good methods to improve scalability, and reduces the protocol overhead. In this paper, we propose the multicast architecture which regards nodes that have equal group mobility in the heterogeneous group mobility network as the single entity with the multiple interfaces and composes multicast tree, The logical cooperative entity-based multicast architecture accommodates the scalability, the multicast tree simplification, and the protocol overhead reduction which arc obtained from the hierarchical multicast architecture, while it maintains the nat multicast architecture for the data transmission. It also prevents the concentration of the energy consumption dispersing data forwarding load into the several ingress/egress nodes. Results obtained through simulations show that logical cooperative entity based multicast protocol with multiple interfaces offers the protocol scalability and the efficient data transmission.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.40-51
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• 1992

$0.25{\mu} m$ 급 pMOSFET소자를 구현하기 위해, $P^+$ 폴리실리콘을 적용한 pMOS를 제작하였으며, $p^+$ 폴리실리콘 게이트 소자에서 심각하게 문제가 되고 있는 붕소이온 침투현상을 조사하고 붕소이온 침투가 일어나지 않는 최적열처리온도를 조사하였다. 소자제조 공정중 게이트 공정만 전자선 (EBML300)을 이용하여 직접묘사하고 그 이외의 공정은 stepper(gline) 을 사용하는 Mix & Match 방법을 사용하였다. 또한 붕소이온 침투현상을 억제하기 위한 한가지 예로서, 실리콘산화막과 실리콘질화막을 적층한 ONO(Oxide/Nitride/Oxide) 구조를 게이트 유전체로 적용한 소자를 제작하여 그 가능성을 조사하였다. 그 결과 $850^{\circ}C$의 온도와 $N_2$ 분위기에서 30분동안 열처리 하였을 경우, 붕소이온의 침투현상이 일어나지 않음을 SIMS(Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer) 분석 및 C-V(Capacitance-Voltage) 측정으로 확인할 수 있었으며 그 이상의 온도에서는 붕소이온이 침투되어 flat band전압(Vfb)을 변화시킴을 알았다. 6nm의 얇은 게이트 산화막 및 $0.1{\mu} m$ 이하의 LDD(Lightly Doped Drain) $p^-$의 얇은 접합을 형성함으로써 소자의 채널길이가 $0.2 {\mu} m$까지 짧은 채널효과가 거의 없는 소자제작이 가능하였으며, 전류구동능력은 $0.26\muA$/$\mu$m(L=0.2$\mu$m, V$_DS$=2.5V)이었고, subthreshold 기울기는 89-85mV/dec.를 얻었다. 붕소이온의 침투현상을 억제하기 위한 한가지 방법으로 ONO 유전체를 소자에 적용한 결과, $900^{\circ}C$에서 30분의 열처리조건에서도 붕소이온 침투현상이 일어나지 않음으로 미루어 , $SiO_2$ 게이트 유전체보다 ONO 게이트 유전체가 boron 침투에 대해서 좋은 장벽 역활을 함을 알았다. ONO 게이트 유전체를 적용한 소자의 경우, subthreshold특성은 84mV/dec로서 좋은 turn on,off 특성을 얻었으나, ONO 게이트 유전체는 막자체의 누설전류와 실리콘과 유전체 계면의 고정전하량인 Qss의 양이 공정조건에 따라 변화가 심해서 문턱전압 조절이 어려워 소자적용시 문제가 된다. 최근 바닥 산화막(bottom oxide) 두께가 최적화된 ONO 게이트 유전체에 대하 연구가 활발히 진행됨을 미루어, 바닥 산화막 최적화가 된다면 더 좋은 결과가 예상된다.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.851-857
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• 2011

This study was conducted to develop a real time reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) method for the detection of viable Enterobacteriaceae in milk using primers based on the genes of ribosomal proteins S11 and S13 and to determine effects of heating and subsequent treatments on the threshold cycle (Ct) of the real time RT-PCR. Total RNA was isolated from 17 strains of bacteria including 11 strains of Enterobacteriaceae suspended in milk using a modified Tri reagent method. SYBR Green Master Mix was added to the RNA and the mixture was subjected to the real time RT-PCR. The Cts of eleven type strains of the Enterobacteriaceae in milk ($10^7$ cells) in the real time RT-PCR ranged from 21.5 to 24.6. However, the Cts of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, and three gram-positive bacteria were more than 40. The real time RT-PCR detected as low as $10^3$ cells in agarose gel electrophoresis. The Cts increased from 22.0 to 34.2 when milk samples contaminated with Escherichia coli ($10^7$ cells/mL) were heated at $65^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. In addition, subsequent incubation at $37^{\circ}C$ for 6 and 24 h increased the Cts further up to 36.2 and 37.2, respectively. Addition of RNase A to the bacterial suspension obtained from the heated milk and subsequent incubation at $37^{\circ}C$ for 1 h increased the Cts to more than 40. The results of this study suggests that pretreatment of bacterial cells heated in milk with RNase A before RNA extraction might enhance the ability to differentiate between viable and dead bacteria using real time RT-PCR.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.661-672
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• 1998

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of a range of concentrations of ruminal fluid ammonia ($NH_3$-N) on forage digestibility, microbial growth efficiency and the mix of microbial species. Urea was either continuously infused directly into the rumen of sheep fed 33.3 glh of oaten chaff (Exp. I) or sprayed onto the oaten chaff (750 g/d) given once daily (Exp. 2). Concentrations of $NH_3$-N increased with incremental addition of urea (p < 0.01). Volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations and 24 h in sacco organic matter digestibility in the rumen were higher when supplemental urea was given (p < 0.01). The (C2 + C4) : C3 VFA ratio was lower (p < 0.05) when $NH_3$-N was above 200 mgN/I. The fungal sporangia appearing on oat leaf blades were significantly higher when urea was supplemented, indicating that $NH_3$-N was a growthlimiting nutrient for fungi at levels of $NH_3$-N below 30 mgN/l. The density of protozoa was highest when $NH_3$-N concentrations were adjusted to 30 mgN/I for continuously fed ($4.4{\times}10^5/ml$) and to 168 mgN/1 for once daily feeding ($2.9{\times}10^5/ml$). Thereafter increasing concentrations of $NH_3$-N, were associated with a concomitant decline in protozoal densities. At the concentration of $NH_3$-N above 200 mgN/l, the density of protozoa was similar to the density of protozoa in ruminal fluid of the control sheep ($1.8{\times}10^5/ml$). The efficiency of net microbial protein synthesis in the rumen calculated from purine excretion was 17-47% higher when the level of $NH_3$-N was above 200 mgN/1. The possibilities are that 1) there is less bacterial cell lysis in the rumen because of the concomitant decrease in the protozoal pool and/or 2) microbial growth per se in the rumen is more efficient with increasing $NH_3$-N concentrations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• 제47권
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• pp.113-124
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• 1999

Hospitals in Korea are having trouble with economic matters because of the low cost of medical insurance and the consumer's demand for high-quality care. The management of patient clothing is very difficult Especially for the management of size is very difficult because the mix of patients in the wards is very different from the stocked clothing sizes. Because of economic matters the ward dose not prepare enough clothing for every size. The nurses in the wards have trouble managing the clothing. Therefore the nurses want free-size patient clothing for all patients. The problem of managing the patient's clothing were surveyed by nureses in the wards. It was known that the free-size patient clothing was needed. The clothing designed from 150cm, to 180cm by 5cm were made. The different sizes of clothing were pretested. The experimental clothing were selected. The experimental patient clothing are designed for between from 165cm and 170cm in height which refers to Korean average. The fitness and sensory test were made by medical personnel outpatient who will be future client for hospital and by specialist in clothing. Finally The free-size patient clothing was made. It was said that there is no difference between the C-type (170cm) and the D-typer(165cm) clothing by specialists in clothing. The outpatient future client for hospital liked the C-type was selected. The questionnaires of the C-type patient clothing was tested by outpatient patients and by medical personnel. Eighty-four point-eightprecent(84.8%) of evaluators liked free-size clothing 75.8% liked unisex use.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2001년도 추계학술대회 논문집 Vol.14 No.1
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• pp.163-166
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• 2001

The stochiometric mix of evaporating materials for the $ZnGa_{2}Se_{4}$ single crystal thin films was prepared from horizontal furnace. To obtain the single crystal thin films, $ZnGa_{2}Se_{4}$ mixed crystal was deposited on thoroughly etched semi-insulating GaAs(100) substrate by the Hot Wall Epitaxy (HWE) system. The source and substrate temperature were $610^{\circ}C$ and $450^{\circ}C$, respectively. The crystalline structure of single crystal thin films was investigated by the photoluminescence and double crystal X-ray diffraction (DCXD). The carrier density and mobility of $ZnGa_{2}Se_{4}$ single crystal trun films measured from Hall effect by van der Pauw method are $9.63{\times}10^{17}cm^{-3}$, $296cm^{2}/V{\cdot}s$ at 293 K, respectively. From the photocurrent spectrum by illumination of perpendicular light on the c axis of the $ZnGa_{2}Se_{4}$ single crystal thin film, we have found that the values of spin orbit splitting $\Delta$ So and the crystal field splitting $\Delta$Cr were 251.9 meV and 183.2 meV at 10 K, respectively. From the photoluminescence measurement on $ZnGa_{2}Se_{4}$ single crystal thin film, we observed free excition (Ex) existing only high quality crystal and neutral bound exiciton $(A^{0},X)$ having very strong peak intensity. Then, the full-width-at -half-maximum(FWHM) and binding energy of neutral acceptor bound excition were 11 meV and 24.4 meV, respectivity. By Haynes rule, an activation energy of impurity was 122 meV.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2001년도 추계학술대회 논문집 Vol.14 No.1
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• pp.167-170
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• 2001

The stochiometric mix of evaporating materials for the $CdGa_{2}Se_{4}$ single crystal thin films was prepared from horizontal furnace. To obtain the single crystal thin films, $CdGa_{2}Se_{4}$ mixed crystal was deposited on thoroughly etched semi-insulating GaAs(100) substrate by the Hot Wall Epitaxy (HWE) system. The source and substrate temperature were $630^{\circ}C$ and $420^{\circ}C$, respectively. The crystalline structure of single crystal thin films was investigated by the photoluminescence and double crystal X-ray diffraction (DCXD). The carrier density and mobility of $CdGa_{2}Se_{4}$ single crystal thin films measured from Hall effect by van der Pauw method are $8.27{\times}10^{17}cm^{-3},345cm^{2}/V{\cdot}s$ at 293 K, respectively. From the photocurrent spectrum by illumination of perpendicular light on the c-axis of the $CuInSe_{2}$ single crystal thin film, we have found that the values of spin orbit splitting $\Delta$ So and the crystal field splitting $\Delta$Cr were 106.5 meV and 418.9 meV at 10 K, respectively. From the photoluminescence measurement on $CdGa_{2}Se_{4}$ single crystal thin film, we observed free excition (Ex) existing only high Quality crystal and neutral bound exiciton $(D^{0},X)$ having very strong peak intensity. Then, the full-width-at-half-maximum(FWHM) and binding energy of neutral donor bound excition were 8 meV and 13.7 meV, respectivity. By Haynes rule, an activation energy of impurity was 137 meV.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.188-194
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• 2003

Rust-spot on North American ginseng roots (Panax quinquefolius L.) is considered a physiological, not a pathological disorder. Ginseng rust-spot starts as an orange spot on the surface of the root and may spread forming a sunken, round to irregular lesion. 5 mm in diameter. Pieces of root, 7 mm in length and containing a rust-spotted lesion, were embedded in agar and sectioned using a vibratome. These sections and hand sections, cut with a two-sided razor blade, were examined using fluorescence microscopy. The 4-5 cell layers of the periderm were destroyed in the area of the lesion and orange substance:, were deposited in and around the lesion. Sections stained with vanillin-HCI and viewed using bright field microscopy confirmed that the orange substances were phenolic compounds. Scanning electron micros-copy showed that the periderm had pulled away from the root, or was completely destroyed, in the area of the lesion. The smooth surface of the lesion indicates the deposition of phenolic compounds in surrounding cells as a wound response. Roots sprayed or dipped in ethephon (1500 mgㆍL$^{-1}$ ) developed rust-spots, more so at 21$\pm$2$^{\circ}C$ than at 3$\pm$0.2$^{\circ}C$. Roots held at 21$\pm$2$^{\circ}C$ were yellowish and developed white cell proliferations. Comparable control roots also developed rust-spots likely due to the high undecomposed organic matter content of the incubation soilless mix.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2001년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.167-170
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• 2001

The stochiometric mix of evaporating materials for the CdGa$_2$Se$_4$ single crystal thin films was prepared from horizontal furnace. To obtain the single crystal thin films, CdGa$_2$Se$_4$ mixed crystal was deposited on thoroughly etched semi-insulating GaAs(100) substrate by the Hot Wall Epitaxy (HWE) system. The source and substrate temperature were 630$^{\circ}C$ and 420$^{\circ}C$, respectively. The crystalline structure of single crystal thin films was investigated by the photoluminescence and double crystal X-ray diffraction (DCXD). The carrier density and mobility of CdGa$_2$Se$_4$ single crystal thin films measured from Hall erect by van der Pauw method are 8.27x10$\^$17/ cm$\^$-3/, 345 $\textrm{cm}^2$/V$.$s at 293 K, respectively. From the Photocurrent spectrum by illumination of perpendicular light on the c-axis of the CuInSe$_2$ single crystal thin film, we have found that the values of spin orbit splitting ΔSo and the crystal field splitting ΔCr were 106.5 meV and 418.9 meV at 10 K, respectively. From the photoluminescence measurement on CdGa$_2$Se$_4$ single crystal thin film, we observed free excition (E$\_$X/) existing only high quality crystal and neutral bound exiciton (D$\^$0/,X) having very strong peak intensity. Then, the full-width-at-half-maximum(FWHM) and binding energy of neutral donor bound excision were 8 meV and 13.7 meV, respectivity. By Haynes rule, an activation energy of impurity was 137 meV,