• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.466-472
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• 2023

Exon skipping is an efficient technique to inhibit specific gene expression induced by a short-sequence peptide nucleic acid (PNA). To date, there has been no study on the effects of PNA on skin pigmentation. In melanocytes, the tripartite complex is responsible for the transport of mature melanosomes from the nucleus to the dendrites. The tripartite complex is composed of Rab27a, Mlph (Melanophilin), and Myosin Va. Defects in the protein Mlph, a melanosome transport-related protein, are known to cause hypopigmentation. Our study shows that Olipass peptide nucleic acid (OPNA), a cell membrane-permeable PNA, targets exon skipping in the Mlph SHD domain, which is involved in Rab27a binding. Our findings demonstrate that OPNA induced exon skipping in melan-a cells, resulting in shortened Mlph mRNA, reduced Mlph protein levels, and melanosome aggregation, as observed by microscopy. Therefore, OPNA inhibits the expression of Mlph by inducing exon skipping within the gene. These results suggest that OPNA, which targets Mlph, may be a potential new whitening agent to inhibit melanosome movement.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.1849-1857
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• 2007

The experiment was carried out using fistulated multiparous Holstein Friesian crossbred (75% Holstein Friesian and 25% Red Sindhi) dairy cows in their dry period fed on untreated rice straw to evaluate the nutritive value of local protein feed resources using the in sacco method and in vitro pepsin-pancreatin digestion. Experimental feeds were cottonseed meal (CSM); soybean meal (SBM); dried brewery's grains (DBG); palm kernel meal (PSM); cassava hay (CH); leucaena leaf meal (LLM). Each feedstuff was weighed into duplicate nylon bags and incubated in each of the two rumen fistulated cows for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h. Rumen feed residues from bags of 16 h incubation were used for estimation of lower gut digestibility by the technique of in vitro pepsin-pancreatin digestion. Ruminal ammonia-nitrogen ($NH_3-N$) concentrations did not differ between treatments or time with a mean of 5.5 mg%. Effective degradability of DM of CSM, SBM, DBG, PSM, CH and LLM were 41.9, 56.1, 30.8, 47.0, 41.1 and 47.5%, respectively. Effective degradabilities of the CP in feedstuffs were 49.6, 59.2, 40.9, 33.5, 47.3 and 65.0% for the respective feedstuffs. The CP in vitro pepsin-pancreatin digestibility as ranked from the highest to the lowest were SBM, CSM, LLM, CH, DBG, PSM, respectively. The intestinal and total tract digestion of feedstuffs in the current study were relatively lower than that obtained from previous literature. The results of this study indicate that SBM and LLM were highly degradable in the rumen, while CH, CSM and DBG were less degradable and, hence resulted in higher rumen undegradable protein. Soybean meal and LLM could be used to improve rumen ecology whilst CH, CSM and DBG could be used as rumen by-pass protein for ruminant feeding in the tropics.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권7호
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• pp.974-978
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• 2001

The effect of three varying ratios (high, medium and low) of Rumen Degradable Protein (RDP) to Undegradable Dietary Protein (UDP) of 37:63, 52:48 and 70:30 in iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric concentrate mixtures on rumen fermentation profile was studied using rumen fistulated Jersey crossbred cows. Rumen pH and ammonia nitrogen concentration were found to be lower with a concentrate mixture containing a higher UDP level of 63.38% when compared with those having medium and low UDP levels of 47.55 and 29.75%, respectively, at all post feeding intervals. Total volatile fatty acid concentration as well as concentrations of individual fatty acids viz., acetate, propionate and butyrate were also found higher in animals fed concentrate mixture with the highest UDP level.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.241-248
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• 2000

전자현미경을 이용한 단백질 구조분석은 약 30여년간 발전되어 왔다. Bacteriorhodopsin과 porin 등의 near atomic resolution의 구조분석은 전자현미경의 발전과 진행을 보여주는 하나의 예로 설명될 수 있다. 전자현미경을 이용한 거대분자의 3차원 구조를 규명하기 위해 필요한 기본과정 즉, 시료준비, 자료수집과 자료처리 등에 대하여 토론하였다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.999-1005
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• 2007

An oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion [20 wt% com oil, 0.5-6.0 wt% fish gelatin (FG), pH 3.0] was produced by high pressure homogenization, and the influence of pH, protein concentration, and homogenization condition on the formation of FG-stabilized emulsions was assessed by measuring particle size distribution, electrical charge, creaming stability, microstructure, and free FG concentration in the emulsions. Optical microscopy indicated that there were some large droplets ($d>10\;{\mu}m$) in all FG-emulsions, nevertheless, the amount of large droplets tended to decrease with increasing FG concentration. More than 90% of FG was present free in the continuous phase of the emulsions. To facilitate droplet disruption and prevent droplet coalescence within the homogenizer, homogenization time was adjusted in O/W emulsions stabilized by 2.0 or 4.0 wt% FG. However, the increase in the number of pass rather promoted droplet coalescence. This study has shown that the FG may have some limited use as a protein emulsifier in O/W emulsions.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.497-503
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• 1999

Change on the structural carbohydrate(several fiberous components) was determined by vegetables(crown daisy and butterbur)-cultivated in Ulsan, Kyungnam, Korea-as its stage of maturity developed. Samples were separated into leaf and stem, which were dried at 7$0^{\circ}C$ for 24hr, and ground to pass a 1mm screen. They were subjected to moisture, crude protein, crude fat and several dietary fiber-DF(dietary fiber, include unavaible components), NDF(neutral detergent fiber), ADF(acid detergent fiber), lignin, hemicellulose, cellulose and protein corrected NDF(c-NDF), IDF(indigestible fiber, include lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose). In general, structural carbohytrate(several dietary fiber) of vegetable was affected by the growth stage. In case of crown daisy and butterbur, dietary fiber in leaf was higher than DF in stem.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.6-11
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• 2003

Various forms of dialytic techniques are available for detoxification. Hemodialysis, hemoperfusion and hemofiltration (hemodialfiltration) are the main treatment modalities. Because these modalities are rather invasive and expensive, it must be decided in balance of the risk and benefit to the patient. The prime consideration in the decision is based on the clinical features of poisoning; hemodialysis or hemoperfusion should be considered in general if the patient's condition progressively deteriorates despite intensive supportive therapy. The hemodialysis technique relies on passage of the toxic agent through a semipermeable membrane so that it can equilibrate with the dialysate and subsequently removed. It needs a blood pump to pass blood next to a dialysis membrane, which allows agents permeable to the membrane to pass through and reach equilibrium. Solute (or drug) removal by dialysis has numerous determinants such as solute size, its lipid solubility, the degree to which it is protein bound, its volume of distribution etc. The technique of hemoperfusion is similar to hemodialysis except there is no dialysis membrane or dialysate involved in the procedure. The patient's blood is pumped through a perfusion cartridge, where it is in direct contact with adsorptive material (usually activated charcoal) that has a coating material such as cellulose. This method can be used successfully with lipid-soluble compounds and with higher-molecular-weight compounds than for hemodialysis. Protein binding does not significantly interfere with removal by hemoperfusion. In conclusion, hemodialysis, hemoperfusion and hemofiltration can be used effectively as adjuncts to the management of severely intoxicated patients.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.152-157
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• 2004

연삭식 정미기를 이용하여 도정한 쌀의 도정 정도에 따른 수력함량은 12.81∼13.15%로서 연삭 횟수가 증가할수록 약간 증가하는 경향이었으며, 조단백질 및 조지방 함량은 각각 7.81∼8.50% 및 1.07∼l.93%로서 도정 정도가 클수록 감소하였으나 백미보다는 높았고, 조지방의 주요 지방산은 palmitic acid(22.06∼25.76%, peak area %), oleic acid(34.04∼35.62%) 및 linoleic acid(39.58∼42.22%)로 확인되었다. 백도는 현미와 백미의 중간 정도이었으며, 쌀눈 부착률은 연삭 4회 및 연마 1회 시료의 경우에도 39.33%에 이르러 백미(4.00%)보다 매우 높은 비율을 나타냈으며, 천립중은 현미와 유의적 차이(p<0.05)가 없었다. 주사전자현미경 관찰 결과 연삭 4회 및 연마 1회 시료는 표면의 매끄러움이 백미와 비슷한 반면 쌀눈이 일부 부착되어 있었다. 취반 후 관능평가 한 결과 연삭,3회, 연삭 4회, 연삭 4회 및 연마 1회 시료는 백미와 유의적 차이가 없거나(맛) 약간 낮은 선호도(색깔, 냄새, 조직감, 전체적 기호도)를 나타냈으나 현미보다 월등히 높은 선호도를 나타내어 영양가 있는 쌀로서 이용되기에 좋은 것으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.651-654
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• 2001

A study was made of the efficiency of ammonia N retention by Jowar kadbi (sorghum straw), initially 6.41% crude protein (CP), treated with 4% urea solution. After 30 days the CP in straw that was unchaffed and had been left uncovered was 10.02, and in chaffed straw that had been covered with a polythene sheet was 10.9%. The two treated straws were each fed to six crossbred (HF$\times$Deoni) calves, initially $12{\pm}2$ months old and $86.7{\pm}3.2kg$ bodyweight. They were also given two isocaloric (70% TDN) and isonitrogenous (20% CP) concentrate mixtures differing in calculated Rumen Degradable to Undegradable Dietary Protein ratio (RDP:UDP). Those fed the unchaffed uncovered treated straw (treatment C) received 65 RDP:35UDP and the other group (T1) received concentrate with a 55:45 ratio. The T1 group had the higher DM intake (p<0.01) in total (306 vs 268 kg), per day (4.1 vs 3.6 kg) and per unit bodyweight. Digestibility of DM, OM, CP and NDF, but not ADF, was higher in T1 and that group had the higher daily gain (517 vs 333 g) and higher total gain (38.8 vs 25.0 kg) over the 75 d of the feeding trial. It is concluded that chaffing and covering of Jowar kadbi treated with urea, not likely to be adopted by farmers because of financial constraints, does not confer important benefits. A concentrate supplement (estimated 45% of the CP as UDP) to calves given the treated straw has a beneficial effect on their growth and development.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.463-472
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• 2003

Cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz), an annual tropical tuber crop, was nutritionally evaluated as a foliage for ruminants, especially dairy cattle. Cultivation of cassava biomass to produce hay is based on a first harvest of the foliage at three months after planting, followed every two months thereafter until one year. Inter-cropping of leguminous fodder as food-feed between rows of cassava, such as Leucaena leucocephala or cowpea (Vigna unculata), enriches soil fertility and provides additional fodder. Cassava hay contained 20 to 25% crude protein in the dry matter with good profile of amino acids. Feeding trials with cattle revealed high levels of DM intake (3.2% of BW) and high DM digestibility (71%). The hay contains tannin-protein complexes which could act as rumen by - pass protein for digestion in the small intestine. As cassava hay contains condensed tannins, it could have subsequent impact on changing rumen ecology particularly changing rumen microbes population. Therefore, supplementation with cassava hay at 1-2 kg/hd/d to dairy cattle could markedly reduce concentrate requirements, and increase milk yield and composition. Moreover, cassava hay supplementation in dairy cattle could increase milk thiocyanate which could possibly enhance milk quality and milk storage, especially in small holder-dairy farming. Condensed tannins contained in cassava hay have also been shown to potentially reduce gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants and therefore could act as an anthelmintic agent. Cassava hay is therefore an excellent multi-nutrient source for animals, especially for dairy cattle during the long dry season, and has the potential to increase the productivity and profitability of sustainable livestock production systems in the tropics.