• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.573-585
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• 2021

The banking sector is one of the most important sectors in Pakistan's struggling economy. Recent studies have recommended that suitable methods can be applied to predict bankruptcy. In this context, this work analyzes Pakistan's banking sector's financial status through the five-factor Altman Z-score model, which determines the probability of bankruptcy for an organization. Banking data has been collected through the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) in the period 2013-2017. The Z-score assessment criteria is defined as: Z> 2.99 - "safe" zone; Z> 1.8 Z>2.98- "grey" zone; and Z <1.8 - "distress" zone. Results show good predictions for the local banking industry, while most foreign Pakistani banks were found bankrupt with the Z-score below 1.1. One of the financial risks investors face when investing in any company is the risk of bankruptcy. One of the most used models for predicting financial distress for any company is Altman's Z-score model. On the other hand, the Z-score analysis suggests that all banking establishments are not bankrupt because they have sufficient ability to control bankruptcy. At the same time, foreign banks failed financially and would not be able to be sustained in the future because they do not have the ability to pay the short-term and long-term debt.

• 한국IT서비스학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.131-143
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• 2021

Commercial transactions, one of the pillars of the capitalist economy, are occurring countless times every day, especially small and medium-sized businesses. However, small and medium-sized enterprises are bound to be the legal underdogs in contracts for commercial transactions and do not receive legal support for contracts for fair and legitimate commercial transactions. When subcontracting contracts are concluded among small and medium-sized enterprises, 58.2% of them do not apply standard contracts and sign contracts that have not undergone legal review. In order to support small and medium-sized enterprises' fair and legitimate contracts, small and medium-sized enterprises can be protected from legal threats if they can reduce the risk of signing contracts by analyzing various risks in the contract and analyzing and informing them of toxic clauses and omitted contracts in advance. We propose a risk prediction model for the machine reading-based legal contract to minimize legal damage to small and medium-sized business owners in the legal blind spots. We have established our own set of legal questions and answers based on the legal data disclosed for the purpose of building a model specialized in legal contracts. Quantitative verification was carried out through indicators such as EM and F1 Score by applying pine tuning and hostile learning to pre-learned machine reading models. The highest F1 score was 87.93, with an EM value of 72.41.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제22권8호
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• pp.280-284
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• 2022

The purpose of the study was to identify the level of development of gaming disorder among e-sportsmen as a potential risk of their activity. Three groups were formed for the study. The first group consisted of 102 e-sportsmen aged between 18 and 32; the second group consisted of boys of the same age who, according to preliminary questionnaires, played computer games fairly frequently - at least once a week (n = 102); the third group consisted of individuals of the same gender and age, but who did not share a passion for computer games (n = 102). The study was performed using semi-structured interview during which the respondents filled out the Computer gaming disorder questionnaire developed and tested by O.M. Vidova under our supervision. Our study showed that among 102 e-sportsmen, 82,3% did not have any computer gaming disorder, only some tendency thereto. While 17,6% of e-sportsmen were characterized by a pronounced gaming disorder. E-sportsmen who prefer strategies, less than all other e-sportsmen, tend to escape from reality and accept the game role, to express their emotions through the game, and in general have the lowest level of dependence on games. Additionally, strategic e-sportsmen are most likely to study the game thoroughly and to develop themselves with it. Many Starcraft e-sportsmen tend to explore the possibilities of the game in detail and, at the same time, protect themselves from escaping into virtual reality. The risk of computer gaming disorder among e-sportsmen is largely determined by their sports achievements, the type of sports activity (individual or team), and genre of the preferred computer game.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제23권7호
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• pp.128-146
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• 2019

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between internal control, economic policy uncertainty, and performance of cross-border merger and acquisition (M&A) based on the panel data of Chinese listed firms. The authors expected that internal control has a positive moderating effect on the performance of cross-border M&A and that it mainly occurs during periods when economic policies are relatively stable. In addition, the authors tried to find out the mechanism of internal control affecting cross-border M&A and the corporate performance. Design/methodology - The authors tested the hypotheses by a multivariate regression model based on the panel data of Chinese listed firms from 2009 to 2017. The dependent variable is the change value of business performance (DROA_1,2,3) and the explanatory variables are cross-border M&A (MA), China's uncertainty of economic policy (EPU), and internal control level (IC) respectively. Findings - The authors find that internal control has a positive moderating effect on the relationship between cross-border M&A and corporate performance. Further, the authors find that the moderating effect is more significant in state-owned enterprises and that it mainly occurs during periods when economic policies are relatively stable. Originality/value - This paper is the leading study that tries to analyze empirically the relationship between internal control, economic policy uncertainty, and performance of cross-border M&A. It provides a new avenue through which internal control might reasonably mitigate the risks of cross-border M&A and correspondingly improve the performance of cross-border M&A. It also confirms the moderating effect of internal control on the performance of cross-border M&A under the uncertainty of economic policy.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.393-401
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• 2022

Objectives: OHSMS, which was introduced by Serious Accident Punishment Act as a means for safety and health management at work place, but it is not effective according to recent statistical data. Therefore, I intend to compare the OHSMS regulations of SAPA based on ISO 45001, the international standard of OHSMS, and examine the differences and problems. Methods: The OHSMS regulation of Serious Accident Punishment Act was compared and analyzed using the content standard of ISO 45001, the international standard of OHSMS. The construction and operation aspects and differences in key concept definitions of OHSMS were analyzed in depth. Results: ISO 45001 aims to provide OHSMS with an autonomous framework to manage risks and opportunities in safety and health management, whereas Serious Accident Punishment Act aims for safety and health management through an interest and effort in safety and health management on the premise of legal responsibilities of corporations and CEO. As a result, comparing to ISO 45001 in construction and operation aspects and differences in key concept definitions of OHSMS, the OHSMS of Serious Accident Punishment Act do not cover the entire business in concept definition and construction. Conclusions: In order for Serious Accident Punishment Act to achieve its original purpose of preventing serious accidents through systemic safety and health management, it is necessary to correctly understand the contents of ISO 45001 and to revise the OHSMS regulations in a direction that can ensure predictability and feasibility.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.141-160
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• 2023

Controlling fashion waste throughout the entire product lifecycle is critical in a circular economy. This study explored the possibility of establishing a public recycling system for fashion waste. Since consumer interests and participation are essential, theoretical research, social-text analysis, and quantitative research were conducted to identify consumers' perceptions of the public recycling of fashion waste and circular fashion. Data were collected via an online survey among women in their 20-30's living in Korea, and 304 samples were used for data analysis. The results were as follows. First, consumers' perceptions of recycling fashion waste were composed of recycling difficulty, the need for public recycling, and the need for EPR. Circular fashion perception comprised favor, environment protection, attractiveness, economics, quality and hygiene risks, and lack of diversity. Second, the reuse-recycle attitude and need for EPR affected the favor of all types of circular fashion products. Third, environmental concerns impacted attractiveness, and the favor significantly affected the purchase intention of all types of circular fashion products. In particular, quality and hygiene risk negatively affected the purchase intention of used-fashion products, while attractiveness positively impacted the purchase intention of upcycled-fashion products. The results implied that discussing the public recycling system of fashion waste and EPR policy is imperative. The results also showed the need to classify different types of circular fashion products, such as used, upcycled, and regenerated fashion items, to examine consumers' perceptions. In addition, the recycling of the fashion waste scale developed in this study could be used for further research.

• Journal of Platform Technology
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.76-82
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• 2023

제4차 산업혁명을 기점으로 핵심기술들이 산업에 적용되어 각종 스마트 환경을 구축하기 시작하였다. 제조업의 스마트팩토리는 맞춤형 생산을 위한 광범위한 데이터의 수집과 제어를 실행할 수 있는 IIoT를 핵심기술로 적용하여 고품질 제품을 생산하게 되었다. 그러나, IIoT를 통하여 개방형으로 전환된 스마트팩토리의 네트워크 환경은 다양한 보안 위험에 노출되었다. 보안 침해에 따라 IIoT는 네트워크 망의 교란, 위변조된 IIoT의 사용 및 유지로 인하여 생산 제품, 생산 공정의 품질저하를 나타내었으며, 기업의 비즈니스에 신뢰성에 문제를 발생시킬 수 있다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 스마트팩토리 초기 구축 시 IIoT의 안전한 연결 및 활용을 위하여 스마트팩토리에 연결된 IIoT에 대한 실질성 확인과 무해화 환경 구축을 실행할 수 있는 방법으로 IIoT 연결 상황을 확인할 수 있는 연구를 실행하였다.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.77-100
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• 2023

Purpose - Using the Model of Goal-Directed Behavior (MGB), this study identifies the critical factors that influence consumer intention to purchase an electric vehicle (EV). This study also provides differentiated policy implications to the Korean and Chinese governments and EV-related companies for the expansion of the EV market in both countries by comparing consumers' perceptions of EV purchase intentions. Design/methodology - Our extended MGB model adds to the standard model consideration of financial incentives, perceived risks, and environmental concerns. An online survey was conducted of Korean and Chinese consumers. Based on the collected responses, all tested hypotheses were verified using PLS-SEM (Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling). Differences in the path analysis results between Korea and China were compared and verified using Henseler's MGA (multi-group analysis), the parametric test, and the Welch-Satterthwaite test. Findings - The most critical factor that influences the intent to purchase an EV in consumers from both countries is personal desire. PBC and SN were identified as the critical factors that respectively increase personal desire in Korea and China. In addition, in Korea, among the three factors EC, FIP, and PR, environmental concerns were found to have the most significant impact on attitudes and purchase intention. In contrast, in China, economic factors (specifically financial incentives) had greater importance than environmental issues. Originality/value - This study has academic contributions in that it presents a new research model that includes financial incentive policies, environmental concerns, and perceived risk variables based on the MGB to explore consumers' purchase intentions. This study can also make a practical contribution in that it provides some meaningful implications to the governments and EV-related companies of both countries based on the differences in the analysis results of the Korean and Chinese markets.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.63-93
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• 2016

As one of the most popular forms of electronic commerce, cross-border e-commerce provides numerous consumer benefits, such as broad and deep product assortments at low prices. However, consumers tend to exhibit high involvement in cross-border e-commerce purchases due to high risks associated with such purchases. The paper focuses on identifying causal relationships between e-commerce website traits (i.e., website trustworthiness, interactivity and convenience) and consumer satisfaction and along with loyalty. We proposed a reflective-reflective hierarchical model (first-order reflective and second-order reflective model) and used the Partial Least Square Analysis Statistical method to test the hypotheses. The results demonstrated that website trustworthiness, convenience and interactivity were all positively related to consumer satisfaction. Also, higher satisfaction led to stronger customer loyalty, which may well increase revisit intentions. We also compared the strength of each path from a website trait to satisfaction. Results illustrated that the path from website convenience to satisfaction is the strongest among the three website traits. In addition, we separately examined differences within Korean group and Chinese group. No statistically significant difference among website traits was found within Korean group. However, within Chinese group, we found that website convenience is the most important predictor of satisfaction. This indicates that Chinese consumers are more concerned about the website convenience than interactivity and trustworthiness when they make cross-border e-commerce purchases. Moreover, this study investigated possible differences between Korean and Chinese group. We used multi-group analysis of Smart PLS 3.0 to test the results. It was shown that the two groups do not display statistically significant difference in trustworthiness, interactivity, or convenience in influencing customer satisfaction. Finally, we presented further implications which are useful for understanding of the proposed model. Limitations and improvements of this research were presented, too.

• 융합경영연구
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.47-66
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• 2023

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify research trends related to ESG by domestic and overseas researchers so far, and to present research directions and clues for the possibility of applying ESG to Korean companies in the future and ESG practice through comparison of derived topics. Research design, data and methodology: In this study, as of October 20, 2022, after searching for the keyword 'ESG' in 'scienceON', 341 domestic papers with English abstracts and 1,173 overseas papers were extracted. For analysis, word frequency analysis, word co-occurrence frequency analysis, BERTopic, LDA, and OLS regression analysis were performed to confirm trends for each topic using Python 3.7. Results: As a result of word frequency analysis, It was found that words such as management, company, performance, and value were commonly used in both domestic and overseas papers. In domestic papers, words such as activity and responsibility, and in overseas papers, words such as sustainability, impact, and development were included in the top 20 words. As a result of analyzing the co-occurrence frequency of words, it was confirmed that domestic papers were related mainly to words such as company, management, and activity, and overseas papers were related to words such as investment, sustainability, and performance. As a result of topic modeling, 3 topics such as named ESG from the corporate perspective were derived for domestic papers, and a total of 7 topics such as named sustainable investment for overseas papers were derived. As a result of the annual trend analysis, each topic did not show a relatively increasing or decreasing tendency, confirming that all topics were neutral. Conclusions: The results of this study confirmed that although it is desirable that domestic papers have recently started research on consumers, the subject diversity is lower than that of overseas papers. Therefore, it is suggested that future research needs to approach various topics such as forecasting future risks related to ESG and corporate evaluation methods.