• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.39 no.6_1
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• pp.1299-1308
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• 2023

Forest fires are becoming more frequent and larger around the world due to climate change. Remote sensing such as satellite images can be used as an alternative or assistance data because it reduces various difficulties of field survey. Forest burn severity (differenced normalized burn ratio, dNBR) is calculated through the difference in normalized burn ratio (NBR) before and after a forest fire. The images used in the NBR formula are based on Landsat's near-infrared (NIR) and short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) bands. South Korea's satellite images don't have a SWIR band. So domestic studies related to forest burn severity calculated dNBR using overseas images or indirectly using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) using South Korea's satellite images. Therefore, in this study, dNBR was calculated by substituting the mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) band of Kompsat-3A (K3A) instead of the SWIR band in the NBR formula. The results were compared with the dNBR results obtained through Landsat which is the standard for dNBR formula. As a result, it was shown that dNBR using K3A's MWIR band has a wider range of values and can be expressed in more detail than dNBR using Landsat's SWIR band. Therefore, it is considered that K3A images will be highly useful in surveying burn areas and severity affected by forest fires. In addition, this study used the K3A's MWIR band images degraded to 30 m. It is considered that much better results will be obtained if a higher-resolution MWIR band is used.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.274-274
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• 2002

Damage to forest trees, caused by wildfire, changes their spectral reflectance signature. This factor led to the initiation of a research project at the Remote Sensing & GIS Laboratory, Kookmin University, to determine if multispectral data acquired by IKONOS could provide fire scar and bum severity mapping. This paper will present detail mapping of burned areas in the eastern coast of Korea with IKONOS imagery. In addition, a single post-burn Landsat-7 ETM＋ data was used to compare with IKONOS, the study area. Burn severity map based on IKONOS image was found to be affected by strong topographic illumination effects in the mountain forest. But it has better the delineation of the bum-scarred area. In this study the NDVI was analyzed for geometric illumination conditions influenced by topography(slop, aspect and elevation) and shadow(solar elevation and azimuth angle).

• Journal of the Korean Burn Society
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.30-33
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• 2021

Purpose: Dalgona, a kind of candy made of caramelized sugar, is a popular snack for children. Given the popularity of preparing dalgona, increasingly many patients are treated for burns sustained while preparing dalgona. We report the clinical features and dangers of burns from dalgona. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of 11 inpatients and outpatients who had been treated for burns they received while preparing dalgona from March 2020 to December 2020. The data reviewed were age, sex, the severity of the burn, the size and location of the burn, the type of treatment, and the place where the injury occurred. Results: The age of the patients ranged from 3 to 19 years, and the average age was 10.2 years (2 male, 9 female). Three patients had superficial second-degree burns, while eight had deep second-degree or third-degree burns. Most of the cases were treated with a local skin flap or skin graft. All the burned lesions were on the hands and feet. In all cases, the burns occurred at home due to accidental spillage. Conclusion: Most of the patients were children and teenagers, and they had serious burns. Therefore, we report these findings to emphasize the need for public awareness of the potential for burn injuries to occur during dalgona preparation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.1
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• pp.121-129
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• 2012

The edge area with burn severity is known as significant factor that has great effects on the ecosystem recovery. However, there is little study on the edge area and its effects in the South Korea. Thus, this study aimed to analyze immediate responses of vegetation following forest fires due to combined effect of burn severity and edge-interior effect. Burn Severity (BS), or ${\Delta}NBR$ values were computed using satellite images of pre and post-forest fire in Samcheock areas. The burn forest was classified 231 $1-km^2$ girds and these grids were further reclassified into 4 groups by BS type (low BS and high BS areas) and forest areas (edge areas and interior areas). These four groups of grids including low BS-interior (group A), low BS-edge (group B), high BS-interior (group C) and high BS-edge (group D). Post-fire vegetation responses measured with (${\Delta}NDVI$) among four groups were then compared and tested by T-test. The results indicated that group C (${\Delta}NDVI$=0.047) and D (${\Delta}NDVI$ = 0.059) showed considerably greater vegetation regeneration than those of low BS areas including group A (${\Delta}NDVI$ = -0.039) and group B (${\Delta}NDVI$ = -0.036). It was also observed that edges areas showed greater vegetation regeneration than interior areas when BS is the same. Group B (${\Delta}NDVI$ = -0.036) showed greater (${\Delta}NDVI$) values than group A (${\Delta}NDVI$ = -0.039) in low BS condition. Similar relationship is observed between group C and group D in high BS condition. Thus adequate restoration practices for burned areas might need to pay close attention to interior areas with low BS to minimize the secondary damages and to rehabilitate the burned forests.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.41-52
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• 2007

In Korea, Crowds, as well as more complex and larger structures, have been caused more victims in the event of fire. In that situation, EMSS should have done triage the patients according to their severity in the field, treat with standard guidelines as like advanced burn life support and transfer to appropriate facility. But in many cases, they didn't practice like that. The purpose of this study is to give basic data for proper emergency medical services by analysing EMSS of large scaled fire in Korea and suggesting some improvement methods. The improvment methods are like this ; First, developing of protocols about burn patient is needed for EMT and dispatcher. Second, Legal approval for advanced treatment is needed for EMT. Third, Fire-helicoptors are needed in Daejeon and Jeju. And Emergency Medical Helicoptors are needed in EMSS. Forth, more advanced emergency medical centers of burn must be established. Sixth, more pocket-mask and burn sheet are needed for 119 rescuer. Finally, building owners must change inflammable materials as non-inflammable materials and educate fire-prevention and first-aid to employees.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.28-38
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate post-burn itching relevant characteristics in the rehabilitation phase. Methods: Ninety four burn patients who were hospitalized in the rehabilitation phase participated in the study. Self-reported Leuven itch scale-Korean was used to evaluate itching related characteristics. Data were analyzed with descriptive analysis, $x^2$ test, and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: All subjects except two had the itching. Itching frequency revealed that 68.1% of subjects experienced itching one or more episodes a day or always, and 18.7% had episode durations lasting more than 2 hours per incidence. Mean severity and distress of itching was $5.3{\pm}2.4$ and $5.2{\pm}2.5$, respectively. Itching sensation dimension of tickling was 56.4%. More than 25% of subjects "often" or "always" affected reduced quality of life, loss of concentration, bad mood, and difficulty in falling asleep. Satisfaction with itching treatment was intermediate level. Conclusion: Post-burn itching in the rehabilitation phase was a significant problem despite pruritus treatment. Based on the finding of this study, development of comprehensive and tailored nursing intervention programs for itching could be suggested.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.537-540
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• 2004

Space-borne multi-sensor data could provide fire scar and bum severity mapping. This paper will present detail mapping of burnt areas in Cheongyange Yesan of Korea with ETM+ image. Burn severity map based on ETM+ image was found to be affected by strong topographic illumination effects in mountainous forest area. Topographic effect is a factor which causes errors in classification of high spatial resolution image like IKONOS image. Minnaert constants J( in each band of ETM+ image is derived for reduction of mountainous terrain effects. Finally, this paper computes quantitative analysis of forest fire damage by each forest types.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.93-98
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• 2012

Objective : Cortisol, a product of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis), is one of our defensive mechanisms in response to stress. The level of cortisol in the saliva is a major biomarker of the stress response by HPA axis and shows diurnal variation. We measured salivary cortisol level and its diurnal variation to compare the pattern of changes by degree of burn and Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) score. Methods : We measured the salivary cortisol levels of 37 subjects hospitalized in the burn center at our facility from March to June 2012. Salivary cortisol levels were measured at 6 : 00 AM and at 7 : 00 PM. All subjects were tested for CAPS to evaluate the severity of posttraumatic stress disorder and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale to evaluate and to control the coexisting depression. Results : Factorial ANOVA test revealed that there was a statistically significant difference in terms of the effect of the interaction between the degree of burn and the patient's CAPS score. Unlike the mild burn group, in the severe burn group, the patients who had a low CAPS score didn't show a normal diurnal variation and the patients who had a high CAPS score showed the normal diurnal variation. After a few months follow up, we found a greater degree of psychiatric complications in severe burn patients that had a lower cortisol stress response. Conclusion : We suppose that the disappearance of the stress response changes in salivary cortisol seen in the severe burn group may be caused by an impaired stress response. Through followed observation of the subjects, this disruption of cortisol response may cause psychiatric problems afterwards.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.405-412
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• 2022

Although modern medicine has made great strides in the management of burn injuries, associated complications such as pain, infection, dyspigmentation, and scarring have yet to be fully dealt with. Although skin grafting and meshing are routinely performed on burn patients, this method poses a risk for adverse effects. Activated autologous platelet-rich plasma (aaPRP), which is increasingly used in the field of plastic surgery, contains growth factors beneficial for wound regeneration. Seven cases of burns with varying severity and conditions that were treated with intralesional subcutaneous injection and intravenous aaPRP are presented and discussed herein. This case series indicates that subcutaneous and intravenous aaPRP is a safe procedure with the potential to be an alternative when skin grafting cannot be done or as an adjunct treatment to skin grafting.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.54-67
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• 2014

This study was performed to estimate Greenhouse gases(GHGs) emissions from biomass burning at large forest fire(Ulju, Pohang and Bonghwa) in 2013. The extended methodology to estimate GHGs adopted the IPCC(Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change) Guidelines(2006) equation. For classifying fire damaged area and analyzing burn severity of total three large-fire area damaged, this study used post-fire imagery from Rapideye imagery to compute the Maximum Likelihood Classifiction (MLC). The result of accuracy assessment on burn severity from imagery showed that average overall accuracy was 75.93% and Kapp coefficient was 0.67 Finally, GHGs emissions from biomass burning in the three large-fire area 2013 were estimated as follows: Ulju $CO_2$ 63,260, CO 5.207, $CH_4$ 360, $N_2O$ 28.0 and $NO_x$ $4.4g/kg^{-1}{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, Pohang $CO_2$ 28,675, CO 2.359, $CH_4$ 163, $N_2O$ 12.7 and $NO_x$ $1.9g/kg^{-1}{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ and Bonghwa $CO_2$ 53,086, CO 1,655, $CH_4$ 114, $N_2O$ 23.5 and $NO_x$ $3.6g/kg^{-1}{\cdot}ha^{-1}$.