• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.349-355
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• 1983

Twenty-seven patients with double-outlet right ventricle underwent complete intracardiac repair between 1978 and 1983, June, at Seoul National University Hospital . Although definite aorto-mitral discontinuity was discovered in 20 patients, both great arteries arose wholly or mostly from the right ventricle in all cases. There were 17 cases with subaortic VSD, 6 with subpulmonic, 2 with doubly-committed, and 2 with non-committed VSD. Pulmonary stenosis was present in 21 patients. Intraventricular baffle repair was applied in 23 patients. Three patients required extracardiac conduit to establish continuity between right ventricle and pulmonary artery, and modified Fontan operation was performed in one patient. Over-all mortality rate was 37.0%, but recently 4 of 15 died [26.7%]. One late death occurred from infective endocarditis. Incremental risk factors were small patient size, subpulmonic or non-committed VSD, presence of PS, coronary artery anomalies, associated valvular lesion and other complicated anomalies. However, great artery relationship, restrictive VSD and transannular patch were not risk factors. No instances of complete heart block occurred. Of the survivors, all showed complete or in complete right bundle branch block and in one patient intermittent ventricular tachycardia had developed. The important cause of death was low cardiac output syndrome.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.36-44
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• 2000

Objective : The heart diseases are known as a major cause of sudden death, as well as a cause of poor life-quality of school-age children. But there have been few mass screening of heart diseases in these children in Korea. This study was done to estimate the prevalence of heart diseases of these population. Methods : We screened all elementary students(grade 1) in 12 cities and 16 counties(Gun) in Kyonggi province from 1992 to 1955. The first screening was done by auscultation of doctors and simultaneously by checking using 'auto-interpreter of EKG-cardiac sound' (Fukuda Densi ECP 50A). We conducted luther examinations to whom classified as being abnormal condition in first screening, by using EKG, chest x-ray, doppler echocardiograpy(if needed). Results : The total number of examined students was 161,308(92% of the population), the male were 83,238 and female were 78,070. The congenital heart diseases(CHD) patients were 290(18 per 10,000) - male 155(18.6 per 10,000) and female 135(17.3 per 10,000). The most frequent disease was ventricula septal defect(VSD, 45.5%), Atrial septal defect(ASD, 14.8%), Tetralogy of Follot(TOF, 11.7%), and Patent Dutus Arteriosis(PDA, 7.6%) in order. In female, the order was VSD(48.1%), ASD(13.3%), TOF(11.1%), and PDA(10.4%). The total number of EKG abnormality were 433(62.7 per 10,000) among 69,056 screened children in 1995. The complete right bundle branch block(CRBBB) and paroxymal ventricular contraction(PVC) were frequent(26.6%, 26.3% in each), and incomplete right bunddle branch block(IRBBB, 14.6%), paroxymal atrial contraction(PAC, 6.7%), abnormal Q(5.8%), Wolf-Pakinson-White syndrom (5.5%) in order. In female, the most frequent abnormality was PVC(29.8%), and CRBBB(19.9%) in order. Conclusion : We could present the stable prevalence of the rare heart disease. The prevalence of congenital heart diseases was 18.0 per 10,000 and of EKG abnormality was 62.7 per 10,000 among school children.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.258-264
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• 1985

The experience with operative treatment for total correction of Fallot at the department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Keimyung University Dong San Medical Center from July 1980 to July 1984 was reviewed. There were 37 males and 12 females and their ages ranged from 3 years to 30 years, with the average age of 12.2 years. Sixty nine point four percent of patients were younger than 15 years of age. The most frequent type of right ventricular outflow stenosis was the combined type [pulmonary valvular and infundibular stenosis] containing 41 patients [83.7%] and there were 9 deaths in this group. The major associated lesions included Patent foramen ovale in 20 patients [40.8%], Atrial septal defect in 7 patients [14.3%], Left superior vena cava in 4 patients [8.2%], Right sided aortic arch in 2 patients [4.1%] and Patent ductus arteriosus in 11 patient [2.0%]. The pulmonary valvotomy was performed in 41 patients and patch graft reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract was performed in 23 patients. In 11 patients the monocusp patches were used. Thirty-five patients [71.4%] had the right bundle branch block postoperatively. There were 11 postoperative deaths with hospital mortality rate of 22.4% and the leading causes of death were low output syndrome, bleeding, and cerebral embolism.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.151-156
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• 1985

A clinical analysis was done on 50 cases of ventricular septal defect, operated from April 1981 to March 1984 at the department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Keimyung University. Among 50 cases, 34 cases were males and 16 cases were females. Their age ranged from 1 to 26 years and the mean age was 9.7 years. The main symptoms at admission were frequent upper respiratory infection [50%], exertional dyspnea [42%] and palpitation [34%]. In anatomical classification by Kirklin, type I constituted 20%, type II 76%, type IV 4%. Associated congenital cardiac lesions were pulmonic stenosis [6 cases], patent foramen ovale [5 cases], aortic insufficiency [3 cases] and persistent left superior vena cava [1 case]. When a normal electrocardiogram pattern was present, Qp/Qs, Rp/Rs and pulmonary artery systolic pressure and Pp/Ps were relatively low. Among cases of above 1 cm2/M2 BSA in size of defect, Pp/Ps and pulmonary artery systolic pressure were increased than the cases of below 1 cm2/M2 BSA [P=0.01]. The postoperative right bundle branch block was occurred in 21 cases [75%] among 28 cases of right ventriculotomy approach. The operative mortality was 2% [1 case] among 50 cases and complication rate was 14% [7 cases].

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.293-299
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• 2007

1. Objectives The main ingredient of ephedra is ephedrine which affects on autonomic nervous system induce some adverse effects just like vasoconstriction, hypertension, tachycardia, miosis, insomnia, dizziness, headache, and etc. and heart disease. If we use Mahuang according to the Sasang constitution classification in clinic, we could not only may minimize the anxiety but maximize the potential curative value in Asthma Treatment. 2. Methods On a day three times in Mahangjungchentang taken patients who with Ventricular septal defect in the aftermath of the RBBB. We are observed that the main symptoms of change, vital sign, sleep, stool, urine, heart disease. 3. Results Teaumin with asthma, the effect of Mahuang, and the side effects are fewer. The individual effects of herbs are important. but Sasang constitutional effects are important too. 4 Conclusions Mahuang can increase heart disease. But there was a difference among Sasang constitution classification. This has no side effects from Teaumin than other constitutions. If we use Mahuang according to the Sasang constitution classification in clinic. We have an excellent effect on the treatment of asthma.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.871-880
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• 1990

We clinically evaluated 182 cases of the ventricular septal defect that we experienced at the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Maryknoll Hospital from March 1986 through June 1990. Of the 182 cases, 95 patients were male and 87 patients were female. Their age distribution ranged from 8 month to 37 years and their mean age was 8.1 years. The most common chief complaint was frequent upper respiratory infection. Among them, 46 patients had associated cardiac anomalies, which were subdivided as follow; 9 cases of patent foramen ovale, 8 cases of infundibular stenosis, 6 cases of pulmonary valvular stenosis, 4 cases of left superior vena cava, and etc. The most common preoperative abnormal EKG finding was left ventricular hypertrophy in 22 cases. Ninety-three patients[51.1%] underwent simple closure of the VSD and the rest[48.0%] underwent patch closure. In anatomical classification by Kirklin type I constituted 24.2%; type II, 74.8%, type III, 0.7%, and the mixed type of type I and II, 0.5%, The important postoperative EKG changes were noted in 38 cases[20.9%], 18 cases of which were incomplete right bundle branch block. Thirty-three patients[18.1%] developed minor and major complications, and five patients died, overall operative mortality being 2.7%.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.601-605
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• 1995

Clinical evaluations were performed on 54 cases of the traumatic sternal fracture, those were admitted and treated at the department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery in Chosun University Hospital during the past 5 years period from January 1990 to December 1994. The frequency was about 7.8% of the nonpenetrating chest trauma. The ratio of male to female was 2 : 1 in male predominance. Average age was 45.7 years old and age distribution was from 18 to 80 years old. The most common cause in the sternal fracture were high decelerating injury[ 38 cases . The most common fracture site was sternal body. Associated intrathoracic organ injuries were cardiac contusion[11cases , hemopneumothorax and pulmonary contusion. Added, thoracic cage and extrathoracic organ injuries were rib fracture, head injuries, thoracic spinal fracture and long bone fracture. Abnormal ECG findings were sinus bradycardia[4 cases , sinus tachycardia[3 cases , bundle branch block, atrial fibrillaton, left ventricular hypertrophy and myocardial ischemia. The average days of admission was 19.1 days. All patients were treated with conservative treatment. The complications after treatment were atelectasis[2 cases ,empyema[1 cases , ARDS[1 cases .

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.147-157
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of Sasang constitutional herbal extracts, Cheongsimyeonjatang(CYT) on ECG(electrocardiogram). For this purpose, Ten hospitalized Taeumin patients were selected and changes of the ECG was investigated. The researcher also measured and observed ECG changes before and after CYT medication. The following is the summarized results of study. 1. The RV5+SV1 voltage was decreased in LVH patients. 2. The S-T voltage was decrease in the previous S-T elevated patients. 3. The heart rate was increased in the patients of lower heart rate than normal. 4. There was no remarkable change after medication on T-inversion and bundle branch block. From the above results, it is concluded that Cheongsimyeonjatang(CYT) have influenced on ECG.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 2020

Electrocardiogram (ECG) classification has become an essential task of modern day wearable devices, and can be used to detect cardiovascular diseases. State-of-the-art Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based ECG classifiers have been designed using various artificial neural networks (ANNs). Despite their high accuracy, ANNs require significant computational resources and power. Herein, three different ANNs have been compared: multilayer perceptron (MLP), convolutional neural network (CNN), and spiking neural network (SNN) only for the ECG classification. The ANN model has been developed in Python and Theano, trained on a central processing unit (CPU) platform, and deployed on a PYNQ-Z2 FPGA board to validate the model using a Jupyter notebook. Meanwhile, the hardware accelerator is designed with Overlay, which is a hardware library on PYNQ. For classification, the MIT-BIH dataset obtained from the Physionet library is used. The resulting ANN system can accurately classify four ECG types: normal, atrial premature contraction, left bundle branch block, and premature ventricular contraction. The performance of the ECG classifier models is evaluated based on accuracy and power. Among the three AI algorithms, the SNN requires the lowest power consumption of 0.226 W on-chip, followed by MLP (1.677 W), and CNN (2.266 W). However, the highest accuracy is achieved by the CNN (95%), followed by MLP (76%) and SNN (90%).

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.202-208
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• 1994

We reviewed 30 patients with tetralogy of Fallot who had underwent transannular patch reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract from January 1990 to May 1993. The patients were divided into two groups according to the approaching pattern for the corrective surgery: 12 patients[aged 11 months to 4 years; mean age, 2.3 years] in transatrial group who were repaired by transatrial-transpulmonary approach; 18 patients[aged 13 months to 6 years; mean age, 3.2 years] in transventricular group who were repaired by transventricular approach. The incidence of postoperative right bundle branch block was not statistically different between two groups. With follow up from 3 months to 32 months after operation, none in transatrial group revealed a remnant RVOT stenosis over 50mmHg or tricuspid regurgitation more than grade II with 2D-echocardiography, but two cases[7.7%] in transventricular group revealed these complications. Early postoperative death was 4 cases[13.3%] which all belonged to transventricular group. In conclusion successful repair of tetralogy of Fallot can be accomplished in most patients by transatrial-transpulmonary approach and we can anticipate better results by this approach in terms of postoperative right ventricular function and arrhythmia than conventional transventricular approach.