• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.718-725
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• 2016

본 논문에서는 대형 선박의 판형 열교환기 등에 널리 이용되고 있는 순 티타늄 판재의 소성변형을 유한요소해석하기 위한 기초 데이터로서 순 티타늄 판재의 유동곡선을 평가하였다. 순 티타늄 판재의 프레스 가공 시에 판재에는 국부적으로 큰 소성변형이 발생하고 있다. 그러나 기존의 단축 인장실험에서 얻을 수 있는 소성변형률이 낮아서 티타늄 판재의 가공공정 설계를 위한 유한요소해석의 정밀도를 떨어뜨리는 경우가 있다. 본 연구에서는 큰 소성변형률 까지 안정적으로 성형이 가능한 유압벌지실험을 수행하여 재료의 소성변형에서 가공경화특성을 나타내는 유동곡선으로써 진응력-진변형률 선도를 구하였고 그 결과를 인장실험 결과와 비교하였다. 순 티타늄 판재의 유압벌지실험에서 재료의 변형률은 3D 디지털 영상상관법을 이용한 ARAMIS 시스템으로 실시간 측정된다. 이 유압벌지실험으로부터는 소성 변형률이 0.65 이상 까지도 안정적으로 재료의 소성유동곡선을 얻을 수 있었으며 그 결과는 Kim-Tuan 이 문헌 17[Y.S. Kim, J.H. In, Korean Acadmia-Ind. Coop. Soc.,(be in print), 2016] 의 연구에서 제안한 가공경화식으로 잘 핏팅됨을 알 수 있었다.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.138-142
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• 2006

A tube hydroformability testing system was designed and manufactured to observe the forming steps and to provide arbitrary combination of internal pressure and axial fred. The forming limit diagram of an aluminum tube was obtained from the free bulge test and the T-shape forming test using this system, giving the criteria for predicting failure in the hydroforming process. The hydroformability of aluminum tube according to different conditions of a prebending process was discussed, based on the finite element analysis and the forming limit test. The effects of 2D and 3D pretending on the tube hydroforming process of an automotive trailing arm were evaluated and compared with each other.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 2005년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.243-246
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• 2005

A tube hydroformability testing system was designed and manufactured to observe the forming steps and to provide arbitrary combination of internal pressure and axial feed. The forming limit diagram of an aluminum tube was obtained from the free bulge test and the T-shape forming test using this system, giving the criteria for predicting failure in the hydroforming process. The hydroformability of aluminum tube according to different conditions of a prebending process was discussed, based on the finite element analysis and the forming limit test. The effects of 2D and 3D prebending on the tube hydroforming process of an automotive failing arm were evaluated and compared with each other.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.527-532
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• 2005

Among the failure modes which can occur in tube hydroforming such as wrinkling, bursting or buckling, the bursting by local instability under excessive tensile stresses is irrecoverable phenomenon. Thus, the accurate prediction of bursting condition plays an important role in producing the successfully hydroformed part without any defects. As the classical forming limit criteria, strain-based forming limit diagram (FLD) has widely used to predict the failure in sheet metal forming. However, it is known that the FLD is extremely dependant on strain path throughout the forming process. Furthermore, The application of FLD to hydroforming process, where strain path is no longer linear throughout forming process, may lead to misunderstanding for fracture initiation. In this work, stress-based forming limit diagram (FLSD), which is strain path-independent and more general, was applied to prediction of forming limit in tube hydroforming. Combined with the analytical FLSD determined from plastic instability theory, finite element analyses were carried out to find out the state of stresses during hydroforming operation, and then FLSD is utilized as forming limit criterion. In addition, the approach is verified by a series of bulge tests in view of bursting pressure and shows a good agreement. Consequently, it is shown that the approach proposed in this paper will provide a feasible method to satisfy the increasing practical demands for judging the forming severity in hydroforming processes.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 2005년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.92-96
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• 2005

Among the failure modes which can be occurred in tube hydroforming such as wrinkling, bursting or buckling, the bursting by local instability under excessive tensile stresses is irrecoverable phenomenon. Thus, the accurate prediction of bursting condition plays an important role in producing the successfully hydroformed part without any defects. As the classical forming limit criteria, strain-based forming limit diagram has widely used to predict the failure in sheet metal forming. However, it is known that the FLD is extremely dependant on strain path throughout the forming process. Furthermore, the path-dependent limitation of FLD makes the application to hydroforming process, where strain path is no longer linear throughout forming process, more careful. In this work, stress-based forming limit diagram (FLSD), which is strain path-independent and more general, was applied to prediction of forming limit in tube hydroforming. Combined with the analytical FLSD determined from plastic instability theory, finite element analyses were carried out to find out Ihe state of stresses during hydroforming operation, and then FLSD is utilized as forming limit criterion. In addition, the approach is verified with a series of bulge tests in view of bursting pressure and shows a good agreement. Consequently, it is shown that the approach proposed in this paper will provide a feasible method to satisfy the increasing practical demands for judging the farming severity in hydroforming processes.

• 천문학회보
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.142.2-142.2
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• 2011

Hydrodynamic simulations of gas clouds in the central hundred parsecs region of the Milky Way that is modeled with a three-dimensional bar potential are presented. Our simulations consider realistic gas cooling and heating, star formation, and supernova feedback. A ring of dense gas clouds forms as a result of $X_1-X_2$ orbit transfer, and our potential model results in a ring radius of ~200 pc, which coincides with the extraordinary reservoir of dense molecular clouds in the inner bulge, the Central Molecular Zone (CMZ). The gas clouds accumulated in the CMZ can reach high enough densities to form stars, and with an appropriate choice of simulation parameters, we successfully reproduce the observed gas mass and the star formation rate (SFR) in the CMZ, ${\sim}2{\times}10^7\;M_{\odot}$ and ${\sim}0.1\;M_{\odot}/yr$. Star formation in our simulations takes place mostly in the outermost $X_2$ orbits, and the SFR per unit surface area outside the CMZ is much lower. These facts suggest that the inner Galactic bulge may harbor a mild version of the nuclear star-forming rings seen in some external disk galaxies. We also find that the stellar population resulting from sustained star formation in the CMZ would be enlogated perpendicularly to the main bar, and this "inner bar" can migrate the gas in the CMZ further down to the central parsecs region.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제21권7호
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• pp.441-446
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• 2012

A sequential coupled field analysis of electromagnetic free bulging was performed by using FEM. A 2D axi-symmetric electromagnetic model based on the magnetic vector potential is proposed for the calculation of magnetic field and Lorentz's forces. The Newmark integration method is used to calculate the transient dynamic plastic deformation of sheet during free bulging. In the finite element model, the effect of sheet deformation on the electromagnetic field analysis is taken into consideration. In order to confirm the sequential electromagnetic-mechanical coupling analysis, an experiment with an electromagnetic forming apparatus was conducted. The results showed that the final bulge height of the sheet predicted from the proposed method is in good agreement with experimentally measured height.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 2005년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.253-257
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• 2005

A tube hydroformability testing system was designed and fabricated so as to observe the forming process and to apply forming condition along arbitrarily pre-programmed internal pressure-axial feed path. The forming limit diagram of A6063 extruded tube, of 40.6 mm outer diameter and 2.25 mm thickness, was successfully obtained through free bulging and T-forming tests except the region of high positive minor strain. It is found that the data points marked on the FLD are mostly located near the strain paths from the finite element analysis excluding the cases of large axial feed. There exist data points even in the area beyond the uniaxial tension mode, since the reduction in thickness decreases due to the axial feed. The forming limit from T-forming test was considerably lower than that from free bulge test. It seems because the deformation is localized at the pole.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.57-63
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• 2022

The current study performed formability analysis of a heat exchanger separator for an electric vehicle to apply a high-strength aluminum sheet based on parametric analysis. Mechanical properties for sheet metal forming simulation were evaluated by tensile test, bulge test, and Nakajima test. Two-stage crash forming was established by considering the mass production process using conventional low-strength aluminum sheets. In this study, FEM for the two-stage forming process was conducted to optimize the corner radius and height for improving the formability. In addition, the possibility of a one-stage forming process application was confirmed through FEM. The prototype of the sample was manufactured as FEM results to validate the parametric analysis. Finally, this result can provide a one-stage forming process design method using the high-strength aluminum sheet for weight reduction of a heat exchanger separator for an electric vehicle.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.567-574
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• 2007

Double layered tube is assembled with an inner tube and an outer tube, similar in material or not, contacting closely and deforming simultaneously when subjected to external force. For the manufacturing of double layered tube, the hydroforming assembly technology has several advantages. Therefore in this study, hydroforming characteristics of double layered tube was investigated. The free bulge test was performed to produce formability diagrams of double layered tubes at various forming pressure and feeding amounts. The hexagonal shape hydroforming test was also performed to estimate the dimensional accuracies of double layered tube through the corner filling ratio and the gap between inner and outer tube. Besides experimental analyses, the analytical model that can predict internal pressure for the hydroforming of double-layered tube was proposed and experimentally validated.