• 한국전자통신학회논문지
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.237-244
• /
• 2022

본 논문에서는 저층 고밀도 교외 환경에서 신호의 클러터 손실(Clutter loss)과 건물 인입 손실(Building entry loss)을 측정 후 분석했다. 선정된 환경에서 BEL, CL, BEL과 CL 결합 등 3가지 전파 모델을 측정하였다. 각 모델 측정 결과 바탕으로 BEL과 CL을 결합하였을 때의 수치를 분석했다. 각각 주파수에서 BEL과 CL 결합 측정값은 27.55dB 와 26.12dB 였으며, 계산값과 차이는 -4.19dB와 5.82dB였다. 측정이 건물 내부에서 이루어졌다는 점을 고려할 때 이러한 차이는 미미해 보인다. 따라서 BEL과 CL의 각각 측정값 합산과 결합 모델의 측정값을 비교하였을 때 -4.19dB와 5.82dB 오차를 도출하였고, 본 결과는 유사한 사례의 전파 모델 분석 시 참고 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• ETRI Journal
• /
• 제42권1호
• /
• pp.7-16
• /
• 2020

Assuming omnidirectional antenna reception, the ITU-R recently developed a new propagation model on building entry loss (BEL) for 5G millimeter-wave frequency sharing and compatibility studies, which is a simplified outdoor-to-indoor path loss model. Considering the utilization of high-gain narrow-beamwidth beamforming, the omnidirectional-based ITU-R BEL model may not be appropriate to predict propagation characteristics for directional beamforming scenarios. This paper studies the effects of beamwidth on the ITU-R BEL model. This study is based on field measurements collected with four different beamwidth antennas: omnidirectional, 10° horn, 30° horn, and 60° horn. The measurement campaigns were conducted at two types of building sites: traditional and thermally efficient buildings. These sites, as well as the measurement scenarios, were carefully chosen to comply with the ITU-R BEL measurement guidelines and the ITU-R building types. We observed the importance of accurate beam alignment from the BEL variation range. We were able to quantify the beamwidth dependency by fitting to a model that is inversely proportional to the beamwidth.

• 사회복지연구
• /
• 제42권4호
• /
• pp.365-388
• /
• 2011

본 연구는 1998~2008년 한국노동패널자료를 이용하여 빈곤진입자의 사회·경제적 특성 및 빈곤진입의 원인과 그 변화 추이를 분석하였다. 분석결과 빈곤진입자들은 장기빈곤층과 비빈곤집단의 중간적인 특성을 보이고 있으며 다수가 빈곤에의 진입과 탈출을 반복하는 집단으로 추정된다. 외환위기 직후 높은 수준을 보이던 빈곤진입율은 점차 안정화되고 있으나, 전통적인 위험집단뿐만 아니라 청년층과 고학력자, 전문직 등에서도 빈곤에 빠지는 사례가 증가하고 있다. 빈곤진입의 가장 중요한 원인은 실직 및 고용불안정으로 빈곤정책 역시 여기에 초점을 두어야 할 것이며, 빈곤진입의 원인과 특성이 향후 빈곤지속기간과 탈출 가능성에 미치는 영향 등 빈곤의 동태적 측면에 대한 후속연구가 필요하다.

• 한국표면공학회지
• /
• 제56권4호
• /
• pp.233-242
• /
• 2023

In recent years, energy-management studies in buildings have proven useful for energy savings. Typically, during heating and cooling, the energy from a given building is lost through its windows. Generally, to block the entry of ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) rays, thin films of deposited metals or metal oxides are used, and the blocking of UV and IR rays by these thin films depends on the materials deposited on them. Therefore, by controlling the thicknesses and densities of the thin films, improving the transmittance of visible light and the blocking of heat rays such as UV and IR may be possible. Such improvements can be realized not only by changing the two-dimensional thin films but also by altering the zero-dimensional (0-D) nanostructures deposited on the films. In this study, 0-D nanoparticles were synthesized using a sol -gel procedure. The synthesized nanoparticles were deposited as deep coatings on polymer and glass substrates. Through spectral analysis in the UV-visible (vis) region, thin-film layers of deposited zinc oxide nanoparticles blocked >95 % of UV rays. For high transmittance in the visible-light region and low transmittance in the IR and UV regions, hybrid multiple layers of silica nanoparticles, zinc oxide particles, and fluorine-doped tin oxide nanoparticles were formed on glass and polymer substrates. Spectrophotometry in the UV-vis-near-IR regions revealed that the substrates prevented heat loss well. The glass and polymer substrates achieved transmittance values of 80 % in the visible-light region, 50 % to 60 % in the IR region, and 90 % in the UV region.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.132-144
• /
• 2017

Purpose: To identify baseline prognostic factors for survival in patients with disease progression, during or after chemotherapy for the treatment of advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancer. Materials and Methods: We pooled data from patients randomized between 2009 and 2012 in 2 phase III, global double-blind studies of ramucirumab for the treatment of advanced gastric or GEJ adenocarcinoma following disease progression on first-line platinum- and/or fluoropyrimidine-containing therapy (REGARD and RAINBOW). Forty-one key baseline clinical and laboratory factors common in both studies were examined. Model building started with covariate screening using univariate Cox models (significance level=0.05). A stepwise multivariable Cox model identified the final prognostic factors (entry+exit significance level=0.01). Cox models were stratified by treatment and geographic region. The process was repeated to identify baseline prognostic quality of life (QoL) parameters. Results: Of 1,020 randomized patients, 953 (93%) patients without any missing covariates were included in the analysis. We identified 12 independent prognostic factors of poor survival: 1) peritoneal metastases; 2) Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance score 1; 3) the presence of a primary tumor; 4) time to progression since prior therapy <6 months; 5) poor/unknown tumor differentiation; abnormally low blood levels of 6) albumin, 7) sodium, and/or 8) lymphocytes; and abnormally high blood levels of 9) neutrophils, 10) aspartate aminotransferase (AST), 11) alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and/or 12) lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Factors were used to devise a 4-tier prognostic index (median overall survival [OS] by risk [months]: high=3.4, moderate=6.4, medium=9.9, and low=14.5; Harrell's C-index=0.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64-0.68). Addition of QoL to the model identified patient-reported appetite loss as an independent prognostic factor. Conclusions: The identified prognostic factors and the reported prognostic index may help clinical decision-making, patient stratification, and planning of future clinical studies.