• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.706-713
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• 2013

With pot-grown 4-year-old 'Fuyu' persimmon trees, this study evaluated the effect of different nitrogen (N) rates during summer on fruit characteristics, changes of leaf nutrients after harvest, reserve accumulation, and early growth the following year. A total of 0, 36 g N in June, and 72 g N in June and July was fertigated to each tree using urea solution. All the fruits were harvested on Nov. 3. Although not significant, fruits were larger for the 36 g and 72 g N than the 0 g N. Fruits for the 0 g N, having lower N concentration, were softer and had a better coloration and higher soluble solids, indicating that they matured earlier. SPAD value on Nov. 3 was 19.2 for the 0 g N and 54.9 for the 72 g N, and then the values linearly decreased in all the treatments by Nov. 14, exhibiting rapid leaf senescence. Specific leaf weight, being the lowest for the 0 g N, also gradually decreased during this period. Increasing N level significantly increased cross-sectional area of the trunk. Leaf N concentration on Nov. 3 was 0.87% for the 0 g N, whereas it was 1.18 and 1.52% for the 36 g and 72 g N, respectively. The N fertigation tended to increase leaf concentrations of soluble sugars, starch, and amino acids. Contents of N, P, K, soluble sugars, starch, and amino acids per unit leaf area gradually decreased in all the treatments during the 11 days after harvest, and the extent of the decrease was the lowest for the 0 g N. On the other hand, those of Ca, Mg, and protein did not consistently change during this period. The N fertigation resulted in higher concentrations of N in dormant shoots on Nov. 14, and although not great, it also increased soluble sugars, starch, amino acids, and protein. Clear differences were found in number of flower buds per one-year-old branch and total shoot length per tree the following year. The 72 g N trees had 5.6-fold more flower buds and 1.9-fold more shoot length, compared with those of 0 g N trees. However, it was noted that tree growth the following year was not significantly different between the 36 g and 72 g N the previous year. It was concluded that N rate during summer should be adjusted with considering the changes of fruit maturation, mobilization of leaf nutrients, and reserve accumulation.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.834-838
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• 2000

As an endeavor to establish a micropropagation system for Epimedium koreanum Nakai., this study was carried out to define methods to disinfect its explants and media for callus induction, proliferation and plant regeneration. The lowest infection rates by fungi or bacteria on apical and axillary bud explants of rhizome were observed when they were immerged in 0.3% NaOCl solution for 20 min after soaked in 0.1% $AgNO_3$ solution for 30 min, but leaf explants were seldom infected with fungi or bacteria by this disinfectant method. The highest rate of plantlet formation was obtained from the explants disinfected in 0.3% NaOCl solution for 20 min after soaked in 0.1% $AgNO_3$ solution for 60 min for tip buds and in 0.1 % $AgNO_3$ solution for 30 min for axillary buds of rhizome. Induction rate of callus was the highest from the explants disinfectd in 0.3% NaOCl solution for 20 min after soaked in 0.2% $AgNO_3$ solution for 15 min. Callus growth was proper in a modified 1/2 MS medium including half strength of $NH_4NO_3$ with $0.02-0.2mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BA and $2.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NAA. Low rate of plantlet regeneration was obtained in 1/2 UM or 1/2 White medium with $2.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BA and $0.2mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ AA.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.577-583
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• 2014

Benzyladenine (BA, 99% purity), MaxCel$^{(R)}$ (1.9% BA), Fruitone (3.5% NAA), MaxCel$^{(R)}$ + Fruitone, a nd s imazine were applied postbloom as fruitlet thinning agents to mature 'Hongro' and 'Fuji' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees. BA and MaxCel$^{(R)}$ were applied at $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ a.i. while Fruitone at $0.1mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ a.i. and simazine at $400mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ a.i. All PGRs were applied at 8 days after full bloom (DAFB, 6 mm fruit diameter) in both cultivars, while simazine was treated twice at 7 and 14 DAFB. In 'Hongro', the number of total fruit set per flower cluster in terminal buds was 1.67, 1.84, and 1.81 in MaxCel$^{(R)}$ + F ruitone, MaxCel$^{(R)}$, and simazine applications, respectively, when compared with 2.35 of water control. These reductions in fruit set were mainly attributed to the increased ratio of defruited clusters by the thinning agents. In 'Fuji' apple, the number of total fruit set per flower cluster in terminal buds was 1.29, 1.60, and 1.76 in MaxCel$^{(R)}$ + Fruitone, Fruitone, and MaxCel$^{(R)}$, respectively, when compared with 2.56 of water control in 'Fuji' apple. The addition of Fruitone to the MaxCel$^{(R)}$ promoted the thinning efficacy in both cultivars, compared to MaxCel$^{(R)}$ only. The thinning efficacies were similarly observed with lateral flowers in both cultivars. A significant increase of fruit weight by the postbloom thinning treatments was observed only in the BA application in 'Hongro', while the effect was observed in BA and MaxCel$^{(R)}$ in 'Fuji'. While the soluble solids content increased in the BA, MaxCel$^{(R)}$ and MaxCel$^{(R)}$+Fruitone treatments in both cultivars, other fruit quality attributes were not affected by the application of post-bloom thinning agents.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.65-71
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• 2014

Frankliniella occidentalis is attracted to flowers and is a major pest of chrysanthemums. Even when some chrysanthemum plants are not flowering, the ones that have already flowered attract F. occidentalis. Therefore, we investigated the efficacy of chrysanthemum as a trap plant that attract F. occidentalis by using an olfactometer. The numbers of F. occidentalis collected from the flowers of pink, wihte and yellow standard chrysanthemums on a tray with wet paper during the flowering period were 18.4, 56.6, and 52.6 respectively; the numbers of F. occidentalis collected from leaves were 7.8, 16.6, and 15.4 respectively. the numbers of F. occidentalis collected from the buds of pink, white and yellow standard chrysanthemums were 15.2, 45.8, and 41.6 respectively; the numbers of F. occidentalis collected from the leaves were 2, 8.8 and 3.4 respectively. In the Y-tube olfactometer test, the number of F. occidentalis attracted to the 2-way arms of the Y-tube was not significantly different for the yellow, red, violet and white flowers. In the four-choice olfactometer test, when the same visual cues and odor cues were provided, the frequency of F. occidentalis was higher in the yellow (10.7) flowers than in the red (1.3), violet (3.7) and white (2.0) flowers. When visual cues with disturbed odor cues, F. occidentalis preferred yellow (10.0) color over red (3.3), violet (1.3) and white (3.0) colors. When the same visual and odor cues, except for yellow visual cues, were provided, F. occidentalis preferred white (8.3) color over red (4.7), violet (4.7) and yellow (2.0) colors. Therefore, F. occidentalis were attracted to buds before the flowering of chrysanthemum plants and attracted to yellow flowers after the flowering.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.151-165
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• 2008

Objectives : To evaluate the effects of Head Acupuncture versus Upper and Lower Limbs Acupuncture on signal activation of Blood Oxygen Level Dependent(BOLD) fMRI on the Brain and Somatosensory Cortex. Subjects and Methods : 10 healthy normal right-handed female volunteer were recruited. The average age of the 10 subjects was 30 years old. The BOLD functional MRI(fMRI) signal characteristics were determined during tactile stimulation was conducted by rubbing 4 acu-points in the right upper and lower limbs($LI_1$, $LI_{10}$, $LV_3$, $ST_{36}$). After stimulation of Head Acupuncture in Sishencong($HN_1$), $GB_{18}$, $GB_9$, $TH_{20}$ of Left versus Upper and Lower Limbs Acupuncture($LI_1$, $LI_{10}$, $LV_3$, $ST_{36}$ of Right) and took off needles. Then the BOLD fMRI signal characteristics were determined at the same manner. Results : 1. When touched with cotton buds(sensory stimulation), left Parietal Lobe, Post-central Gyrus, primary somatosensory cortex(BA 1, 2, 3), and primary motor cortex(BA 4) were mainly activated. When $ST_{36}$ was stimulated, Frontal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Cerebellum, and Posterior Lobe as well as Inter-Hemispheric displaying a variety of regions. 2. In signal activation before and after Head Acupuncture reaction, it showed signal activation after removing the acupuncture needle and right Somatosensory Association Cortex, Postcentral Gyrus, and Parietal Lobe were more activated. 3. In reactions of before and after Upper and Lower Limb Acupuncture, it also showed signal activation after removing the acupuncture needle and bilateral Occipital Lobe, Lingual Gyrus, visual association cortex, and Cerebellum were activated. 4. After acupuncture stimulation, In Upper and Lower Limb Acupuncture Group, left frontal Lobe, Precentral Gyrus and Bilateral parietal lobe, Postcentral Gyrus and Primary Somatosensory Cortex(BA 2) were activated. In Head Acupuncture Group, which has most similar activation regions, but especially right Pre-Post central Gyrus, Primary Somatosensory Cortex(BA 3), Primary Motor Cortex, frontal Lobe and Parietal Lobe were activated. Conclusions : When sensory stimulation was done with cotton buds on four acup-points($LI_1$, $LI_{10}4, $LV_3$, $ST_{36}$), while bilaterally activated, contralateral sense was more dominant. It showed consistency with cerebral cortex function. When $ST_{36}$ was stimulated Frontal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Cerebellum, Posterior Lobe as well as Inter-Hemispheric were stimulated. In Head Acupuncture, it showed more contralateral activation after acupuncture. In Upper and Lower Limb Acupuncture, it showed typically contralateral activation and deactivation of limbic system after acupuncture stimulation. Therefore, there were different fMRI BOLD signal activation reaction before and after Head Acupuncture vs Upper and Lower Limb Acupuncture which might be thought to be caused by acu-points' sensitivity and different sensory receptor to response acupuncture stimulation.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.368-373
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• 2008

In order to investigate the effects of low temperature pretreatment of floral bud and plant growth regulators on anther-derived callus and shoot differentiation, anthers were cultured on 1/2 MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D, NAA, BA and TDZ. This plant depends on the plant growth regulators, for these anthers couldn't respond on 1/2 MS medium without plant growth regulators. 2,4-D was a prerequisite substance in this experiment, especially 52.6% of callus formation on MS medium with 2.0mg/L 2,4-D alone. However, the optimum medium was on 1/2 MS medium with 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.0mg/L BA for continuous growth and shoot differentiation from the anther. Calli derived from on MS medium with 2.0mg/L 2,4-D transferred to the 1/2MS medium with TDZ and BA. TDZ were less superior to BA, only one anther could produce shoot on MS media with 1.0mg/L TDZ. On the other hand, when the calli transferred to the medium with 3.0mg/L BA, adventitious shoots were proliferated, subsequently, regenerated shoots elongated from the embryogenic calli. After floral buds of one week before anthesis were incubated at $5^{\circ}C$ refrigerator for eight or fifteen days, anthers seperated from floral buds were cultured on 1/2MS medium supplemented with 0.1mg/L 2,4-D and 1.0mg/L BA. Callusing and shoot differentiation on anthers from treated at $5^{\circ}C$ for eight days were more effective than those of fifteen days or control.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.76 no.4
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• pp.370-375
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• 1987

This study was conducted to examine the position effect of axillary buds on shoot multiplication and rooting with 1-year-old seedlings of Quercus acutissima. Shoot multiplication was greatly affected by axillary bud position: Productivity of multiple shoots were decreased in the order of top, mid and basal explants respectively. The best shoot multiplication (mean 6.1 shoots per explant) was obtained on WPM medium containing $1.0mg/{\ell}$ BAP and $0.1mg/{\ell}$ NAA using basal explant after 4-week-culture. Rooting was also greatly influenced by position. Its percentage was increased in the order of top, mid and basal explant respectively. Root initiation was better and more rapid on 1/2MS medium than GD medium. High rooting percentage (100%) was obtained on 1/2MS medium containing $0.2mg/{\ell}$ IBA after 15 days culture. Sucrose concentrations did not effect on rooting. However root development and shoot growth were greatly affected by them. Root was developed shortly on 1-2% levels and shoot growth was getting retarded, whereas both of them did not show significant difference at 3-6% levels. Rotting was decreased on 7-8% levels gradually, but shoot and leaf condition was better than any other concentrations. Survival rate of rooted explants in pot was varied according to the position of explants. Seedlings of top part were survived up to about 50% but most of mid and basal part seedlings did not survive over 4 weeks even in high humidity condition. Seedlings in pots showed normal growth over 10 months but most of them showed the condition of premature leaf shedding.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.229-236
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• 2003

This pot experiment was conducted in order to observe the effects of application of combined micronutrients(T$_1$: control. T$_2$; Fe, T$_3$; Fe+Mn, T$_4$； Fe＋Mn＋Cu, T$_{5}$; Fe+Mn+Cu＋Zn, T$_{6}$；Fe+Mn+Cu＋Zn+Mo, T$_{7}$； Fe+Mn+Cu+Zn+Mo+B) on forage performance of pure and mixed cultures of orchardgrass and white clover. The first part was concerned with the changes in the growth, summer depression, and flowering of forage plants. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The T$_3$and T$_{6}$ resulted in a wide chlorosis induced by the Fe-deficiency on orchardgrass. Chlorosis was significantly reduced by the T$_4$and T$_{5}$, whereas the T$_{7}$, T$_2$, and T$_1$showed normal growth without chlorosis symptoms. The T$_{7}$ resulted in the best growth of orchardgrass both in the pure and mixed swards. There was no chlorosis symptom on white clover. whereas the T$_1$, T$_2$and T$_{7}$ showed a relatively good growth with deep green leaf-colour compared with the other treatments in the pure culture. 2. In summer, a summer depression occurred in orchardgrass: this was significantly reduced by the T$_1$and T$_{7}$. The treatments with chlorosis symptoms in orchardgrass partly induced a lodging. Summer depression in white clover did not occur. 3. In the pure culture, the T$_{7}$ and T$_2$in white clover resulted in many flowers and flower-buds compared with the other treatments. The T$_{7}$, especially, showed a long blooming period and an early full bloom compared with the other treatments, whereas the T$_{6}$ and is showed inferior numbers of them. Only the T$_{7}$ resulted in more flowers than flower-buds, and above 1 in the flower/flower-bud ratio except the T$_{6}$ in the mixed culture. 4. It was recognized that the chlorosis of Fe-deficiency occurred not only from the unsuitable ratios of Fe/Mn and Fe/Mo but also from the unsuitable mutual ratios among the cations(Fe, Mn, Cu and Mn), between the anions(Mo and B), and their total ion concentration. It was observed the multiple interactions of Fe${\times}$Mn${\times}$Mo${\times}$B, and the distinct role of B as a regulator.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.465-477
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• 1996

The influence of dehydrocholic acid, cholesterol and phosphstidylcholie to the fine structure of vacuolar apparatus was investigated to better understand the mechanism of intracellular transport of bile constituents in the hepatocytes of rats. The cis Golgi cisterns faced toward the bile canaliculi both in normal and experimental groups. In the hepatocytes from the rats of experimental groups, the primary organic solutes in bile influence the Gogi apparatus, ER and lysosome in the way of increase, cisternal dilation or budding to form the vacuoles. In the dehydrocholic acid group, the cis Golgi cisterns appeared to be sacculated and showed buds, which were probably separated to be vacuoles. Some of the vacuoles appeared to be fused to the bile canaliculi. In the cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine groups, the Golgi cisterns appeared to be dilated and lysosomes were increased in the vicinity of bile canaliculi. The cis Golgi cisterns showing linear saccular fashions were occasonally observed. The increase of lysosomes were more predominant in the cholesterol group. The evidence suggests that dehydrocholic acid is mainly transported through the ER and cis Golgi cisterns, and cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine are mainly transported through the ER and lysosomes via the trans Golgi cisterns, but the cholesterols are frequently transported via the lysosomes.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.535-539
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• 2001

To establish the cultural practices of persimmon in heated plastic house, the growth and flower bud differentiation of 4-year old 'Nishimurawase' persimmon tree planted in 80 L pots were investigated. Temperature was kept at above $18^{\circ}C$. The earlier heating induced the earlier flower bud differentiation, while the number of days from bud burst to flower bud differentiation was 70-75 days, which was not affected by the date of heating. The date of flower bud differentiation in 'Nishimurawase' persimmon was May 1, May 21, and June 1 in the plastic house heated from Jan. 15, Feb. 15, and Mar. 15, respectively. The number of flower primordia per bud in the plastic house was 6.2-7.1, slightly fewer than that of 7.8 in the open-field, with the tendency of increasing the number by earlier heating. The days required for the differentiation of the last flower bud primordia from the beginning of differentiation of the first bud were 40-60, and that required for the flower bud differentiation of all buds on the same shoot was 30. The total carbohydrates in shoot increased and the contents of nitrogen decreased, resulting in increased C/N ratio just before flower bud differentiation, and it coincided with the time when the total carbohydates increased above 15%. During two weeks before flower bud differentiaton, The contents of zeatin per 1 g dry matter of shoot drastically increased from $27.2{\mu}g$ to $47.3{\mu}g$, while that of IAA slightly decreased from $188.6{\mu}g$ to $172.4{\mu}g$, and that of GA decreased from $2,225{\mu}g$ to $1,555{\mu}g$.