• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.27-38
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• 1975

The following tumors occurring naturally in the dog were studied pathologically and discussed briefly. Tumors of the skin and subcutis: Fibroma, Lipoma, Epidermal cyst, Melanosarcoma, Sweat gland adenoma, Mastocytoma (2 cases), Mastosarcoma, and Sebaceous gland carcinoma. Tumors of the spleen and lymph node: Fibrosarcoma of the capsule of spleen, Leiomysarcoma of the spleen, and Lymphosarcoma of the lymph node (2 cases). Tumors of the lung: Bronchogenic carcinoma (3 cases), Adenocarcinoma type, Squamous carcinoma type, and Undifferentiated (round cell) carcinoma type respectively. Tumors of the alimentary tract and liver: Fibroma of the stomach, Hemangioma of the liver, Bile duct carcinoma, Liver cell carcinoma, and Myelogenous leukemia manifested in the liver. Tumor of the peritoneum: Fibrosarcoma. Tumors of the urogenital system: Fibroma of the uterus, Fibroma of the prepuce, Follicular cyst of the ovary, Transmissible venereal tumor of the vagina (6 cases), Carcinoma of the kidney, Adenoma of the prostate (2 cases), and Seminoma of the testis. Tumors of the mammary gland: Mixed tumor (2 cases), and Myoepithelioma. Tumor of the nervous system: Neurofibrosarcoma of the thigh.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.129-134
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• 1978

Two hundred and seventeen patients underwent diagnostic rigid bronchoscopy or bionchofiberscopy to evaluate the cytologic diagnosis in the lung cancer patient at the department of chest surgery of Yon-Sei university, college of the medicine from 1971 to 1977 year. One hundred and twenty cases of these patients were taken rigid bronchoscopy and ninety four cases of these patient were taken bronchofiberscopy. Cytologic examination of the sputum was done in 214 cases and sputum cytology was positive in 50 cases [23.4%]. Rigid bronchoscopy was made in 120 cases and this bronchoscopic cytology including bronchial washing and bronchial biopsy was positive in 34 cases [28.5%]. Bronchofiberscopy was performed in 94 cases and was positive in 45 cases [47.5%]. Histopathologically, 41 cases [43.6%] were epidermoid cell carcinoma, 8 cases [8.5%]of undifferentiated cell type, 12 cases [12.8%]of adenocarcinoma, 8 cases [8.5%]of alveolar cell type, and the 25 cases were undetermined. Cytologic examination of the sputum lacks the accuracy of the bronchoscopies in terms of both localization and accurate histologic indentification of the type of neoplasm. Rigid bronchoscope has the advantage of permitting identification of a tumor in a central location and of providing a sufficient amount of biopsy material for accurate diagnosis of carcinoma. However, it has the disadvantage of limiting examination to the larger, more central portions of the tracheobronchial tree. Bronchofiberscope had the advantage of examine upper lobe as well as other portions of the tracheobronchial tree which could not be visualized with the rigid bronchoscopy. A positive diagnosis in bronchofiberscopy was obtained in the highest rate, 47. 8% [45 cases]. A1 last, if a bronchogenic carcinoma is suspected on the basis of either symptoms of an abnormality on the chest film the diagnostic work-up-sputum cytology, bronchial washing, bronchoscopic biopsy, scalene node biopsy, thoracentesis and mediastinoscopy explothoracotomy etc-should precede in an attempt not only to obtain the higher positive diagnosis but also to obtain a tissue diagnosis and to evaluate the stage of the disease and to ascertain the appropriate mode of therapy.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.1989-1993
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• 2013

Background: Lung cancer is the most frequent cancer among men and second highest among women overall, including in Turkey. Cigarette smoking is the most important etiologic factor for the development of cancer in both men and women. Objective: To determine the lung cancer incidence in Northeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey with a focus on clinical properties, cancer subtypes, the relationships of tumors with cigarette smoking and radiological properties of the lesions. Materials and Methods: In a retrospective study design, 566 lung cancer cases diagnosed at the Pathology Department of Ataturk University in Erzurum over the last seven years extending from January 2006 to June 2012 were investigated. The results were compared with statistical analyses. Results: The most common histopathological subtype of primary bronchogenic carcinoma in our study was found to be the squamous cell carcinoma, 46.1% (261 out of 566), and the second was small cell lung carcinoma 15.7% (89 out of 566). Based on our data, an overall male predominance was noted with a male/female ratio of 6.1/1. While 296 (52.2%) of the patients were found to be smokers at the time of diagnosis, 125 (22.0%) were nonsmokers and 145 (25.6%) were ex-smokers. Smoking status was found to have a strong correlation with primary lung cancer (p<0.05), and there were significant differences between males and females (p<0.001). Conclusion: Although relative prominence of subtypes of lung cancers differ between Turkish and other populations, lung cancer overall remains as an important health problem in Turkey. Our findings stress the critical need for effective cancer prevention programs such as anti-smoking campaigns.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.410-415
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• 1993

Background: The lung abscess predominantly occurs on a dependent region, because its major predisposing factor is aspiration. However, a lung abscess appeared on a nondependent region occasionally. Traditionally bronchoscopy has been performed in patients with lung abscess on a nondependent region for evaluating the endobronchial obstruction such as bronchogenic carcinoma. But the clinical characteristics and necessities of bronchoscopy in patients with lung abscess located at nondependent region have not been discussed previously. Thus, we investigated the underlying etiologies and the necessities of bronchoscpy in patients with lung abscess in a nondependent region. Method: Fifteen patients with cavitary lesion on a nondependent location have been studied retrospectively by reviewing their clinical records, chest PAs, computerized tomograms, and bronchoscopic findings. Results: 1) Most patients were older than 30 years except one, and their mean age was 51 years. The ratio of male to female was 6.5:1. 2) The underlying etiologies were bacterial infections in 13 cases, and tuberculous infection in two cases. However, bronchogenic carcinoma was not found as its etiology. 3) Among thirteen bacterial lung abcess, tweleve cases located at right middle lobe. 4) The findings of bronchoscopy were non-speicifc mucosal change in 8 cases and segmental obstructions in 2 cases. There were no malignant evidences in the finings of cytology and bronchscopic biopsy. 5) Among thirteen bacterial lung abcess, eleven patients showed good clinical reponse to antibiotic therapy. Conclusion: The necessity of early bronchoscopy may need to be re-evaluated in the lung abscess on a nondependent region, unless evidences of bronchial obstruction or bronchogenic carcinoma exist. The pulmonary tuberculosis shoud be regarded as the underlying etiology of the nondependent lung abscess.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.81-89
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• 1990

A total of 178 patients with primary lung cancer who had undergone complete resection of the tumor in combination with complete mediastinal lymphadenectomy were reviewed at the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery of Yonsei Medical Center from January 1980 through July 1989. Materials; 1. There were 45 men and 33 women ranging of age from 25 to 78 years with a mean age of 55.4 years. 2. Histological types were squamous carcinoma in 115 cases [64.6%] adenocarcinoma in 42 cases [23.6 %], bronchioloalveolar carcinoma in 9 cases [5.1%], large cell carcinoma in 8 cases [4.5 %] and small cell carcinoma in 4 cases [2.2%] Results were summarized as follows: 1. The size of primary tumor was not directly proportional to the frequency of mediastinal lymph node metastasis. [P =0.0567] 2. The histologic types of the primary tumor did not related to the incidence of mediastinal lymph node metastasis. [P >0.19] 3. The chance of mediastinal lymph node metastasis in the case with lung cancer located in right middle lobe[31.8%, N=22] and left lower lobe [31.4%, N=32] were the highest and the lowest was the one located in right lower lobe, while over all incidence of mediastinal lymph node metastasis in this series was 25.4 % [N=55]. 4. The rate of mediastinal lymph node metastasis without evidence of regional and hilar lymph node metastasis was 13%. [N=23] The chance of mediastinal lymph node involvement without N1 lymph node metastasis was 16.3 % [N=17] in both upper lobes and 8.2 % [N=6] in both lower lobes. It was statistically significant that the tumors in the upper lobes had greater chance of the mediastinal lymph node metastasis without N1 than the tumors in the lower lobes. 5. In this series majority of the patients with lung cancer the mediastinal lymph node metastasis from the tumor in each pulmonary lobes usually occurs via ipsilateral tracheobronchial and paratracheal lymphatic pathway. Especially the lung cancer located in lower lobes can metastasize to subcarinal, paraesophageal and inferior pulmonary ligamental lymph node through the lymphatic pathway of inferior pulmonary ligament. It can be speculated that in some cases of this series otherwise mediastinal lymph node metastasis can also occur with direct invasion to the parietal pleura and to the mediastinal lymph node via direct subpleural lymphatic pathway .

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.75-80
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• 2004

To analyze the accuracy and usefulness of sputum cytology as a screening method, 103 cases of histologically proven lung cancer registered from 1998 to 2000 at Kangbuk Samsung Hospital were retrospectively examined. We reviewed the original cytologic and surgical diagnoses for the cases, and the cytology slides of all cytologically negative cases. The overall sensitivity of sputum cytology was 0.83 ; the sensitivity of prebronchoscopy sputum cytology for bronchogenic carcinoma was 0.87. Central tumor location (P=0.002), tumor size (>2.4 cm), (P=0.027) and the number of sputum samples $(\geq3)$ (P=0.001) were associated with a positive cytologic diagnosis. Of the 18 cytologically negative cases, 9 cases(38% of smears) were determined to be insufficient for diagnosis, due strictly to low cellularity and saliva. After a review of the cytology slides of cytologically negative cases, we identified several atypical clusters in one case of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. This negativity was thus attributed to an interpretation error (1/18, 5.6%). Our results suggest that its sensitivity is more strongly related to the specimen adequacy and the times of sampling than to interpretation error. In terms of sensitivity, specificity, accessibility, cost, and morbidity associated with the screening tests, sputum cytology was found to be an accurate effective screening method for lung cancer.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.227-233
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• 1989

From April 1986 to Dec 1988, fifty one patients with carcinoma of lung were treated by radiation therapy in Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yeungnam University Hospital Of the 51 patients, $31(61\%)$ were squamous cell ca, $8(15.7\%)$ were small cell ca, and remained $4(7.9\%)$ were other cell types. Total radiation dose was average $64Gy (60\~75 Gy)$ for group A and 45Gy $(40\~59Gy)$ for group B. The mass regression and the response of airway obstruction to radiation therapy was established on the basis of follow up chest X-ray. The mass regression above $50\%$ of total volume was noted in 23 patients $(74.2\%)$ among 31 patients and the difference between two groups was not seen. In squamous cell ca, however, the mass regression rate (above $50\%$ of total volume) was $83.3\%$ (10/12) in group A compared to $50\%$ (3/6) in group B(p<0.05). The alleviation of airway obstruction was noted as follows. In group A, CR $42.9\%$, PR $35.7\%$, no response $21.4\%$ and in group B, CR $55.6\%,\;PR\;33.3\%$, no response $11.1\%$. But, in squamous cell ca, responsiveness is higher than group B. The study indicates that the importance of higher radiation dose in the management of primary tumor mass and airway obstruction caused by lung cancer especially squamous cell ca. So, meticulous treatment planning and multimodality combination therapy without increasing si.do elect or complication is recommended in management of inoperable bronchogenic carcinoma.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.96-102
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• 2000

Granular Cell Tumors(GCT) were originally described as myoblastic myomas. This tumor is believed to originate from Schwann cells based on subsequent scientific investigations. Although it usually appears in the head and neck, it can also appear in other organs as well. Endobronchial granular cell tumors are rather rare and should be differentiated from other common endobronchial diseases such as bronchogenic carcinoma and endobronchial tuberculosis, especially. A case of a patient with an extremely rare condition of endobronchial granular cell tumor concurrent with malignant mediastinal tumor is reported.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.139-154
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• 2021

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become a crucial tool for evaluating mediastinal masses considering that several lesions that appear indeterminate on computed tomography and radiography can be differentiated on MRI. Using a three-compartment model to localize the mass and employing a basic knowledge of MRI, radiologists can easily diagnose mediastinal masses. Here, we review the use of MRI in evaluating mediastinal masses and present the images of various mediastinal masses categorized using the International Thymic Malignancy Interest Group's three-compartment classification system. These masses include thymic hyperplasia, thymic cyst, pericardial cyst, thymoma, mediastinal hemangioma, lymphoma, mature teratoma, bronchogenic cyst, esophageal duplication cyst, mediastinal thyroid carcinoma originating from ectopic thyroid tissue, mediastinal liposarcoma, mediastinal pancreatic pseudocyst, neurogenic tumor, meningocele, and plasmacytoma.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.68-76
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• 1998

Background: Patients with centrally recurred bronchogenic carcinoma make a complaint of many symptoms like hemoptysis, cough & dyspnea. At these conditions, the goal of treatment is only to relieve their symptoms. High dose rate brachytherapy(HDR-BT) is the palliative treatment modality of centrally located endobronchial tumor regardless of previous external irradiation(XRT) on the same site in symptomatic patients. Methods: We studied the effects of HDR-BT in 26 patients with symptomatic recurrent lung cancer. Patients(male: 24, mean age: 54yrs)were treated with HDR-BT underwent bronchoscopic placement of $^{192}Ir$ HDR after loading unit(Gammamed$^{(T)}$, Germany) to deliver 500cGY intraluminal irradiation at a depth of 1cm every lwk on 3 occasions. Evaluation at base line and 4wks after HDR brachytherapy included chest X-ray, bronchscopy, symptoms (Standadized Scale for dyspnea,cough,hemoptysis), and Karnofsky performance scale. Results: Endobronchial obstruction was improved in 11/26 patients(37%). Atelectasis in chest X-ray was improved in 5/15 patients(33%). Hemoptysis, dyspnea & cough were improved in 5/10 patients (50%), 5/8 patients (62%) & 10/18 patients (56%) respectively. Karnofsky performance status was changed from 76.4 scores in pretreatment to 77.6 scores after treatment. During HDR-BT, massive hemoptysis (2 patients) and pneumothorax(1 patient) were occurred as complications. Conclusion: We concluded that HDR-BT gave additional benefits for the control of symptoms and general performance and endobronchial obstruction & atelectasis. And HDR-BT will be an additional treatment for the recurrent and endobronchial obstructive lung cancer.