• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제51권8호
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• pp.2042-2049
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• 2019

Ten gizzard and three flesh samples of the broiler were collected from different locations in Tehsil Gujar Khan District Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The samples were dried, crushed and ground. Pellets were prepared by pressing the powder of the samples and that of the Bovine liver 1577c reference material obtained from NIST, USA. Proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) installed at National Center for Physics, Islamabad, Pakistan has been used as a reliable and improved technique to determine concentration of various major/trace and toxic elements e.g. S, Cl, K, Ca, Cl, Fe, Cu, Mn, Co, Zn, Ti, Cd, Ga, Cr, V and Ni, in the Gizzard and Flesh samples of the broiler. The concentrations of all the detected elements in the samples are statistically significant. The certified and measured values of the elements in the reference material were in agreement with each other within a deviation of 7%. S, Cl, K and Ca are within tolerable limits and are good for human consumption. Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn were more than the acceptable limits of World Health Organization, WHO whereas Ga, As, Sn, Sb and Pb are not detected in most of the samples.

• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가금학회 2001년도 제18차 정기총회 및 학술발표 PROCEEDINGS
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• pp.66-68
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• 2001

An experiment was conducted investigate the of supplemental Cu and Zn methionine chelates on the performance, nutrient digestibility, serum IgG level, gizzard erosion, and Cu and Zn contents in the liver and excretion of broiler chickens. One thousand hatched broiler chickens (Ross) of one day old were assigned to 4 treatments:control(T1), 100ppm of copper in the from of Cu-methionine chelate(Cu-Met, T2), 100ppm of zinc in the from of Zn-methionine chelate(Zn-Met, T3) and 100ppm of copper plus 100ppm of zinc in the from of methionine chelate(Cu-Zn-Met, T4). Each treatment had four replications of 50 bird each. Weight gain of chicks fed chelated products were significantly higher than that of chicks fed control(P＜0.05).Combination of Cu and Zn chelates(Cu-Zn-Met) tended to show the best growth rate and feed conversion ratio. Nutrient digestibilities were not affected by dietary treatments. Serum IgG level of chicks fed Cu-Zn-Met was significantly higher than that of chicks fed control(P＜0.05). Gizzard erosion index was not significantly different among treatments. Contents of Cu and Zn in liver were not significantly affected by dietary treatments, whereas excretions of these minerals were significantly affected by dietary treatments.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권12호
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• pp.1773-1775
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• 2002

Tannery waste contained 90.93% DM, 77.02% CP, 0.77% CF, 2.83% EE, 7.19% ash and 3,450 kcal ME/kg DM. A total of 144 day-old broiler chicks were divided into three dietary groups; $D_1$ (Containing 10% protein concentrate-PC), $D_2$ (Containing 5% PC+5% tannery waste-TW) and $D_3$ (Containing 10% TW) having 3 replicates of 16 chicks in each. The birds were fed broiler starter diet containing 22% CP, 3,000 kcal ME/kg and broiler finisher diet containing 21% CP, 3,100 kcal ME/kg up to 42 days of age, and meat yield traits were measured from the representative birds from each replication to asses the feasibility of using tannery waste in the diet of broiler. Feed intake, live weight, feed conversion efficiency and livability did not differ between diets (p>0.05) but the cost of production and profitability differed significantly (p<0.001). Profitability of D1, D2, and D3 diets were 2.98, 9.90 and 14.04 Taka/kg respectively. Diets did not affect on meat yield traits (p>0.05), except gizzard, shank and feather weight (p<0.01). Gizzard and shank weigh were improved with increasing level of tannery wastes in the diet, hence tannery waste can be used without any harmful effect in the broiler diet.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.399-406
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• 2002

Methionine chelate 형태로 Cu 및 Zn의 첨가가 육계의 생산성과 영양소 이용률, 혈청 IgG 수준, 근위의 손상정도(gizzard erosion index) 그리고 간과 배설물의 Cu와 Zn 함량에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 갓 부화한 1,000수의 Ross$^{(R)}$ 병아리를 4처리 5반복, 반복당 50수(암수 각각 25수씩)를 배치하여 5주간 사양시험을 실시하였다. 시험사료는 대조구 사료에 Cu와 Zn를 methionine chelate 형태로 100 ppm씩 단독 또는 혼합첨가하여 만들었다. 증체량은 chelate 첨가구들 모두 대조구 보다 높았고(P<0.05), 사료요구량은 chelate 첨가구들이 대조구 보다 낮았다(P<0.05). Cu와 Zn를 혼합하여 첨가한 처리구의 증체량과 사료효율은 Cu와 Zn를 단독 첨가한 처리구들보다 높은 경향을 나타냈다. 영양소 이용률은 Cu 및 Zn chelate 첨가에 의해 유의한 영향을 받지 않았다. 혈청 IgG 농도는 Cu와 Zn chelate 혼합처리구가 대조구에 비해 유의하게 높았으나(P< 0.05), 근위 궤양 정도는 처리에 따른 차이가 없었다. 간과 배설물 내 Cu 및 Zn 함량은 사료에서 이들 광물질의 함량에 의해 영향을 받았다(P<0.05). 결론적으로 Cu와 Zn chelate 단독 또는 혼합하여 첨가시 육계의 증체량과 사료효율을 개선시키고 혈청 IgG 농도를 증가시키며 간 내 Cu와 Zn 수준은 유의한 영향을 받지 않으나 분 내 Cu와 Zn의 함량은 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.872-878
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• 2016

Astaxanthin (ASX) is a xanthophyll pigment isolated from crustaceans and salmonids. Owing to its powerful antioxidant activity, ASX has been reported to have the potential to protect against gastric ulcers and a variety of other illnesses. Histamine (His) is a dietary factor that causes gastric erosion and ulceration in young chicks. In this study, we examined whether ASX had protective effects on dietary histamine-induced lesions in the gizzard and proventriculus of broiler chickens. Four experimental treatment groups were planned: basal diet (BD), BD+His, BD+ASX, and BD+ASX+His, with four chicks (5 days old) in each group and three replications (i.e., a total of 12 chicks per group). The BD was supplemented with either 0.4% His or 100 ppm ASX. The birds were fed ad libitum for 3 weeks, and diets contained no antimicrobial compounds. Supplementing the diet with His significantly decreased body weight gain, but increased the weights of the gizzard and proventriculus of the chicks as compared with those of chicks in the BD group (p<0.05). ASX did not affect His-dependent changes in chick body weight or weights of the gizzard and proventriculus. The loss of gastric glands in the proventriculus, which was observed in His-treated chicks, was not prevented by ASX administration. The frequency of proventricular ulceration, however, was lowered by treatment with ASX, without significant differences between the two supplementation levels. In conclusion, our data showed that ASX might be helpful for alleviating structural damage to the digestive system in poultry under certain stressful conditions.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.279-285
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• 2014

본 연구는 대추씨 분말의 급여가 육계의 생산성, 소장, 맹장의 길이, 근위의 무게 및 배설물 중 악취 발생량에 미치는 영향에 대해서 조사하였다. 1일령의 육계 Ross 무감별추 180수를 4개 처리구에 3반복으로 공시하였다. 시험구는 대조구 사료에 대추씨 분말 0.3%(T1), 0.6%(T2) 및 0.9%(T3)를 첨가한 4처리 배치하였다. 시험 전기(3주령)에서는 증체중과 사료 효율 모두 대추씨 분말 0.6% 처리구가 대조구보다 유의하게 증가하였다(P<0.05). 전 시험 기간 동안, 시험 기간 동안 통계적인 차이는 없었지만, 대추씨 분말 첨가구 모두에서 증체량이 대조구보다 개선되는 경향이 인정되었다. 사료 효율(feed/gain)도 증체량과 같은 경향으로 증가하였다. 세 개의 대추씨 분말 급여구 모두는 근위의 무게를 대조구보다 유의하게 증가시켰다(P<0.05). 그러나 첨가량의 다소에 따른 차이는 인정되지 않았다. 소장 및 맹장의 길이는 대추씨 분말 첨가의 유무 및 다소에 따른 영향은 인정되지 않았다. 배설물 중 $NH_3$의 발생량은 배설 직후, 배설 후 5일 및 10일 모두에서 대추씨 분말 급여에 의해서 유의하게 감소하였다(P<0.05). 결론적으로 본 시험의 결과, 육계 사료에 0.3~0.6 %의 대추씨 분말의 첨가는 근위 등의 위장관 발달 촉진으로 인한 사료 중 소화율을 개선 및 배설물 중 $NH_3$ 발생량의 감소에 기인한 육계의 증체량 개선 효과가 있을 가능성이 생각되어진다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권9호
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• pp.1313-1319
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• 2013

This study investigated the effects of low levels of water-soluble pentosans (WSP), alkaline-extractable pentosans (AEP), and xylanase on the growth and organ development of broiler chicks. Three hundred and fifty 1-d-old female broiler chicks were randomly allocated into seven experimental groups of five pen replicates, with ten chicks per replicate. The control group consumed a corn-soybean meal-based diet. Six dietary treatment groups consumed the basal diet supplemented with one of the following: WSP at 50 mg/kg (WSP50) or 100 mg/kg (WSP100); AEP at 50 mg/kg (AEP50) or 100 mg/kg (AEP100); or xylanase at 3 mg/kg (Xase3) or 6 mg/kg (Xase6). Data including the body weight, digestive organ weights, gut length, rectal digesta viscosity, and gut microflora and pH were collected on d 5, 10, and 15. When compared to the control group, WSP50 promoted body weight gain and organ growth throughout the study, calculated as 3-d averages (p<0.05). WSP100 increased weight gain and enhanced organ development (proventriculus, gizzard, and gut) on d 10 (p<0.05), but the 3-d averages were not different from the control group except for the weight of gizzard. Both Xase3 and Xase6 increased the 3-d average weight gain and the growth of the gizzard (p<0.05). WSP50 increased the digesta viscosity compared to Xase3 on d 10 and 15 (p<0.05). WSP50, Xase3, and Xase6 increased the concentration of Lactobacillus in the rectum when compared to the control group (p<0.05), but only Xase3 lowered the digesta pH in the ileum and cecum on d 10 and 15. AEP had minimal influence on the growth and organ development of broilers. The results showed that low levels of WSP, AEP, and xylanase had different effects and underlying mechanisms on the growth and organ development of broiler chicks. WSP50 could increase the growth performance of broilers fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.1322-1327
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• 2006

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of supplemental copper (Cu) chelates (methionine, chitosan and yeast) on the performance, nutrient digestibility, serum IgG level, gizzard erosion, Cu content in the liver and excreta and the level of total cholesterol in breast muscle and serum of broiler chickens. Two hundred and forty hatched broiler chickens (Ross$^{(R)}$ 208) were assigned to 4 treatments: control, 100 ppm Cu in methionine chelate (Met-Cu), 100 ppm Cu in chitosan chelate (Chitosan-Cu) and 100 ppm Cu in yeast chelate (Yeast-Cu). Each treatment had six replicates of 10 (5 males+5 females) birds each. Weight gain and feed intake tended to be higher in Cu chelate treatments than the control; weight gain was significantly higher in the Met-Cu chelate treatment and feed intake was significantly higher in the Yeast-Cu chelate treatment than the control (p<0.05). Feed/gain was significantly different between treatments in which Met-Cu was lowest followed by the control, Chitosan-Cu and Yeast-Cu. DM availability was increased by Cu chelates among which chitosan-Cu showed the highest DM availability. Cu chelates supplementation tended to increase gizzard erosion index, and Cu content in the liver was highest in the Met-Cu treatment. Supplementation of Cu chelates tended to decrease total cholesterol level in breast muscle and serum but tended to increase the level of HDL in serum. It was concluded that dietary supplementation of 100 ppm Cu in chelates increased weight gain, feed intake and DM availability. Met-Cu was more effective than Chitosan-Cu or Yeast-Cu in improving productivity of broiler chickens.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.63-67
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• 1996

An experiment was conducted to compare the effects of early feed restriction on the performance and abdominal fat deposition in broilers. The treatments consisted of providing feed ad libitum (Full-fed) and three feed restriction treatments of restricting feeding between 8-21 days of age (DOA) either for a duration of 7 days or 14 days. The three feed restriction treatments were Restrict 8-14 DOA, Restrict 8-21 DOA and Restrict 15-21 DOA. Live weights and feed consumption were obtained at weekly intervals. Samples of both male and female broilers were taken at 43 DOA to determine the weight of abdominal fat, liver and gizzards. Feed efficiency was generally improved by feed restriction, but a compensatory gain was not observed in the restricted groups. Broilers on restricted feeding also had lower mortality as compared to the full-fed broilers. There is no effect of early feed restriction on the weight of the abdominal fat and the dressing percentages but the weights of the liver and gizzard were affected by restriction. Also there was an effect of sex on the weights of the abdominal fat, the liver and gizzard of the males and females.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.548-553
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• 1999

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of high dietary copper supplementation on the gastrointestinal tract morphology of broiler chickens. Eighty 3-week-old broiler chicks were divided randomly into eight groups of four dietary treatments and over three week were fed isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets that contained 0, 100, 250, or 500 mg/kg of supplemental copper from cupric sulfate. The copper supplementation in the broiler diet up to 250 mg/kg did not significantly influence broilers' performance. A high dietary copper supplementation of 500 mg/kg did significantly depress growth and feed conversion in the broilers (p<0.05). Copper supplementation more than 250 mg/kg in the broiler diet significantly influenced the morphology of the GI tract, as shown by severe oral lesions and gizzard erosion. It also significantly depressed the villi height and significantly thickened the muscular layer in the duodenum (p<0.05). The severely damaged villi were observed by scanning electronic microscope from the duodenum samples of broilers fed a 500 mg/kg copper supplemented diet. The 500 mg/kg copper supplemented diet also significantly influenced the plasma constituents. Plasma glucose concentration was significantly depressed (p<0.05).