• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.329-348
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• 2019

The main objective of this experimental research was to investigate the Seismic performance of reinforced concrete frames infilled with perforated clay brick masonry wall of a type commonly used in Algeria. Four one story-one bay reinforced concrete infilled frames of half scale of an existing building were tested at the National Earthquake Engineering Research Center Laboratory, CGS, Algeria. The experiments were carried out under a combined constant vertical and reversed cyclic lateral loading simulating seismic action. This experimental program was performed in order to evaluate the effect and the contribution of the infill masonry wall on the lateral stiffness, strength, ductility and failure mode of the reinforced concrete frames. Numerical models were developed and calibrated using the experimental results to match the load-drift envelope curve of the considered specimens. These models were used as a bench mark to assess the effect of normalized axial load on the seismic performance of the RC frames with and without masonry panels. The main experimental and analytical results are presented in this paper.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.399-408
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• 2019

Structural health monitoring is important for the safety of lives and asset management. In this study, numerical models were developed for the piezoresistive behavior of smart concrete based on finite element (FE) method. Finite element models were calibrated with experimental data collected from compression test. The compression test was performed on smart concrete cube specimens with 75 mm dimensions. Smart concrete was made of cement CEM II 42.5 R, silica fume, fine and coarse crushed limestone aggregates, brass fibers and plasticizer. During the compression test, electrical resistance change and compressive strain measurements were conducted simultaneously. Smart concrete had a strong linear relationship between strain and electrical resistance change due to its piezoresistive function. The piezoresistivity of the smart concrete was modeled by FE method. Twenty-noded solid brick elements were used to model the smart concrete specimens in the finite element platform of Ansys. The numerical results were determined for strain induced resistivity change. The electrical resistivity of simulated smart concrete decreased with applied strain, as found in experimental investigation. The numerical findings are in good agreement with the experimental results.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.21-31
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• 2021

This paper studied the Pingzuo(平坐) platform structure of the two story building covered with one roof during the early period of Tang dynasty, based on wall paintings, stone pagodas, brick buildings and wooden buildings might be influenced by the Tang style. Instead of Chazhuzao(叉柱造), the typical column linkage in the Song, Liao and Jin buildings, it put the boundary column just behind the wall of a bracket set. Otherwise, the column root might be seen from outside, because its bracket set was still using Touxinzao(偸心造) which did not have a lateral arm on it. And its flooring structure was also different from the Song style, it used cantilever beams instead of lateral beams supported by bracket sets.

• Korean Architects
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• s.614
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• pp.28-31
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• 2020

(주)공간세라믹이 주최하는 공모전 '제1회 공간세라믹(점토벽돌) 건축상'이 지난 4월 1일 시작됐다. 총 상금 1억 원이 걸린 이 공모전에는 건축법 22조에 따라 올해 4월 1일부터 2021년 3월 31일 사이에 준공된 점토건축 활용 건축물이라면 공간세라믹 홈페이지를 통해 응모가 가능하다. 민간기업에서 개최하는 건축상 공모전이 드문 상황에서 반가운 소식이 아닐 수 없다. 게다가 벽돌 건축물을 다룬다고 한다. 수천 년 간 이어져온 오래된 친환경 건축 재료지만 과거에 비해 수요가 많이 줄어든 벽돌. 공모전을 개최된 계기가 무엇일까. 5월 13일 공간세라믹 본사에서 공모전 주최자 조백일 공간세라믹 대표를 만났다

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2021.11a
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• pp.105-106
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• 2021

This study examines the performance of CBS-Dust for the utilization of cement bricks as alkali stimulants for furnace slag replacement binders. It converts the CBS-Dust substitution rate and the excess slag substitution rate. According to the analysis, when replacing CBS-Dust with 65~70 % of BS substitution rate and 7.5~10 % of CBS-Dust, it shows excellent performance as an alkali stimulant of BS' potential hydrophobic reaction, and it is expected to be effective for secondary products of BS replaced in large quantities.

• SUVANNABHUMI
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.3-26
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• 2014

In the modern world, we can share information and new products as quickly as an email can be sent, or a parcel can be loaded onto an aircraft. But the brick-walled urban centres that sprung up in Myanmar around 150 CE suggest that ancient people could be just as excited about new information and products, even though the transmission of data and cultural objects followed a different path. These huge resource-intensive cities, inspired by the walled cities of India, were not built in sequence, as has been generally assumed, but in the same period. Once the Royal City arrived, the chiefly families of early First Millennium Upper Myanmar just had to have one.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.860-862
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• 2007

최근 IT분야에서는 URC(Ubiqutious Robotic Companion)라는 새로운 개념의 로봇 시스템에 대한 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 NXT Mindstorm을 이용한 길안내 네트워크 로봇 시스템을 제안한다. LEGO brick을 이용해 이동 가능한 로봇을 제작하고 RFID 시스템을 장착한다. 로봇의 이동은 네트워크 서버를 통해 NXT Mindstorm으로 직접 전달하여 제어한다. 또한 로봇의 경로이탈이 발생하면 RFID 리더는 Tag의 정보를 읽어 네트워크 서버로 전달하며, 네트워크 서버는 전달받은 데이터 처리 후 NXT Mindstorm으로 명령을 전달하여 제어한다.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.43-52
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• 2024

Phayathonzu temple in Myanmar was made of masonry bricks, and so it was vulnerable to lateral load such as earthquake. Especially, it has many difficulties in structural modeling and dynamic analysis because the discontinuous characteristics of masonry structure should be considered. So, it is necessary to provide the seismic performance evaluation technology through the inelastic dynamic modeling and analysis under earthquake loads for the safety security of masonry brick temple. Therefore, this study analyzes the seismic behavior characteristics and evaluates the seismic performance for the 479 structure with many cracks and deformations. Through the evaluation results, we found out the structural weak parts on earthquake loads.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2010

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the influence of landscaping pavements on WBGT(Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature) of outdoor spaces that lack ventilation and shade at summer midday. The relative humidity(RH), dry-bulb temperature(DT) and globe temperature(GT) were recorded every minute from June to October 2009 at a height of 1.2m above ten experimental beds with different pavements, by a measuring system consisting of an electric humidity sensor(GHM-15), resistance temperature detector(RTD, Pt-100), standard black globe(${\phi} 150mm$) and data acquisition systems(National Instrument's Labview and Compact FieldPoint). Additionally, the surface dry-bulb temperatures also were recorded and compared. The area of each experimental bed was 1.5m(W)${\times}$2.0m(L) and ten different kinds of pavement were used including grass, grass+cubic stone, grass+porous brick, brick, stone panels, cubic stone, interlocking blocks, clay brick, naked soil, gravel and concrete. To prevent interference from ventilation, a 1.5m height cubic steel frame was established around each bed and each vertical side of the frame was covered with transparent polyethylene film. Based on the records of the hottest period from noon to 3 PM on 26 days with a peak dry-bulb temperature over $30^{\circ}C$ at natural condition, the wet-bulb temperature(WT) and WBGT were calculated and compared. The major findings were as follows: 1. The average surface DT was $40.1^{\circ}C$, which is $9^{\circ}C$ higher than that of the natural condition. The surface DT of the pavements with grass were higher than those of concrete and interlocking block. The peak DT of the surface almost every pavement rose to above $50^{\circ}C$ during the hottest time. 2. The averages of DT, WT and GT were $40.1^{\circ}C$, $27.5^{\circ}C$ and $49.1^{\circ}C$, and the peak values rose to $48.1^{\circ}C$, $45.8^{\circ}C$ and $59.5^{\circ}C$, respectively. In spite of slight differences that resulted according to pavements, no coherent differentiating factor could be found. 3. The average WBGT of grass was the highest at $34.3^{\circ}C$ while the others were similar in the range of around $33{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. Meanwhile, the peak WBGT was highest with stone panel at $47.9^{\circ}C$. Though there were some differences according to pavements, and while grass seemed to be worst in terms of WBGT, it seems difficult to say ablolutely that grass was the worst because the measurement was conducted without ventilation and shade during summer daytime hours only, which had temperatures that rose to a dangerous degree(above $45^{\circ}C$ WBGT), withering the grass during the hottest period. The average WBGT resulted also showed that the thermal environment of the pavement without ventilation and shade were at an intolerable level for humans regardless of the pavement type. In summary, the results of this study show that ventilation and shade are more important factor than pavement type in terms of outdoor thermal comfort in summer daylight hours.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.154-169
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• 2009

Korea is famous for a number of stone pagodas. In particular, it is noticeable that the stone pagodas came after wooden pagodas in all the Kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. Since the advent of wooden pagodas, it was during the latter half period of Three Kingdoms(especially, in the early Seventh century) that the first stone pagoda appeared at Mireuksa Temple site in imitation of the wooden ones. Now that no one can deny that Korean stone pagodas have developed, imitating the wooden pagodas. It is also obvious that the Stone Pagoda at Mireuksa site is the prototype of Korean stone pagodas. However, this study casts doubt on the theory that the stone pagodas in the Silla Kingdom originated not from the wooden pagodas, but from the brick pagodas, whereas the stone pagodas in Baekje Kingdom which has been said to come from the wooden ones. The fact that the temples and pagodas in both Baekje and Silla were erected by the same builders and technicians is one of the evidences supporting the assertion of the study. This study, accordingly, examines on the origin of the Silla pagodas by supposing the two genealogies. The first one can be summarized in chronological order as follows: starting from wooden pagodas, Stone Pagoda at Mireuksa site, Stone Pagoda at Jungrimsa site, Stone Pagoda at Gameunsa site, and Stone Pagoda at Goseonsa site. The second one, on the other hand, runs as follows: starting from bick pagodas, Stone Pagoda at Bunhwangsa, Uiseong Tapri five-storied Stone Pagoda, Seonsan Jukjang-ri five-storied Stone Pagoda, and Seonsan Naksan-ri three-storied Stone Pagoda in order. As the above genealogies show, the origin of the stone pagodas has been an controversy, especially because of the two different points of view: the one is that the roof-supporting strata(Okgaesuk-Bachim) originated from the brick structure and the ancient tomb ceiling of Goguryeo Kingdom, and the other is that the strata is a sort of the simplified design of the wooden roof structure. This study, however, takes note of the difference in length of the strata between the brick pagodas and the stone pagodas; the former stretches out its strata longer than the latter. Consequently, the study points out that the roof-supporting strata of the stone pagodas is originally a sort of modification of the wooden roof structure.